Dendral was an influential pioneer project in artificial intelligence AI of the 1960s, and the computer software expert system that it produced. Its primary aim was to study hypothesis formation and discovery in science. For that, a specific task in science was chosen help organic chemistry organic chemists in identifying unknown organic molecules, by analyzing their mass spectrometry mass spectra and using knowledge of chemistry. ref name November, 2006 November, 2006 ref It was done at Stanford University by Edward Feigenbaum , Bruce Buchanan , ref http purl.umn.edu 107165 Oral history interview with Bruce G. Buchanan , Charles Babbage Institute , University of Minnesota. ref Joshua Lederberg , and Carl Djerassi , along with a team of highly creative research associates and students. ref Lederberg, 1987 ref It began in 1965 and spans approximately half the history of AI research. ref name Lindsay et al., 1980 Lindsay et al., 1980 ref The software program Dendral is considered the first expert system because it automated the decision making process and problem solving behavior of organic chemists. ref name November, 2006 The project consisted of research on two main programs Heuristic Dendral and Meta Dendral , ref name Lindsay et al., 1980 and several sub programs. It was written in Lisp programming language , which was considered the language of AI because of its flexibility. ref name November, 2006 Many systems were derived from Dendral, including MYCIN , MOLGEN, Macsyma MACSYMA , PROSPECTOR, XCON , and STEAMER. The name Dendral is a portmanteau of the term Dendritic Algorithm . ref name Lindsay et al., 1980 Heuristic Dendral Heuristic Dendral is a program that uses mass spectra or other experimental data together with knowledge base of chemistry, to produce a set of possible chemical structures that may be responsible for producing the data. ref name Lindsay et al., 1980 A mass spectrum of a compound is produced by a mass spectrometer, and is used to determine ... more details
File Streptomycin3.svg thumb right Streptomycin An aminoglycoside is a molecule or a portion of a molecule composed of amino modified glycoside sugars . ref MeshName Aminoglycosides ref Several aminoglycosides function as antibiotics that are effective against certain types of bacterium bacteria . They include amikacin , arbekacin , gentamicin , kanamycin , neomycin , netilmicin , paromomycin , rhodostreptomycin, ref cite press release title Bacterial battle for survival leads to new antibiotic publisher Massachusetts Institute of Technology date February 26, 2008 url http web.mit.edu newsoffice 2008 antibiotics 0226.html accessdate December 1, 2010 ref streptomycin , tobramycin , and apramycin ref cite journal last Ryden first R coauthors Moore title BJ journal J Antimicrob Chemother year 1977 volume 3 issue 6 pages 609 613 doi 10.1093 jac 3.6.609 pmid 340441 ref . Nomenclature Aminoglycosides that are derived from bacteria of the Streptomyces genus are named with the suffix mycin , whereas those that are derived from Micromonospora ref cite journal author Kroppenstedt RM, Mayilraj S, Wink JM title Eight new species of the genus Micromonospora, Micromonospora citrea sp. nov., Micromonospora echinaurantiaca sp. nov., Micromonospora echinofusca sp. nov. Micromonospora fulviviridis sp. nov., Micromonospora inyonensis sp. nov., Micromonospora peucetia sp. nov., Micromonospora sagamiensis sp. nov., and Micromonospora viridifaciens sp. nov journal Syst Appl Microbiol. volume 28 issue 4 pages 328 39 year 2005 month Jun pmid 15997706 doi 10.1016 j.syapm.2004.12.011 ref are named with the suffix micin . ref cite book title Medicinal Natural Products A Biosynthetic Approach author Paul M. Dewick publisher Wiley edition 3rd year 2009 isbn 0 470 74167 8 ref This nomenclature system is not specific for aminoglycosides. For example, vancomycin ref cite journal title On the Mechanism of Action of Vancomycin Inhibition of Peptidoglycan Synthesis in Gaffkya homari year 1974 volume ... more details
MYCIN , an expert system developed to study decisions and prescriptions relating to blood infections. MYCIN was written in Lisp. ref cite web url http www.macs.hw.ac.uk alison ai3notes section2 5 5.html title MYCIN A Quick Case Study accessdate 31 August 2007 ref Marvin Minsky published his landmark ... had been created PIP , MYCIN, CASNET , and Internist . ref name KAI 1975 more than 5,000 computers ... more details
overlink date February 2012 HYPO is a computer program that models reasoning with cases and hypotheticals in the legal domain knowledge domain . It is the first of its kind and the most sophisticated of the case based legal reasoners, which was designed by Ashley for his Ph.D dissertation in 1987 at the University of Massachusetts under the supervisor supervision of Rissland. HYPO s design represents a hybrid computer hybrid generalization comparative evaluation Scientific method method appropriate for a domain with a weak analytical disambiguation needed date February 2012 theory and applies to task analysis tasks that rarely involve just one right answer. ref Ashley, K.D., Reasoning with cases and hypotheticals in HYPO, 1991 , International Journal Man Machine St. 34 6 , pp. 753 796 ref The domain covers US trade secrets law , and is substantially a common law domain. Since the Anglo American law is operated under the doctrine of precedent , the definitive way of interpreting problems is of necessity and case based. ref Rissland, E.L. and Skalak, D.B., Case Based Reasoning in a Rule Governed Domain, 1989 In Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications 1989, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Inc. ref Thus, HYPO did not involve the analysis of a Statute , as required by the PROLOG Computer program program . Rissland and Ashley 1987 envisioned HYPO as employing the key tasks performed by lawyers when analyzing case law for precedent precedence to generate arguments for the prosecution or the defense legal defence . ref Delgado P. Survey of Case Based Reasoning as Applied to the Legal Domain ref HYPO was a successful example of a general category of legal expert systems LESs , it applied artificial intelligence A.I. techniques to the domain of legal reasoning in patent law , implementing a case based reasoning CBR system, in contradiction to rule based systems like MYCIN , or mixed paradigm systems integrating CBR wit ... more details
cite web author Helsinn Birex Therapeutics Ltd title By Mycin 50mg capsules work medicines.ie Medicines ..., Ireland year 2009 url http www.medicines.ie medicine 3012 SPC By Mycin 50mg Capsules accessdate 2011 ... more details
Edward H. Shortliffe Ted Shortliffe s PhD dissertation on the MYCIN program Stanford demonstrated ... demonstrated the generality of MYCIN s representation of knowledge and style of reasoning in his ... more details
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