Orphan date January 2012 Caucasus Krai lang ru was an administrative division a krai of the Russian Empire . It was established in 1844. From that time till 1882 the head of the region krai was Viceroy namestnik lang ru , during 1882 1905 glavnoupravlyayushchiy or glavnonachalstvuyushchy lang ru or and in 1905 1917 again namestnik . References . ., 1998. . . , . 16, . 5, , 1858 . coord missing Russia Category History of the administrative divisions of Russia ru ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Administrative Council Lang pl Rada Administracyjna was a part of Council of State Kingdom of Poland Council of State of the Congress Poland . Introduced by the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815, it was composed of 5 ministers, special nominees of the Tsar King and the Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland . The Council exectuted King s will, ruled in the cases outside the ministers competence and prepared projects for the Council of State. The Council was reformed after the death of namestnik J zef Zaj czek in 1826, after the fall of November Uprising in 1831, after the liquidation of Council of State in 1941, after the reforms of Aleksander Wielopolski in 1863 and after the fall of January Uprising . It was liquidated on 15 June 1867. The Council was reformed after the death of namestnik J zef Zaj czek in 1826 after the fall of November Uprising in 1831 after the liquidation of Council of State in 1841 after the reforms of Aleksander Wielopolski in 1863 after the fall of January Uprising It was liquidated on 15 June 1867. Category Congress Poland Category Government of Poland Category History of Poland 1795 1918 Category Political history of Poland Poland hist stub Gov stub pl Rada Administracyjna ... more details
von Berg may refer to Berg state Early Rulers of Berg Early Rulers of Berg state Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg 1793 1874 Governor General of Finland, Namestnik of Kingdom of Poland Friedrich Georg Magnus von Berg 1845 1938 , The count of rye , developer of Estonian agriculture Georg Erik Rembert Berg 1849 1920 , Finnish general in the Imperial Russian Army surname ... more details
Refimprove date February 2008 Chelyadnins is an old Russia n boyar family of Radsha and Khutyn Monastery St Varlaam lineage via Akinfovs , extinct in 16th century. Notable Chelyadnins Boyar Andrey Fyodorovich Chelyadnin ? 1503 , the first of Chelyadnins who gained the title of konyushy , governor , namestnik of Novgorod . He was Commander in Chief during the Russo Swedish War 1495 1497 . In 1500 he defeated the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Lithuanian s at the Lovat River Russia Lovat River and captured the city of Toropets . Boyar Ivan Andreyevich Chelyadnin ? 1514 , konyushy at the court of Vasili III of Russia , voyevoda 1508 1509 . He took part in a number of battles with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , after the defeat of Russia at the Battle of Orsha he was taken into captivity and died in a prison in Vilnius . Category Russian noble families noble stub ... more details
Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland Namestniks of the Kingdom of Poland Namestnik of Poland years 1863 1874 S aft after Paul Demetrius Kotzebue Paul Kotzebue as Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland ... more details
title Namestnik of Kingdom of Poland s aft after Karl Lambert s bef before Karl Lambert s ttl years 11 October 1861 &ndash 22 October 1861 title Namestnik of Kingdom of Poland s aft after Alexander Liders ... more details
&pg RA2 PA140&lpg RA2 PA140&dq namestnik Poland ref however, the role of namiestnik viceroy of the former ... names. Namestnik Namiestnik is sometimes translated as viceroy , regent or lord lieutenant ... Namestniks of the Kingdom of Poland it Namestnik del Regno di Polonia pl Namiestnik Kr lestwo ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Council of State Lang pl Rada Stanu of Congress Poland Congress Kingdom of Poland was an important state institution of Poland that existed in the 18th century. It was also known as Council of State of Kingdom of Poland Rada Stanu Kr lestwa Polskiego . There were three different Councils of State throughout that period in the Kingdom of Poland. The first was created by the Constitution of Kingdom of Poland . The constitution divided the Council of State into General Assembly of Council of State Og lne Zgromadzenie Rady Stanu and Administrative Council Rada Administracyjna . In time the General Assembly became habitually referred to as Council of State . The Council of State was composed of 5 ministers, 9 ordinary councilors and changing numbers of extraordinary councilors created by the monarch as well as referendaries of state. The Council could prepare projects of legislation for Sejm and monarch s decrees, put governmental officials on trial for administrative misconduct and act as a court in competency and administration cases. This first Council was dissolved during the November Uprising . The second Council of State was created by the Organic Statue of the Kingdom of Poland . The third Council of State was created after the January Uprising . See also Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland DEFAULTSORT Council Of State Kingdom Of Poland Category Congress Poland Category Government of Poland Category History of Poland 1795 1918 Category Political history of Poland Poland hist stub pl Rada Stanu Kr lestwo Polskie ... more details
unreferenced date October 2008 Constitutions of Poland The Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland lang pl Statut Organiczny dla Kr lestwa Polskiego was a quasi constitution replacing the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland in the aftermath of the November Uprising in 1832. The Statute, signed by Emperor of Russia Emperor Nicholas I of Russia , replaced the personal union between the Congress Poland Kingdom of Poland and Russian Empire with eternal incorporation of Poland into Russia. The Sejm Parliament lang pl Sejm of the Kingdom was abolished, and Polish Army its army merged with the Imperial Russian Army Russian Army . Remaining resemblances of autonomy left intact by the Statute included the Council of State Kingdom of Poland Council of State , Administrative Council and Bank of Poland . Out of five governmental commissions, two military and religious educational were dissolved leaving only treasury, justice and internal affairs . The power of Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland was increased. Poland hist stub Category 1832 in law Category 1832 in Poland Category 1832 in Russia Category Legal history of Poland Category History of Poland 1795 1918 Category Political history of Poland Category Congress Poland it Statuto Organico del Regno di Polonia pl Statut Organiczny dla Kr lestwa Polskiego ru ... more details
Other uses Charles de Lambert disambiguation Charles de Lambert Karl Karlovich count Lambert lang ru 1815 1865 Russia n General of Cavalry, Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland from August to October 1861. From 1840 to 1844 he fought against Chechnya Chechen highlanders during Caucasian War . In 1848 he became chief of staff of II Russian Corps suppressing Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . October 14, 1861 he introduced martial law on territory of Congress Poland . Bibliography http www.biografija.ru show bio.aspx?id 73969 Namestniks of the Kingdom of Poland Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Lambert, Karl ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1815 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1865 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Lambert, Karl Category 1815 births Category 1865 deaths Category Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Category Imperial Russian Army generals Category Members of the State Council of the Russian Empire Category Namestniks of the Kingdom of Poland Category People of the Revolutions of 1848 Category Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle Russian Russia bio stub fr Karl Lambert pl Karol Lambert ru , ... more details
, postponed and dissolved parliament Sejm sessions confirmed Congress Poland Government namestnik s, Minister government minister s, senator s, high officials nominated by the namestnik and nominated ... he had the right to declare war s and sign foreign treaties NamestnikNamestnik headed the Council ... people nominated by the king, headed by namestnik, it carried out the executive and administration ... more details
the office of namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland . With the kingdom s autonomy limited by the Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland Statute , the period under Namestnik Paskevich known in Poland as Paskevich ... more details
Biritch birich , biryuch lang ru , in Ancient Rus was a herald , an announcer of the will of a knyaz , sometimes kniaz s deputy in police or diplomatic affairs, or tax collector. A birich travelled to settlements, played bugle instrument bugle or horn instrument horn in the center of a town square or yard to gather people and read the announcement. The word is thought to be derived from a Turkic languages Turkic word for bugler , hornist in modern Turkish language Turkish borucu , borazanc . Other hypotheses try to base the meanings on interpretations of the root bir , meaning to take in Slavic languages, deriving the meaning tax collector . Birich is mentioned in East Slavic peoples East Slavic manuscripts since the 10th century and until the end of the 17th century. ref Richard L. Frey, Alan F. Truscott, Amalya Kearse The official encyclopedia of bridge pg. 178 Crown 1988 ISBN 012240761X ref The Laurentian Codex mentions under the year of 992 that knyaz Vladimir I of Kiev Vladimir of Kiev , when looking for a volunteer to fight a Pecheneg baghatur have sent a birich in regiments. Later tsar s of Muscovy announced various ukase s via biriches. Heads of the Orthodox Church Church also used biriches to announce their decrees. A birich was supposed to make an announcement in market place, not once but many times, somenimes during several months. Later other administrators namestnik s , voyevoda s , etc. had biriches in their staff, as mentioned in payroll s. The word biritch is the name of a 19th century card game . It is said to have originated in Russia, but satisfactory evidence of this has not been discovered. It is considered to be a precursor of contract bridge . See also Russian whist References Reflist efron Category Obsolete occupations Category Kievan Rus es Biritch fr Biritch it Biritch ... more details
Infobox Military Unit unit name Lubny Regiment br image Image Flag of the Senchenksyi Sotnia of the Lubny Regiment.jpg 250px caption Flag of the Senchenksyi Sotnia of the Lubny Regiment. dates 1649 1781 country Cossack Hetmanate allegiance branch type Cossack Regiment role size 13 sotnias 1658 br 23 18th century command structure current commander garrison Lubny , Ukraine march motto mascot battles notable commanders anniversaries The Lubny Regiment lang uk , Romanization of Ukrainian translit. Lubens kyi polk , lang ru was one of ten territorial administrative subdivisions of the Cossack Hetmanate . The regiment s capital was the city of Lubny , now in Poltava Oblast of central Ukraine . Other major cities of the regiment were Pyriatyn , Hlynsk and Romny . The Lubny Regiment was founded in 1649, and was combined with the Myrhorod Regiment in 1658. During combination, 7 sotnias from the Myrhorod Regiment, 4 from the Kropyvniansky Regiment, and 2 from the Poltava Regiment were added into the Lubny Regiment. After reformation, the regiment consisted of a total of 13 sotnias, and later on in the 18th century of 23 sotnias. According to documents of 1723, the regiment consisted of 2,687 land cossack s, and 3,968 horseback cossacks. In 1781, the regiment was officially abolished, and its territory was reformed into the Kiev and Chernihiv Namestnik s. References iw ref uk April 13, 2007 http www.lubny.info content view 38 lubny.info 8th Lubny Husar Regiment Cossack Regiments Category Cossack Hetmanate Regiments Category Ukrainian Cossacks Category Poltava Oblast Category 1649 establishments Category Military units and formations established in 1649 Ukraine hist stub ru uk ... more details
Infobox Military Unit unit name Myrhorod Regiment br image File Myrhorod polk.svg 150px caption Coat of Arms dates 1648 1782 country Cossack Hetmanate allegiance branch type Cossack Regiment role size 20 sotnias command structure current commander garrison Myrhorod , Ukraine march motto mascot battles Azov campaigns ref http mirgorod.osp ua.info ch 1 fl history.html Bot generated title ref notable commanders Danylo Apostol anniversaries The Myrhorod Regiment lang uk , Romanization of Ukrainian translit. Myrhorods kyi polk was one of the 10 territorial administrative subdivisions of the Cossack Hetmanate . The regiment s capital was the city of Myrhorod , now in Poltava Oblast of central Ukraine . The Myrhorod Regiment was founded in 1648. In 1649 the territory of Lubny Regiment was annexed to the Myrhorod Regiment. At that time the Regiment consisted of 16 sotnias. In 1658 part of the Regiment became recreated Lubny Regiment . In 1672 a few sotnias from the Chyhyryn Regiment were added to the regiments numbers. During the 1774 1775 years, 4 sotnias from the regiment were added to Novorossiysk governorate. In 1782 on the territories of the regiment were 12 towns and 1,271 villages. During this year the regiment was disbanded and all of its territories were annexed to Kiev Namestnik namestnichestvo . Structure During 1774 1775 the Regiment consisted of the following sotnias Bila Tserkva Bohats Holtviansk Horodytsk Khorol Kremenchuk Myrhorod 2 Omelnyk Ostapivka Potoky Shyshatsk Sorochyntsi Ustavytsk Vlasivka Yaresk Commanders Matvii Hladkyi 1649 1652 Hryhorii Lisnytskyi 1653 1654, 1657 1658, 1660 Pavlo Apostol 1659, 1671, 1672 1683 Demian Apostol 1664 1666 Hryhorii Apostol 1666 1668 Hryhorii Hladkyi 1669 1670 Mykhailo Kyiashko 1670 1671 Danylo Apostol 1683 1727 Pavlo Apostol 1727 1736 Vasyl Kapnist 1737 1750 References Reflist Cossack Regiments Category Cossacks Category Cossack Hetmanate Regiments Cate ... more details
Infobox Military Unit unit name Chernihiv Regiment br image caption dates 1648 1782 country Cossack Hetmanate allegiance branch type Cossack Regiment role size 7 sotnias 1649 br 16 18th century command structure current commander garrison Chernihiv , Ukraine march motto mascot battles notable commanders anniversaries The Chernihiv Regiment lang uk , Romanization of Ukrainian translit. Chernihivs kyj polk was one of ten territorial administrative subdivisions of the Cossack Hetmanate . The regiment s capital was the city of Chernihiv , now in Chernihiv Oblast of north east Ukraine . The Chernihiv Regiment was founded in 1648 during the Khmelnytsky Uprising . Following the signing of the Treaty of Zboriv in 1649 it consisted of 7 sotnia s, and had 997 registered cossacks . After Treaty of Pereyaslav very much parts of regiment was included to Nizhyn Regiment . With 1659 in regiment started creation new sotnias. After reformation Chernihiv Regiment in 1782 consisted of 16 sotnias Bereznynska, Bilouska, Chernihiv regimental, Horodnyanska, Kyselivska, Lyubetska Sotnia Lyubetska , Menska, Ponurnynska, Royiska sotnia Royiska , Sednivska, Slabynska, Sosnytska, Stolynska, Synyavska, Volynska, Vybelska, File Chernihiv Regiment.jpg thumb left 200 Map of Chernihiv Regiment on 1782 According to documents of 1764, the regiment consisted of 9,838 land cossack s, and 19,810 helper cossacks. In 1781, the regiment was officially abolished, and its territory was reformed into the Chernihiv Namestnik . References http www.encyclopediaofukraine.com display.asp?linkPath pages 5CC 5CH 5CChernihivregiment.htm Encyclopedia of Ukraine Zaruba V.M. Administratyvno terytorialnyj ustrij ta administraciya Vijska Zaporozkoho u 1648 1782 rr., Dnipropetrovsk, 2007 Cossack Regiments Category Cossack Hetmanate Regiments Category Ukrainian Cossacks Category 1649 establishments Category Military units and formations established in 1649 Ukraine hist stub ru ... more details
refimprove date November 2007 Infobox Former Subdivision native name conventional long name Viceroyalty of the Caucasus common name Caucasus continent Europe region Caucasus status Viceroyalty status text Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire year start 1785 year end 1917 life span 1801 1917 date end event start event end Special Transcaucasian Committee declared nation Russia subdivision Auntonomy p1 Qajar dynasty flag p1 War Flag of Fath Ali Shah.svg p2 Ottoman Empire flag p2 Ottoman Empire1517 1844.svg p3 Kartl Kakheti flag p3 s1 Special Transcaucasian Committee flag s1 Flag of Russia.svg image flag Flag of Russia.svg flag Flag of Russia flag type Flag image map Russia Caucusus 1882.jpg common languages Russian language Russian capital Tbilisi Tiflis government type Viceroyalty title leader leader1 year leader1 currency Ruble The Viceroyalty of the Caucasus is a term used to denote the Imperial Russia n administrative and political authority in the Caucasus region exercised through the offices of glavnoupravlyayushchiy lang ru 1801 1844, 1882 1902 and namestnik 1844 1882, 1904 1917 . These two terms are commonly, but imprecisely, translated into English language English as viceroy which is frequently used interchangeably with Governor General . More accurately, glavnoupravlyayushchij is referred to as High Commissioner of the Caucasus, and namestnik as Viceroy. The office was established after the Russian annexation of Georgia country Georgia in 1801. General Karl von Knorring was first to assume this position, being officially titled as the Commander in Chief in Georgia and Governor General of Tiflis . The Viceroyalty later expanded to encompass the territories acquired by Russia in a series of wars with the Ottoman Empire , Persian Empire Persia , and the Caucasian War local Caucasian peoples . Headquartered at Tiflis Tbilisi, Georgia , the viceroys acted as de facto ambassadors to neighboring countries, command ... more details
Uyezd or uezd lang ru , IPA ru u j st pron was an administrative subdivision of Rus people Rus , Muscovy , Russian Empire , and the early Russian SFSR which was in use from the 13th century. Uyezds for most of the history in Russia were a secondary level of administrative division. On the territory of Malorossiya and Congress of Poland uyezd was known as powiat or povit . Originally describing groups of several volost s, they formed around the most important cities. Uyezds were ruled by the appointees namestnik s of knyaz and, starting from the 17th century, by voyevoda s . In 1708, an Administrative division of Russia in 1708 1710 administrative reform was carried out by Peter I of Russia Peter the Great , dividing Russia into guberniya governorates . The subdivision into uyezds was abolished at that time but was reinstated in 1727, as a result of Catherine I of Russia Catherine I s administrative division of Russia in 1727 1728 administrative reform . By the Soviet Union Soviet administrative reform of 1923 1929, most of the uyezds were transformed into raion s districts . In Ukraine, uyezds were reformed into forty okrug s which between 1923 and 1932 were the primary level of administrative division. Bessarabia The uyezds of Bessarabia Governorate were called inut or Jude in Romanian language Romanian , which would translate as county . citation needed date December 2010 See also History of the administrative division of Russia External links ru icon http www.strana oz.ru ?numid 7&article 294 Administrative territorial division of Russia in the 18th 20th centuries XVIII XX Otechestvennye Zapiski , No.6, 2002. ru icon , , XIII XX . http www.ruthenia.ru logos number 46 03.pdf pdf , , http www.ruthenia.ru logos number 2005 01 46.htm 1 2005 46 , ISSN 0869 5377 Slavic terms for country subdivisions Category Subdivisions of the Russ ... more details
Principality of Beloozero or Beloozero Duchy lang ru was a Russia n principality or duchy , which flourished between the 13th and 15th centuries in the Russian North . In terms of the current administrative division of Russia, the principality was located in the west of Vologda Oblast , around and south of Lake Beloye, Vologda Oblast Lake Beloye White Lake, lang ru . The principality was detached from the Principality of Rostov in 1238. ref name GSE cite book title url http bse.sci lib.com article107055.html publisher Great Soviet Encyclopedia ref The town of Beloozero today s Belozersk became its capital. Gleb of Beloozero Prince Gleb was the first prince of Beloozero ca. 1238 1278 . ref cite web url http www.allmonarchs.net russia other beloozero.html title language Russian work allmonarchs.net year 2011 last update accessdate 1 January 2012 ref He increased his standing enormously by marrying Sartaq s daughter. The later rulers of Beloozero could claim a descent from Genghis Khan through this marriage. During Gleb s reign, the duchy s territory embraced the drainage basin basin of Lake Beloye, Vologda Oblast White Lake , the lower streams of the Sheksna River , and Lake Kubenskoye . The duchy had lost its former significance by the early 14th century. In the first half of the 14th century, Ivan Kalita , the Grand Prince of Moscow, was already appointing namestnik s of Beloozero who administered the principality instead of the princes. ref name volenc cite book last . . first title url http www.booksite.ru fulltext sud ako vsk aya 1.pdf page 61 editor . . accessdate 4 January 2012 year 2006 publisher , location language Russian isbn 5 87822 305 8 ref In 1389, it was subjugated by Muscovy . Dmitry Donskoy , the Grand Prince of Moscow, handed the principality out to his son Andrey Dmitriyevich . In the end of ... more details
Tysyatsky tysiatsky , lang ru sometimes translated dux or Heerzog but more correctly meaning thousandman sometimes translated into the Greek chilliarch was a military leader in Ancient Rus , who commanded a people s volunteer army called tysyacha, or a thousand . In the Novgorod Republic , the tysyatsky evolved into a judicial or commercial official and was elected from boyar s at a veche for a period of one year posadnik . Like the posadniks in Novgorod, the office was often held by one man for several years in a row and he was often succeeded by his son or another close relative, indicating that the office was held within clans and was not fully elective. ref See Valentin Ianin, Novgorodskie Posadniki Moscow Iazyki russkoi kul tury, 2003 . ref In cities with no veche, tysyatskies were appointed by the knyaz s or prince from among the noble boyars and could hand down their post to their sons. In the Novgorod Republic , tysyatskies were considered representatives of ordinary black people. Alongside with the role as the military leaders, they were also supposed to supervise the city fortifications, they could convene veches, they served as ambassadors and acted as judges in the commercial courts. Like the posadniks, in the 14th century the former tysyatskies maintained considerbale political influence and privileges and were known as Old Tysyatskies and also had considerable privileges. The earliest documented tysyatsky of Novgorod was Putyata . Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy after the death of Vassily Vassilyevich Velyaminov in 1374 abolished the post, replacing them with voyevoda s and namestnik s. The tysyatsky in Novgorod was abolished when Grand Prince Ivan III conquered the city in 1478. It was abolished in Pskov in 1510 when Vasilii III took that city. References references George Vernadsky . A History of Russia. Yale University Press, 1969 ISBN 0 300 00247 5 . External links ru icon http infolio.asf.ru Sprav Brokgaus 4 4807.htm Tysyatsky in Novgo ... more details
For other members of Pahlen family Pahlen family Count Fyodor Petrovich Pahlen lang ru September 2, 1780, Mitava January 8, 1863, Saint Petersburg was a Russia n diplomat and administrator. Biography Fyodor was the youngest son of Petr Alekseevich Pahlen , a prominent Russian courtier. He worked at Russian diplomatic missions in Sweden , France and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Great Britain . In 1809 1811 he was Imperial Russia s Ambassador to the United States , in 1811 1815 he was the Ambassador to Brazil and in 1815 1822 he was the Ambassador to Bavaria . Later, he became the General Governor of Novorossiya and the namestnik deputy of Bessarabia following the departure of Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov to the Caucasus . He also was also a member of the State Council of Imperial Russia . In the context of the Russo Turkish War, 1828 1829 Russo Turkish War of 1828 1829 , Pahlen served as governor of the Danubian Principalities , which were administered by Russia pending the payment of war reparation s by the Ottoman Empire his official title was that of Plenipotentiary President of the Sfatul boiresc Divans in Moldavia and Wallachia he was replaced by Pyotr Zheltukhin on February 2, 1829. ref Giurescu, p.122 ref In History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union Jewish history , Pahlen is credited with opening of the first secular Jewish school in Odessa . ref http www.sem40.ru business education 17549 Sem40.ru ref Notes reflist References Commonscat House of Pahlen ru icon http www.genealogia.ee genealogy diplomat.htm Genealogia.ee , bio ru icon http alexpolenov.chat.ru palen.htm Alexpolenov.chat.ru , Genealogy of Pahlens ru icon http www.wikiznanie.ru ru wz index.php D0 9F D0 B0 D0 BB D0 B5 D0 BD, D0 B3 D1 80 D0 B0 D1 84 D1 81 D0 BA D0 B8 D0 B9 D0 B8 D0 B1 D0 B0 D1 80 D0 BE D0 BD D1 81 D0 BA D0 B8 D0 B9 D1 80 D0 BE D0 B4 Pahlens on wikiZnanie.ru Constantin C. Giurescu , Istoria Bucure tilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri p n n ... more details
Image Godfrey Kneller Petr Potemkin.JPG thumb right Pyotr Potemkin by Godfrey Kneller Pyotr Ivanovich Potyomkin Potemkin lang ru died 1700 was a Muscovy Russia n courtier , diplomacy diplomat and namestnik of Borovsk during the reigns of Tsar s Alexis I of Russia Alexis I and Feodor III of Russia Feodor III . He was a voivode during the Russo Polish War 1654 1667 and took Lublin in 1655 as well as Nyenschantz and Noteborg in 1656. Later he became a stolnik working as a Tsar s ambassador. Potemkin led the embassy to Habsburg Spain Spain and Early Modern France France in 1667 1668. This embassy established regular diplomatic relations between Russia and Spain. A colorful portrait of Pyotr Potemkin by Spanish painter Juan Carre o de Miranda is on display in Museo del Prado in Madrid . During his envoy to France he introduced a new term, Avgardent , into the Russian diplomatic vocabulary ref http supercook.ru vocab01.html Great Culinary Dictionary ru icon ref . The term meant distilled spirits , especially Cognac drink Cognacs and Armagnac drink Armagnacs . Potemkin considered them harmful and advocated a complete ban on their import to Russia. Potemkin travelled to Vienna in 1674 to discuss common actions against Polish king John III Sobieski . He also was the envoy of Feodor III to France and Kingdom of England England in 1681. Potemkin died in 1700 in the rank of an okolnichy . According to legend, Pyotr Potemkin, as a diplomat, had an eccentric sense of national pride. During his negotiations in Madrid he insisted that the King of Spain take off his hat every time Potemkin mentioned the title of Tsar Full style of Russian Sovereigns Tsar of All Russias ref name Zubkov http www.openmag.ru archive articul 206.html?sList 8&idList 17 Alexander Zubkov His Serene Highness , Open , Spring 2003 ru icon ref . During his embassy to Copenhagen , the Denmark Norway Danish king was ill and could receive Potemkin only lying in bed. Potemkin insist ... more details
Polish Underground State sidebar Wanda Krahelska Filipowicz 1886 1968 code name Alinka or Alicja , was a leading figure in Warsaw s underground resistance movement throughout the years of German occupation of Poland German occupation during World War II in Poland. As the well connected wife of a former ambassador to Washington, she used her contacts with both the military and political leadership of the Polish Underground to materially influence the underground s policy of aiding Poland s Jewish population during the war. Early on, Krahelska Filipowicz used her influence to persuade Polish Government in Exile the Government in Exile , including members of the Delegatura Si Zbrojnych na Kraj Delegatura and its military counterpart, the Armia Krajowa AK , of the importance of setting up a central organization to help Poland s Jews, and to back the policy with significant funding. Krahelska Filipowicz also personally sheltered Jewish individuals in her own home early during the German occupation of Poland German occupation . Among the refugees was the widow of the Jewish historian Szymon Aszkenazy . A Catholic Socialist activist and a devout Democrat, she was the editor of the Polish art magazine Arkady . In the pre World War I Partitions of Poland partitioned Poland, on 18 August 1906, at the age of twenty she took part in an assassination attempt on the Russian Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland governor general of Warsaw , Georgi Skalon . She threw three dynamite bombs on the governor s coach two did explode and slightly injured three persons in governor s entourage. Afterwards, she fled to Cracow in Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Austrian part of Poland , entered into fictional marriage with painter Adam Dobrodzicki and became citizen of Austria Hungary. Austria refused to extradite her to Russia and instead arranged a trial in Wadowice , starting on 16 February 1908. Wanda Dobrodzicka had confessed but was acquitted. See also Holocaust in Poland egota External ... more details
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