Refimprove date March 2008 Infobox disease Name Encephalopathy Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 348.30 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D001927 Encephalopathy IPA en n s f l p i ... cite web url http www.emedicine.com asp dictionary.asp?keyword Encephalopathy title eMedicine Stedman ... H3llBot ref In modern usage, encephalopathy does not refer to a single disease , but rather to a syndrome ... In some contexts it refers to permanent or degenerative ref DorlandsDict three 000035088 encephalopathy ... cause Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy transmissible spongiform encephalopathies , are invariably ..., toxins, and several other causes. Types There are many types of encephalopathy. Some examples include MELAS Mitochondrial encephalopathy Metabolic disorder caused by dysfunction of mitochondrial DNA. Can affect many body systems, particularly the brain and nervous system. Glycine encephalopathy A genetic metabolic disorder involving excess production of glycine Hepatic encephalopathy Arising from advanced cirrhosis of the liver Cerebral hypoxia Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy Permanent or transitory encephalopathy arising from severely reduced oxygen delivery to the brain Static encephalopathy Unchanging, or permanent, brain damage Uremic encephalopathy Arising from high levels of toxins normally cleared by the kidneys rare where dialysis is readily available Wernicke s encephalopathy Arising from thiamine deficiency, usually in the setting of alcoholism Hashimoto s encephalopathy Arising from an auto immune disorder Hypertensive encephalopathy Arising from acutely increased blood pressure Lyme encephalopathy Arising from Lyme disease bacteria, including Borrelia burgdorferi . Toxic encephalopathy A form of encephalopathy caused by chemicals, often resulting in permanent brain damage Toxic Metabolic encephalopathy A catch all for brain dysfunction caused by infection, organ failure, or intoxication Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy A collection of diseases all caused ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 refimprove date February 2008 Infobox Disease Name Ethylmalonic encephalopathy Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 602473 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Ethylmalonic encephalopathy is a rare autosome autosomal dominance genetics recessive ref name eear cite journal pmid 18593870 year 2008 month Jul author Mineri R, Rimoldi M, Burlina AB, Koskull S, Perletti C, Heese B, Von D beln U, Mereghetti P, Di Meo I, Invernizzi F, Zeviani M, Uziel G, Tiranti V title Identification of new mutations in the ETHE1 gene in a cohort of 14 patients presenting with ethylmalonic encephalopathy volume 45 issue 7 pages 473 8 doi 10.1136 jmg.2008.058271 journal Journal of medical genetics ref genetic disorder defined as an inborn error of metabolism , in detail a failure to detoxify hydrogen sulfide in mitochondria which results normally from cysteine degradation. It affects several body systems, including the gastrointestinal system , circulatory system , and particularly the nervous system . ref name eeo cite journal author Zafeiriou DI, Augoustide Savvopoulou P, Haas D, Smet J, Triantafyllou P, Vargiami E, Tamiolaki M, Gombakis N, van Coster R, Seweil AC, Vianey Saban C, Gregersen N title Ethylmalonic encephalopathy clinical and biochemical observations journal Neuropediatrics volume 38 issue 2 pages 78 82 year 2007 pmid 17712735 doi 10.1055 s 2007 984447 ref ref cite pmid 19136963 ref Symptoms Neurologic signs and symptoms include progressively delayed development, weak muscle tone hypotonia , seizures, and abnormal movements. The body s network ... encephalopathy. The signs and symptoms of ethylmalonic encephalopathy are apparent at birth or begin ... encephalopathy has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance . Mutations in the ETHE1 gene cause ethylmalonic encephalopathy. The ETHE1 gene makes an enzyme that plays an important role ... enzyme leads to progressive brain dysfunction and the other features of ethylmalonic encephalopathy ... more details
Use British English date October 2010 Infobox disease Name Hepatic encephalopathy ICD10 ICD10 K 72 k ... II astrocyte s, as may be seen in hepatic encephalopathy. Alt MedlinePlus 000302 No diseasesDB entry ... encephalopathy also known as portosystemic encephalopathy is the occurrence of mental confusion ... . The diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy requires the presence of impaired liver function and the exclusion ... . ref name Cash ref name ChungPodolsky Hepatic encephalopathy is reversible with treatment ... liver failure , the onset of encephalopathy may indicate the need for a Liver transplantation liver transplant . ref name Cash ref name Polson Signs and symptoms The mildest form of hepatic encephalopathy ... as forgetfulness, mild confusion and irritability. More severe encephalopathy is characterised ... and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy journal QJM volume 103 issue 1 pages 9 16 year ... encephalopathy lead to a worsening level of consciousness, from lethargy to somnolence and eventually ... advanced stage cerebral edema swelling of the brain tissue leads to death. ref name Cash Encephalopathy ..., namely extending rather than flexing Babinski s sign in severe encephalopathy. A particular smell Fetor ... 1858 69 chapter Cirrhosis and its complications ref Causes In a small proportion of cases, the encephalopathy ..., especially in chronic liver disease, hepatic encephalopathy is caused or aggravated by an additional ... encephalopathy pathophysiology and emerging therapies journal Med. Clin. North Am. volume 93 issue ... BR nitrogen load align left Consumption of large amounts of protein , Gastrointestinal hemorrhage gastrointestinal bleeding e.g. from esophageal varices blood is high in protein, which is reabsorbed ... encephalopathy may also occur after the creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt ... with refractory ascites editor1 last Saab editor1 first Sammy ref TIPSS related encephalopathy occurs in about 30 of cases, with the risk being higher in those with previous episodes of encephalopathy ... more details
Italic title Gastrointestinal Nursing is a monthly healthcare journal which publishes original research and clinical articles relevant to the practice of human gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal nursing . It is published by MA Healthcare . External links Official http www.gastrointestinalnursing.co.uk Category Gastrointestinal nursing journals Category Monthly journals nurse journal stub ... more details
A gastrointestinal series , also called a GI series , is a radiologic examination of the upper and or lower gastrointestinal tract. Upper GI series Lower GI series disambig ja ... more details
No footnotes date February 2011 The gastrointestinal hormones or gut hormones constitute a group of hormone s secreted by enteroendocrine cell s in the stomach , pancreas , and small intestine that control various functions of the digestive organs. Later studies showed that most of the gut peptides, such as secretin , cholecystokinin or substance P , were found to play a role of neurotransmitter s and neuromodulator s in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Enteroendocrine cells do not form endocrine glands but are spread throughout the digestive tract. They exert their autocrine and paracrine actions that integrate all of gastrointestinal function. Types of Gastrointestinal hormones The gastrointestinal hormones can be divided into three main groups based upon their chemical structure . Gastrin family Gastrin cholecystokinin family gastrin and cholecystokinin Secretin family secretin , glucagon , vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastric inhibitory peptide Somatostatin family Motilin family Substance P . Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released from the stomach and is often referred to as the hunger hormone since high levels of it are found in individuals that are fasting. Ghrelin antagonistic treatments can be used to treat illnesses such as anorexia and loss of appetites in cancer patients. Ghrelin treatments for obesity are still under intense scrutiny and no conclusive ... for gall bladder secretions, gastrointestinal motility as well as pancreatic exocrine secretions ... in control of gastrointestinal motility and satiation Amylin controls glucose homeostasis and gastric ... as well as satiation Glucagon like peptide 2 is responsible for gastrointestinal motility and growth ... system digestive system , gastrointestinal tract peptide YY References references External links http www.vivo.colostate.edu hbooks pathphys endocrine gi overview.html Overview of Gastrointestinal Hormones Colorado State University website Gastrointestinal hormones Gastrointestinal physiology Category ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract , including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, bowels, and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected, and can include obstruction leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating , abnormal bleeding, or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires endoscopy , followed by biopsy of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere in the body. This also determines the prognosis. Types Types of gastrointestinal cancer include Esophageal cancer Stomach cancer also called gastric cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma liver cancer also called hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC, and hepatoma Gallbladder cancer Pancreatic cancer Colorectal cancer also called colon cancer, bowel cancer, and rectal cancer Anal cancer Gastrointestinal stromal tumor s GIST Prognosis Prognosis is variable, and depends almost entirely on the specific type of cancer. Esophageal cancer has a dismal prognosis because it is often detected late colon cancer has a comparatively good prognosis when detected early. Pancreatic cancer also has a very poor prognosis, with only 5 of patients surviving more than 5 years after diagnosis. Digestive system neoplasia DEFAULTSORT Gastrointestinal Cancer Category Gastrointestinal cancer Oncology stub ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Toxic encephalopathy Image MRI toxic encephalopathy.gif Caption MRI of the brain in a patient with chronic toxic encephalopathy shows a generalized volume loss. DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 ... encephalopathy , also known as toxic metabolic encephalopathy , is a Neurodegenerative disease degenerative ... Toxic encephalopathy can be caused by various chemicals, some of which are commonly used in everyday life. ref name NTEF Toxic encephalopathy can permanently damage the brain and currently, treatment is mainly just for the symptoms. ref name NINDS2 Signs and symptoms Encephalopathy is a general term .... ref name TBE cite web last Rogers first Sherry title Toxic Brain Encephalopathy url http www.burningissues.org ... Publishing year 1996 accessdate 2009 04 21 ref The most prominent characteristic of toxic encephalopathy is an altered mental status. Toxic encephalopathy has a wide variety of symptoms, ref Bradley ... What is Encephalopathy? url http www.ninds.nih.gov disorders encephalopathy encephalopathy.htm What ... last Chalela first Julio coauthors Kasner, Scott date 2007 11 28 title Acute toxic metabolic encephalopathy ... risk for developing toxic encephalopathy. ref name CTE Baker, E. 2008 . Chronic toxic encephalopathy ... compensation. A thorough and standard diagnostic process is paramount with toxic encephalopathy ... testing. ref name CTE Causes In addition, chemicals, such as lead , that could instigate toxic encephalopathy ... of air fresheners or applied in the case of perfumes . ref name NTEF cite web title National Toxic Encephalopathy Foundation url http national toxic encephalopathy foundation.org work publisher date accessdate ..., the symptoms of toxic encephalopathy begin to emerge. ref name TBE However, in chronic situations ... and increased concentration of the chemical solvents will worsen the effects of toxic encephalopathy ... CTE Treatment Treatment is mainly for the symptoms that toxic encephalopathy brings upon victims ...? url http www.ninds.nih.gov disorders encephalopathy encephalopathy.htm Is there any treatment work ... more details
unreferenced date December 2008 Gastrointestinal pathology is the subspecialty of surgical pathology ... and Board Certification Gastrointestinal pathology including liver , gallbladder and pancreas ..., to surgical pathologists with a special interest and extensive experience in gastrointestinal pathology. There are approximately 30 gastrointestinal pathology fellowships offered within the United ... than 40 fellowship trained gastrointestinal pathologists being trained annually in the United States each year. Fellowship in gastrointestinal pathology involves diagnostic evaluation of surgical whole organ and biopsy pathology of gastrointestinal tissue, with the exception of at least one corporate ... , Colon anatomy colorectal surgeons and gastrointestinal Radiology radiologists to ensure understanding of the clinical aspects of gastrointestinal disease, treatment modalities and other diagnostic findings research in gastrointestinal physiology, disease mechanisms and histomorphology education of general pathologists and clinical colleagues. During the course of a one year gastrointestinal pathology fellowship, the GI liver pathology fellow will review between 8,000 and 15,000 gastrointestinal ... considerable debate among academic and private practice gastrointestinal pathologists regarding ... C. Haggitt Gastrointestinal Pathology Society. The decision to seek Board Certification was declined by the membership of the Society. History of the Rodger C. Haggitt Gastrointestinal Pathology Society ... to gastrointestinal pathology. Due to its success, the first evening subspecialty conference devoted to gastrointestinal pathology was presented the following year at the IAP annual meeting in March ..., headed by Henry Appelman, organized a group for gastrointestinal pathologists. Every gastrointestinal ... for the organization was the Gastrointestinal Pathology Club. Only later did it achieve Society status ... changed to Rodger C. Haggitt Gastrointestinal Pathology Society. The organization was developed ... more details
Infobox symptom Name Gastrointestinal bleeding Image PosFOB.JPG Caption A positive fecal occult blood ... Gastrointestinal bleeding or gastrointestinal hemorrhage describes every form of hemorrhage loss of blood in the gastrointestinal tract , from the pharynx to the rectum . It has diverse causes, and a medical ... the source of bleeding and carry out treatment. Signs and symptoms Gastrointestinal bleeding can ... ground vomit or stool. ref name EBMED2004 cite journal last Westhoff first John title Gastrointestinal ... id 75 ref Differential diagnosis Gastrointestinal bleeding can be roughly divided into two clinical syndromes upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding . ref name ..., and Coagulopathy blood clotting disorders . ref name EBMED2004 Upper gastrointestinal main Upper gastrointestinal bleeding Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is from a source between the pharynx ... of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. journal Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology ..., J title Effect of pharmacological therapies for stroke prevention on major gastrointestinal bleeding ... 2012 Jan volume 66 issue 1 pages 53 63 pmid 22093613 ref Lower gastrointestinal main Lower gastrointestinal bleeding Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is typically from the colon, rectum or anus. ref ... have a severe upper gastrointestinal bleed? journal JAMA volume 307 issue 10 pages 1072 9 year 2012 ... is useful for determining the exact location of the bleeding within the gastrointestinal tract. ref ... acute gastrointestinal bleeding a meta analysis. journal World journal of gastroenterology ... coauthors Barkun, AN title The overall approach to the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. journal Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America date 2011 Oct volume 21 issue 4 pages ... in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. journal Health technology assessment Winchester, England ... in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. journal Cochrane database of systematic reviews Online date 2010 ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Wernicke encephalopathy Image Thiamine 2D skeletal.png Caption Thiamine DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 E 51 2 e 50 ICD9 ICD9 265.1 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj emerg eMedicineTopic 642 MeshID Wernicke encephalopathy is a syndrome characterised by ataxia , ophthalmoplegia , nystagmus, confusion, and impairment of short term memory . ref name Aminoff Aminoff, Michael J., Greenberg, David A., Simon, Roger P. 2005 Clinical Neurology 6th ed. , page 113. Lange Medical Books McGraw Hill. ISBN 0 07 142360 5 ref ref name Beers Beers, Mark H. et al. 2006 , The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy 18th ed. , pages 1688 1689. Merck Research Laboratories 2006, ISBN 0911910 18 2 ref It is caused ... bariatric surgery . ref name Aasheim Aasheim, Erlend Tuseth 2008 , Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric ... s Encephalopathy after Gastric Bypass Surgery, Neuro Ophthalmology, Jul Aug2006, Vol. 30 Issue ... s encephalopathy begins abruptly, usually with eye movement disorders pathologic nystagmus nystagmus ... ref name Beers The pathological changes seen in Wernicke s encephalopathy are concentrated in the mammillary ..., IVth, VIth, and VIIIth cranial nerve nuclei. Despite its name, Wernicke s encephalopathy is not related ... The neuropathy of Wernicke s encephalopathy causes neuron death due to the effects of thiamine deficiency ... target in thiamine deficiency and Wernicke s encephalopathy journal Neurochemistry international volume ... encephalopathy ref cite journal author Zimitat C, Nixon PF title Glucose loading precipitates acute encephalopathy in thiamin deficient rats journal Metab Brain Dis volume 14 issue 1 pages 1 20 year 1999 .... When treated early, recovery is normally rapid and complete. Established Wernicke s encephalopathy ... care. ref NHS Fife Pharmacy Services. Wernicke s encephalopathy WE and Thiamine Supplementation for Alcohol ... home special subjects drug use and abuse alcohol.html v835103 The Merck Manual, Wernicke s encephalopathy ... s encephalopathy MR and Gross Brain Pictures Nutritional pathology Category Brain disorders Category ... more details
Inline citations date September 2011 Refs linked in the infobox Infobox disease Name Gastrointestinal perforation Image Free air2010.JPG Caption Free air under the right hemidiaphragm from a bowel perforated. DiseasesDB 34042 ICD10 K63.1, S36.9 ICD9 ICD9 569.83 , ICD9 863.9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 000235 eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 2822 MeshID Gastrointestinal perforation is a complete penetration of the wall of the stomach, small intestine or large bowel, resulting in intestinal contents flowing into the abdominal cavity. Perforation of the intestines results in the potential for bacterial contamination of the abdominal cavity a condition known as peritonitis . Perforation of the stomach can lead to a chemical peritonitis due to leaked gastric acid . Perforation anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract is a surgical emergency . Signs and symptoms Sudden attack of pain in epigastrium to the right of midline in case of perforation of duodenal ulcer. In case of gastric ulcer the pain is in epigastrium. There is history of burning pain in epigastrium, flatulence and dyspepsia . History of drug intake without sufficient food intake may be present. In case of intestinal perforation pain starts from the site of perforation, visceral, and then spreads all over the abdomen. In any case there is board like rigidity of abdomen, tenderness, and rebound tenderness. After sometime the abdomen becomes silent, heart sounds can be heard all over. Patient stops passing flatus and motion, abdomen is distended. Gastrointestinal perforation results in severe abdominal pain intensified by movement, nausea and vomiting . Later symptoms include fever and or chills. Causes Underlying causes include gastric ulcer , appendicitis , gastrointestinal cancer , diverticulitis , superior mesenteric artery syndrome , Physical trauma trauma and ascariasis . Typhoid fever, NSAID drugs,ingestion of corrosives may also be responsible. cn date September 2011 Diagnosis On X rays, free gas may be visible ... more details
Hypertensive encephalopathy is a neurological dysfunction induced by malignant hypertension . The term hypertensive encephalopathy was introduced to describe this type of encephalopathy by Oppenheimer ..., caused by sudden and sustained severe elevation of blood pressure . Hypertensive encephalopathy ... encephalopathy include headache, restlessness, nausea, disturbances of consciousness, seizure s, retina ... encephalopathy was introduced by Oppenheimer and Fishberg in 1928 to describe the case of a patient ... 1928 In the past, the term hypertensive encephalopathy has been applied to a range of neurological ... FA Jr 1972 Hypertensive encephalopathy. Am J Med 52 672 678. ref ref Ram CVS 1978 Hypertensive encephalopathy recognition and management. Arch Int Med 138 1851 1853. ref ref name Dinsdale 1983 Clinical features Hypertensive encephalopathy is most commonly encountered in young and middle aged people who suffer from hypertension . ref name Dinsdale 1983 Dinsdale HB 1983 Hypertensive encephalopathy ... RO 1953 Malignant hypertension and hypertensive encephalopathy. Am J Med 14 175 183 ref ref name Chester et al. 1978 Chester EM, Agamanolis DP, Banker BQ, Victor M 1978 Hypertensive encephalopathy ... hypertension developed hypertensive encephalopathy. ref name Clarke and Murphy 1956 Clarke ... ref name Ziegler et al. 1965 Ziegler DK, Zosa A, Zileli T 1965 Hypertensive encephalopathy Arch Neurol ... Hypertensive encephalopathy and the neurological manifestations of malignant hypertension. Neurology ... of hypertension, hypertensive encephalopathy has been becoming more rare. Symptoms of hypertensive encephalopathy typically start to occur 12 48 hours after a sudden and sustained increase in blood ... areas. Pathogenesis Hypertensive encephalopathy is caused by an increase in blood pressure. Several ... encephalopathy may occur in pheochromocytoma , Cushing s syndrome, renal artery thrombosis . The impairment of cerebral blood flow that underlies hypertensive encephalopathy is still controversial. Normally ... more details
Hashimoto s Encephalopathy is a very rare condition associated with Hashimoto s thyroiditis . It was first described in 1966. It is classified as a neuroendocrine disorder. Up to and including 2005 there have been almost 200 case reports of this disease. Up to 1990 only 8 cases reports including the original case had been published. Between 1990 and 2000 43 cases were published. More cases are being reported now, this suggests that this rare condition is likely to have been undiagnosed in the past. MRI s in combination with CSF test are utilized for the diagnosis. History The first case was described by Brain et al. in 1966. ref name Brain1966 Brain L, Jellinek EH Ball K 1966 Hashimoto s disease and encephalopathy. Lancet 2 512 514 ref The patient was a 48 year old man with hypothyroidism , multiple episodes of encephalopathy, stroke like symptoms and Hashimoto s thyroiditis confirmed by elevated anti thyroid antibodies. Definition A relapsing encephalopathy occurring in association with Hashimoto s thyroiditis, with high titers of anti thyroid antibodies. Clinically, the condition may present one or more symptoms. Onset is gradual and may go unnoticed by the patient and close associates to the patients. Symptoms can resolve themselves within days to weeks, leaving a patient undiagnosed ... of serum autoantibodies against the amino terminal of alpha enolase in Hashimoto s encephalopathy ... days. Some of the more common symptoms of Hashimoto s encephalopathy include personality changes aggression ... May contain antithyroid antibodies Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities consistent with encephalopathy ... is now also referred to as steroid responsive encephalopathy. Initial treatment is usually ... stay in remission after discontinuation of treatment. Alternative names Steroid responsive encephalopathy ... An article on Hashimoto s encephalopathy http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 18990131 cite doi 10.1016 S0140 6736 03 12517 2 References references DEFAULTSORT Hashimoto s Encephalopathy Category Neuroendocrinology ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Glycine Encephalopathy Non ketotic Hyperglycinemia Image Glycin Glycine.svg ... D020158 Glycine encephalopathy also known as non ketotic hyperglycinemia or NKH is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of glycine metabolism. After phenylketonuria , glycine encephalopathy is the second ... glycine in bodily fluids and tissues, especially the cerebral spinal fluid. Glycine encephalopathy ... confusion, the term glycine encephalopathy is often used, as this term more accurately describes the clinical ... encephalopathy, although some causes of the disease are still unknown. The GCS has its highest ... types on glycine encephalopathy show elevated levels of glycine in the plasma, and cerebral spinal fluid ... encephalopathy nonketotic hyperglycinemia should not be confused with other metabolic disorders that can ... Acidemias An Overview GeneReviews NCBI Bookshelf format work accessdate ref Glycine encephalopathy ... There are several different forms of glycine encephalopathy, which can be distinguished by the age of onset, as well as the types and severity of symptoms. All forms of glycine encephalopathy ... With the classical, or neonatal presentation of glycine encephalopathy, the infant is born after .... ref name scriver Patients with the infantile form of glycine encephalopathy do not show lethargy .... ref name genereviews cite web title Glycine Encephalopathy url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books NBK1357 ... 2011 09 22 ref Glycine encephalopathy can also present as a milder form with episodic seizures ... Image autorecessive.svg thumb right Glycine Encephalopathy Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. Glycine encephalopathy has an estimated incidence of 1 in 60,000 ... have been linked to glycine encephalopathy. ref name sarafaglou cite book title Pediatric Endocrinology ... subunit, also called glycine decarboxylase About 70 75 of cases of glycine encephalopathy ... been no mutations in GCSL found to be associated with glycine encephalopathy. A small percentage ... more details
Gastrointestinal physiology is a branch of human physiology addressing the physical function of the gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal GI system . The major processes occurring in the GI system are that of motility, secretion, regulation, digestion and circulation. The function and coordination of each of these actions is vital in maintaining GI health, and thus the digestion of nutrients for the entire body. Image Digestive system diagram en.svg thumb The Basic anatomy of the Digestive System Motility The GI tract generates motility using smooth muscle subunits linked by gap junctions . These subunits fire spontaneously in either a tonic or a phasic fashion. Tonic contractions are those contractions that are maintained from several minutes up to hours at a time. These occur in the sphincters of the tract, as well as in the anterior stomach. The other type of contractions, called phasic contractions, consist of brief periods of both relaxation and contraction, occurring in the posterior stomach and the small intestine, and are carried out by the muscularis externa . Stimulation The stimulation for these contractions likely originates in modified smooth muscle cells called interstitial cells of Cajal . These cells cause spontaneous cycles of slow wave potential s that can cause action potentials in smooth muscle cells. They are associated with the contractile smooth muscle via gap junctions. These slow wave potentials must reach a threshold level for the action potential to occur, whereupon Ca sup 2 sup channels on the smooth muscle open and an action potential occurs. As the contraction is graded based upon how much Ca sup 2 sup enters the cell, the longer the duration of slow wave, the more action potentials occur. This in turn results in greater contraction force from the smooth muscle. Both amplitude and duration of the slow waves can be modified based upon the presence ... of Bristol MeshName Digestive Physiology References reflist Gastrointestinal physiology Category ... more details
refimprove date June 2010 Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB 32948 ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 277.87 ICDO OMIM 603041 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome MNGIE , also called myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome or POLIP syndrome , ref name omim OMIM 603041 ref is a rare autosome autosomal dominance genetics recessive ref name mnear cite pmid 19056268 ref mitochondrial disease usually appearing between the second and fifth decades of life. Unlike typical mitochondrial diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA mtDNA mutations, MNGIE is caused by mutations in the ECGF1 TYMP gene, which encodes the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase. ref name omim A secondary form of MNGIE, called MNGIE without leukoencephalopathy , can be caused by mutations in the POLG gene. ref name omim Signs and symptoms MNGIE is a multisystem disorder. Gastrointestinal symptoms may include gastrointestinal dysmotility possibly resulting in pseudo obstruction in which the muscular contractions peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract become inefficient causing malabsorption . Borborygmi stomach rumbling , early satiety, diarrhea, constipation, gastroparesis , nausea, vomiting, weight loss, diverticulitis . Neurological symptoms may include diffuse leukoencephalopathy , peripheral neuropathy , and myopathy .Ocular symptoms may include retinal degeneration, ophthalmoplegia paralysis of eye muscles , ptosis drooping eyelids . Those with MNGIE are often thin, experiencing continuous weight loss. References reflist External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov bookshelf br.fcgi?book gene&part mngie GeneReview NIH UW entry on Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy Disease Mitochondrial diseases Inborn errors of purine pyrimidine metabolism DEFAULTSORT Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy Syndrome Category Mitochondrial diseases Category Rare diseases Category Syndromes Category Autosomal recessive di ... more details
The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy , or ASGE, is a professional organization of physician s dedicated to improving endoscopy . The ASGE is made up largely of Gastroenterology gastroenterologists from the United States . Included in its membership are endoscopists from other medical specialties as well as from other countries. ASGE publishes the medical journal Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. The core purpose of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy is to be the leader in advancing and promoting excellence in gastrointestinal endoscopy . Goals ASGE will be recognized by its members for helping them to improve their endoscopic practice. Regulatory agency Regulatory and credentialing agencies will look to ASGE as the source of expertise in the practice of endoscopy. ASGE benefits the profession and the public by promoting valuable, ongoing research in endoscopy and its application to disease management and prevention. Members will have access to up to date, quality education . Improve the quality of endoscopy delivered to the public. ASGE offers a member site, http www.asge.org www.asge.org , devoted to Endoscopy from a physicians point of view, a public site, http www.askasge.org www.askasge.org , for patients and their families who have questions about procedures and http www.screen4coloncancer.org www.screen4coloncancer.org , a site dedicated to information about colon cancer . Brochures in Spanish are available on the public sites. Category Medical associations based in the United States Category Gastroenterology organizations US health org stub es American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ... more details
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy CTE is a progressive degenerative disease found in individuals who have been subjected to multiple concussion s and other forms of head injury . A variant of the condition ... injuries. ref McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes .... Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009 68 709 735. . ref On a microscopic ... shaped tau positive neurites. ref McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy .... ref McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes. J Neuropathol ... University School of Medicine BUSM to form the Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy ... concussions , Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, September 25, 2008. ref American ... of Traumatic Encephalopathy. Accessed August 17, 2010. ref former Tennessee Titans Houston ... Case Study John Grimsley , Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy. Accessed August ... Encephalopathy. Accessed August 17, 2010. ref former Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver Chris Henry ... Brigham Young University Football Coach Died at 42 , Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy ... at Boston University , Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy press release dated December ... Support and Funding , Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy. Accessed August 17, 2010 ... active NFL Pro Bowl players to donate brains to research , Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy ... , Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy press release dated February 1, 2010. Accessed August ... Encephalopathy to be diagnosed with CTE postmortem. ref cite news url http www.nytimes.com 2011 03 ... encephalopathy in athletes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009 68 709 735. . ref Neuroimaging the brain ... factors such as hemodilution factors and prophylaxis administration to protect against gastrointestinal ... for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy McGrath, Ben, http www.newyorker.com reporting 2011 01 31 ... more details
Functional gastrointestinal disorder include a number of separate idiopathic disorders which affect different part of the gastrointestinal tract . ref name Review09 cite journal author Fass R title Functional heartburn what it is and how to treat it journal Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. volume 19 issue 1 pages 23 33, v year 2009 month January pmid 19232278 doi 10.1016 j.giec.2008.12.002 url ref Classification Functional esophageal disorders Functional heartburn Functional chest pain of presumed esophageal origin Functional dysphagia Globus pharyngis Functional colonic disease Functional constipation Functional rectal pain Diagnosis The Rome process has helped to define the functional gastrointestinal disorders. ref name urlRome Foundation Scoring Rome III Questionnaire using SAS cite web url http www.romecriteria.org rome iii sas title Rome Foundation Scoring Rome III Questionnaire using SAS format work accessdate ref Successively, the Rome I, Rome II and the Rome III meetings have proposed a consensual classification system and terminology, as recommended by the Rome Coordinating Committee. Epidemiology Functional gastrointestinal disorders have been found in 60 70 of both Canadian and America populations. ref name Review09 References reflist Category GI tract disorders pl Zaburzenia czynno ciowe przewodu pokarmowego ... more details
Feline spongiform encephalopathy is a disease that affects the brains and livers Citation needed date January 2008 of felidae feline s. It is caused by protein s called prion s. Disease Feline spongiform encephalopathy FSE is a prion disease thought to be related to Bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE . This disease is known to affect domestic and captive feline species . Lezmi S. et al. 2003 , suggested that this infectious agent might be spread by both Hematology haematogenous and Nervous system nervous pathways. Like BSE, this disease can take several years to develop. It is probable, but not proven, that the affected animals contract the disease by eating contaminated bovine meat. Clinical signs Ataxia was observed to last for about 8 weeks in the affected animals. The ultimate result is death of the infected animals. Epidemiology This disease was first reported in the United Kingdom in 1990. Up until about 5 years ago, there were reports of 87 FSE cases only domestic cats in the UK, one in Norway, one in Northern Ireland and one in Switzerland. However, since 1990, other feline species in zoo s were reported to have contracted this disease. Diagnosis This disease can only be confirmed at the post mortem , which includes identification of bilaterally symmetrical vacuole vacuolation of the neuropil and vacuolation in neuron es. Lesion s are likely to be found in basal ganglia , cerebral cortex and thalamus of the brain . Treatment This is a Terminal illness terminal condition and there is currently no specific treatment for the disease. See also Bovine spongiform encephalopathy References http www.provet.co.uk petfacts healthtips fse2.htm Lezmi S., Bencsik A., Monks E., Petit T., Baron T. First case of spongiform encephalopathy in a captive cheetah born in France PrP sc analysis in various tissues revealed unexpected targeting of the kidney and adrenal gland Histochem. Cell Biology 2003 119 5 415 422 External links http www.vet.cornell.edu fhc news madcow.htm Prion ... more details
Infobox disease Nam Lower gastrointestinal bleeding Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 K 92 2 k 90 ICD9 ICD9 578.9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 003133 eMedicineSubj radio eMedicineTopic 301 MeshID Lower gastrointestinal bleeding , commonly abbreviated LGIB , refers to any form of bleeding in the lower gastrointestinal tract . LGIB is a common ailment seen at emergency departments. ref name HN It presents less commonly than upper gastrointestinal bleeding UGIB . It is estimated that UGIB accounts for 100 200 per 100,000 cases versus 20 27 per 100,000 cases for LGIB. ref name Am Approximately 85 of lower gastrointestinal bleeding involves the colon, 10 are from bleeds that are actually upper gastrointestinal bleeds, and 3 5 involve the small intestines. ref cite journal author Dutta G, Panda M title An uncommon cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding a case report journal Cases J volume 1 issue 1 pages 235 year 2008 pmid 18851756 pmc 2577108 doi 10.1186 1757 1626 1 235 url http www.casesjournal.com content 1 1 235 ref The mortality rate for LGIB is between 2 4 . ref name Am cite journal author Farrell JJ, Friedman LS title Gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly journal Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. volume 30 issue 2 pages 377 407, viii year 2001 month June pmid 11432297 ref Presentation A lower Gastrointestinal Bleed is referred as any bleed that occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz and superior to the anus . This includes the last 1 4 of the duodenum and the entire area of the jejunum , ileum , Colon anatomy colon , rectum , and anus. ref name HN cite book title Harwood Nuss ... ISBN 0 7817 5125 X ref The human feces stool of a person with a lower gastrointestinal bleed is a good ... hours. ref name HN Melena is four times more likely to come from an upper gastrointestinal bleed than ... Dictionary.com ref as with a lower gastrointestinal bleed. Diverticulosis, Angiodysplasia, Infectious ... blood Blood in stool Rectal bleeding Upper gastrointestinal bleeding References reflist Gastroenterology ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome Image Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg Caption Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome visible on magnetic resonance imaging as multiple cortico subcortical areas of T2 weighted hyperintense white signal involving the occipital lobe occipital and parietal lobe s wikt bilateral bilaterally and pons . DiseasesDB 10460 ICD10 G93.49 ICD9 348.39 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D054038 Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome PRES , also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome RPLS , is a syndrome characterised by headache , confusion , seizure s and visual loss . It may occur due to a number of causes, predominantly malignant hypertension , eclampsia and some medical treatments. On magnetic resonance imaging MRI of the brain, areas of cerebral edema edema swelling are seen. The symptoms tend to resolve after a period of time, although visual changes sometimes remain. ref name Garg cite journal author Garg RK title Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome journal Postgrad Med J volume 77 issue 903 pages 24 8 year 2001 month January pmid 11123390 pmc 1741870 doi 10.1136 pmj.77.903.24 url http pmj.bmj.com cgi content full 77 903 24 ref ref cite journal author Pula JH, Eggenberger E title Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome journal Curr Opin Ophthalmol volume 19 issue 6 pages 479 84 year 2008 month November pmid 18854692 doi 10.1097 ICU.0b013e3283129746 url ref It was first described in 1996. ref name Hinchey cite journal author Hinchey J, Chaves C, Appignani B, Breen J, Pao L, Wang A, Pessin M, Lamy C, Mas J, Caplan L title A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. journal N Engl J Med volume 334 issue 8 pages 494 500 year 1996 pmid 8559202 doi 10.1056 NEJM199602223340803 ref Causes PRES occurs due to the use of drugs like .... ref Pedraza R, Marik PE, Varon J November 2009 . Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome A Review ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Gastrointestinal stromal tumor Image Gastric GIST 1 .jpg Caption Histopathologic image of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach. Hematoxylin eosin stain. DiseasesDB 33849 ICD10 .... A gastrointestinal stromal tumor GIST is one of the most common mesenchyme mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract 1 3 of all gastrointestinal malignancies . They are typically defined as tumors ... J title Gastrointestinal stromal tumors review on morphology, molecular pathology, prognosis, and differential ... Patients present with dysphagia trouble swallowing , gastrointestinal hemorrhage or metastasis metastases ... cite journal author Hersh MR, Choi J, Garrett C, Clark R. title Imaging Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ..., Moskovic EC. title Malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor distribution, imaging features, and pattern ... WG, Gibbs JF title Gastrointestinal stromal tumors current diagnosis, biologic behavior, and management ... cite journal author Lehnert T title Gastrointestinal sarcoma GIST a review of surgical management ... gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the small intestine radiologic pathologic correlation journal Radiat ... of GIST. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours journal Ann Chir Gynaecol volume 87 issue 4 pages 291 2 year ... in the gastrointestinal tract journal Histol Histopathol volume 15 issue 4 pages 1293 301 year 2000 pmid 11005253 ref ref name miettinen2 cite journal author Miettinen M, Lasota J title Gastrointestinal ... cite journal author Ulusan S, Koc Z, Kayaselcuk F title Gastrointestinal stromal tumours CT findings ... are tumors of connective tissue , i.e. sarcoma s unlike bowel cancer most gastrointestinal tumor ... of Cajal ICC , ref name miettinen cite journal author Miettinen M, Lasota J title Gastrointestinal stromal ... of gastrointestinal stromal tumors journal Surg Endosc volume 20 issue 5 pages 713 6 year 2006 month ... gastrointestinal stromal tumors title http www.touchoncology.com articles efficacy imatinib unresectablemetastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors author Patel Shreyaskumar R, Wong Patrick ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Diagnostic infobox Name Upper gastrointestinal series Image Eosinophilic esophagitis barium swallow.jpg Alt Caption Upper GI series barium swallow of the esophagus, showing abnormalities associated with eosinophilic esophagitis . DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 87.62 ICDO MedlinePlus eMedicine MeshID LOINC HCPCSlevel2 OPS301 OPS301 3 13b Reference range Upper GI series , also upper gastrointestinal GI tract radiography , is a radiology radiologic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract . It consists of a series of X ray images of the esophagus , stomach and duodenum . The most common use for this medical testing is to look for signs of Peptic ulcer ulcers , acid reflux disease , uncontrollable vomiting , or unexplained blood in the stools hematochezia or positive fecal occult blood . Application Preparation When the patient needs to undertake an upper GI, he or she is asked to take a fast on the previous day, depending on what the doctor wishes the patient to take or what might be the needed for this testing. Normally, the patient must avoid solid food for up to eight hours prior to the appointment and avoid any type of consumable, including water, three hours prior to the testing. Process This is a non invasive test, consisting of an X ray. In the X ray room, the patient is given two medications to drink that help improve the quality of the resulting X rays. The patient may also be administered glucagon , a pancreatic hormone that is injected intravenously. The first drink is very carbonated, made from baking soda crystals which expands the stomach by causing gas to build in the stomach. The second drink is a contrast agent , typically a thick, chalky liquid containing a barium salt. This test is sometimes called a barium swallow. The barium outlines the stomach on the X rays, helping the doctor find tumors or other abnormal areas ... Upper Gastrointestinal Series Category Projectional radiography Category Digestive system imaging ... more details
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