File Sarfus.SoftLitho.Streptavidin.jpg thumb Sarfus image of streptavidin deposited by soft lithography with PDMS stamp. PDMS stamps are pieces of Polydimethylsiloxane Polydimethylsiloxane PDMS that have been patterned usually against a master to form a relief pattern used in soft lithography . This PDMS stamp can be used in either its current form as a relief surface for techniques such as Micro Contact Printing or can also be attached to an external source by tubing so that liquid may be passed through channels on its surface. In this second case it will often be laminated to a surface so that chemistry can be performed on that surface producing a pattern of the PDMS stamp on to the surface. Alternatively a PDMS stamp can be laminated to a second piece of PDMS to form a contained device. It is possible to pattern PDMS with nanometre resolution. Many techniques have been developed to modify the basic setups to perform a range of tasks such as assays on small volumes. These kinds of devices are often referred to as Microfluidics microfluidic devices . Because of the small dimensions of these devices flow is Laminar flow laminar not turbulent which can lead to many useful properties however, this reduces the ability of fluid streams to mix. Category Silicones Category Lithography microfabrication ... more details
This is a table of permselectivity for different substances in the glomerulus of the kidney in renal filtration . class wikitable Substance Molecular mass ref name boron cite book author Walter F. Boron, Emile L. Boulpaep title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approach publisher Elsevier Saunders location year pages isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 761 ref Effective molecular radius Nanometre nm ref name boron Concentration conc. in ultrafiltrate BR conc. in blood plasma ref name boron sodium 23 0.1 1.0 potassium 39 0.14 1.0 chloride 35,5 0.18 1.0 water 18 0.15 1.0 urea 60 0.16 1.0 glucose 180 0.33 1.0 sucrose 342 0.44 1.0 polyethylene glycol 1.000 0.70 1.0 inulin 5.200 1.48 0.98 lysozyme 14.600 1.90 0.8 myoglobin 16.900 1.88 0.75 lactoglobulin 36.000 2.16 0.4 egg albumin 43.500 2.80 0.22 Bence Jones protein 44.000 2.77 1.0 hemoglobin 68.000 3.25 0.03 serum albumin 69.000 3.55 0.01 References references renal physiology Category Physiology ... more details
technical date February 2011 The N4 like viruses are bacteriophage s within the Podoviridae family. ref cite pmid 18555669 ref Bacteriophage N4 is type species for this genus and was originally isolated from sewers in Genoa , Italy and is active against Escherichia coli K 12. Recently, a number of genomically related phages were isolated, infecting Silicibacter and Sulfitobacter DSS3 2 and EE36 1 ref cite pmid 19689706 ref as well as a number of Pseudomonas phages LUZ7, LIT1 and PEV2 ref cite pmid 20619867 . ref Virology The virus s Virion Structure virion have Icosahedron icosahedral heads 70 Nanometre nm and short tails 10 nm, and contain short fibers originating from the junction between the head and tail. All the phages of this genus are strictly virulent and contain a linear dsDNA genome with terminal repeats in the range of 70 75kb. Molecular biology A remarkable feature of this clade of phages is the use of three distinct RNA polymerase s during its infection cycle. A giant virion encapsulated RNAP polymerase which is co injected early transcription , a Protein dimer heterodimeric phage RNA polymerase middle region and the host RNA polymerase recognizes late promoters . ref cite pmid 18374942 ref References reflist Category Bacteriophages ... more details
The polyiodides are a class of polyatomic ion polyatomic halide anion s composed entirely of iodine atom s. The triiodide ion, I sub 3 sub sup sup , is the simplest polyiodide. Larger polyiodides are known, with single or multiple negative charges. The basic building blocks of polyiodides can be considered as I sub 2 sub , I sup sup , and I sub 3 sub sup sup . The more complex polyiodides can be made by addition of I sub 2 sub to solutions containing I sup sup and I sub 3 sub sup sup , with the condition of presence of large cation s to stabilise them. With cations much smaller than Quaternary ammonium cation NMe sub 4 sub sup sup , it is either not possible to Precipitation chemistry precipitate the salt for example with Na sup sup or K sup sup cations , or the crystal structure will show asymmetric iodide anions, as in caesium triiodide , CsI sub 3 sub . The shapes of the polyiodides depend on their associated cations quite strongly, however some of the simpler ions have roughly constant shapes I sub 5 sub sup sup normally adopts a V shaped structure and can be regarded as two I sub 2 sub molecules attached to an I sup sup ion. Bonding in this species suggests p orbital interactions ref W.W. Porterfield, Inorganic Chemistry , Addison Wesley, Reading, Mass, USA 1984 , pp 223 224 ref , and the bond lengths of approximately 2.8 0.28 nanometre nm for the terminal bonds and 3.17 0.317 nanometre nm for the centre bonds ref P.W. Atkins, D.W. Shriver, Inorganic Chemistry , 3rd Edn., OUP, Oxford, UK 2001 ref supports the I sub 2 sub and I sup sup bonding model. I sub 4 sub sup 2 sup is notionally composed of either two I sub 2 sub species, or is almost equally bonded, depending on environment of the ion. Both models are linear. ref Per H. Svensson, Lars Kloo, Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding in Polyiodide and Metal Iodide Iodine Systems , Chem. Rev., 2003 , 103 5 , pp 1649 1684. ref Footnotes references Category Anions Category Iodides fr Polyiodure pl Polijodki zh ... more details
one source date February 2011 The Bhaskara I and II Satellites were two satellites built by the Indian Space Research Organisation that formed India s first Low Earth orbit low orbit Earth observation satellite Earth Observation Satellite . They collected data on telemetry, oceanography and hydrology. Bhaskara I Bhaskara I, weighing 444 kg at launch, was launched on 7 June 1979 from Kapustin Yar aboard the Intercosmos launch vehicle. It was placed in an orbital Apsis Perigee and Apsis Apogee of 394 km and 399 km at an inclination of 50.7 . ref name BS http www.bharat rakshak.com SPACE space satellite1.html Bhaskara Bharat rakshak.com Indian satellite systems ref The satellite consisted of Two television camera s operating in visible 600 nanometre and near infrared 800 nanometre and collected data related to hydrology , forestry and geology . Satellite microwave radiometer SAMIR operating at 19 and 22 GHz for study of ocean state, water vapour, liquid water content in the atmosphere, etc. The satellite provided ocean and land surface data. However, the cameras malfunctioned. Housekeeping telemetry was received until re entry on 17 February 1993. Bhaskara II Bhaskara II, weighing 436 kg, was launched on 20 November 1981 from Kapustin Yar. It was declared operational after receipt of 300 television images of the Indian sub continent. The housekeeping telemetry was still being received until 1991. It re entered orbit on 30 November 1991. It was placed in an orbital Perigee and Apogee of 368 km and 372 km at an inclination of 50.7 . ref name BS References references See also List of Indian satellites Use dmy dates date August 2010 Indian space program DEFAULTSORT Bhaskara Satellite Series Category Indian space program Category Artificial satellites formerly orbiting Earth Category 1979 in the Soviet Union Category 1979 in India Category 1981 in the Soviet Union Category 1981 in India Category India Soviet Union relations es Bhaskara 1 g ... more details
Image Bohr atom PAR.svg thumb right 210px H alpha Emission In the simplified Rutherford Bohr model of the hydrogen atom , the Balmer lines result from an electron jump between the second energy level closest to the nucleus, and those levels more distant. The math scriptstyle 3 rightarrow 2 math transition depicted here produces an H alpha photon, and the first line of the Balmer series . For hydrogen math Z 1 math this transition results in a photon of wavelength 656 nanometre nm red . H alpha H is a specific red visible spectral line created by hydrogen with a wavelength of 656.28 nanometre nm , which occurs when a hydrogen electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level. It is difficult for humans to see H alpha at night, but due to the abundance of hydrogen in space, H alpha is often the brightest wavelength of visible light in stellar astronomy . Balmer series According to the Bohr model of the atom , electrons exist in Quantum quantized energy levels surrounding the atom s atomic nucleus nucleus . These energy levels are described by the principal quantum number n 1, 2, 3, ... . Electrons may only exist in these states, and may only transit between these states. The set of transitions from n 3 to n 2 is called the Balmer series and its members are named sequentially by Greek letters n 3 to n 2 is called Balmer alpha or H alpha, n 4 to n 2 is called H beta, n 5 to n 2 is called H gamma, etc. For the Lyman series the naming convention is n 2 to n 1 is called Lyman alpha, n 3 to n 1 is called Lyman beta, etc. H alpha has a wavelength of 656.281 nanometre nm , ref name cox2000 cite book author A. N. Cox, editor title Allen s Astrophysical Quantities year 2000 publisher Springer Verlag location New York isbn 0 387 98746 0 ref is visible in the red part of the electromagnetic spectrum , and is the easiest way for astronomers to trace the ionized hydrogen content of gas clouds. Since it takes nearly as much Rydberg constant Rydberg constant ... more details
Nanoengineering is the practice of engineering on the nanoscale . It derives its name from the nanometre , a unit of measurement equalling one billionth of a meter. Nanoengineering is largely a synonym for nanotechnology , but emphasizes the engineering rather than the pure science aspects of the field. Degree programs Seealso Nanotechnology education The first nanoengineering program in the world was started at the University of Toronto within the Engineering Science program as one of the Options of study in the final years. In 2003, the Lund Institute of Technology started a program in Nanoengineering. In 2005, the University of Waterloo established a unique program which offers a full degree in Nanotechnology Engineering. ref cite web url http www.nanotech.uwaterloo.ca About Nano at UW title Welcome to Nanotechnology Engineering at UW publisher Department of Nanotechnology Engineering accessdate 2008 10 07 ref Louisiana Tech University started the first program in the U.S. in 2005. In 2006 the University of Duisburg Essen started a Bachelor and a Master program NanoEngineering. ref cite web url http www.uni due.de nanoengineering title NanoEngineering at University of Duisburg Essen ref The University of California, San Diego followed shortly thereafter in 2007 with its own department of Nanoengineering. In 2009, the University of Toronto began offering all Options of study in Engineering Science as degrees, bringing the second nanoengineering degree to Canada. DTU Nanotech the Department of Micro and Nanotechnology is a department at the Technical University of Denmark established in 1990. Techniques Scanning tunneling microscope STM Can be used to both image, and to manipulate structures as small as a single atom. Molecular self assembly Arbitrary sequences of DNA can now be synthesized cheaply in bulk, and used to create custom proteins or regular patterns of amino acids. Similarly, DNA strands can bind to other DNA strands, allowing simple structures to be created ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Dablink This article describes the SI prefix. For other meanings, see Nano disambiguation . Wiktionary nano Nano symbol n is a SI prefix prefix meaning a billionth . Used primarily in the metric system , this prefix denotes a factor of 10 sup 9 sup or Gaps 0.000 000 001 . It is frequently encountered in science and electronics for prefixing units of time and length, such as 30 nanosecond s symbol ns , 100 nanometre s nm or in the case of electrical capacitance, 100 nano farad s nF . The prefix is derived from the Greek lang grc Wiktionary , meaning dwarf , and was officially confirmed as standard in 1960. In the United States, the use of the nano prefix for the farad unit of electrical capacitance is uncommon capacitors of that size are more often expressed in terms of a small fraction of a microfarad or a large number of picofarads. When used as a prefix for something other than a unit of measure, as in nanoscience , nano means relating to nanotechnology , or on a scale of nanometres. See nanoscopic scale . SI prefixes Category SI prefixes be bg br Nano ca Nano cs Nano da Nano es Nano prefijo eu Nano fa fr Nano gl Nano ko hy hi id Nano is Nan it Nano prefisso lv Nano lt Nano hu Nano mr nl Nano ja no Nano nn Nano km nds Nano pl Nano pt Nano ksh Nano ru sl Nano sr fi Nano kerrannaisyksikk sv Nano tr Nano uk vi Nan zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The Verdet constant is an optical constant that describes the strength of the Faraday effect for a particular material. The Verdet constant for most materials is extremely small and is wavelength dependent. It is strongest in substances containing paramagnetic ion s such as terbium . The highest Verdet constants are found in terbium Doping Semiconductors doped dense flint glasses or in crystal s of terbium gallium garnet TGG . This material has excellent Transparency optics transparency properties and is very resistant to laser damage. The Faraday effect is chromatic i.e. it depends on wavelength and therefore the Verdet constant is quite a strong function of wavelength. At 632.8 nanometre nm , the Verdet constant for TGG is reported to be 134 radian rad tesla unit T m, whereas at 1064 nm it falls to 40 rad T m. This behavior means that the devices manufactured with a certain degree of rotation at one wavelength, will produce much less rotation at longer wavelengths. Many Faraday rotator s and Faraday isolator isolators are adjustable by varying the degree to which the active TGG rod is inserted into the magnetic field of the device. In this way, the device can be tuned for use with a range of lasers within the design range of the device. Truly broadband sources such as ultra short pulse laser s and the tunable vibronic laser s will not see the same rotation across the whole wavelength band. The Verdet constant is named after the French physicist mile Verdet . DEFAULTSORT Verdet Constant Category Optics Category Electric and magnetic fields in matter de Verdet Konstante ru sl Verdetova konstanta sr zh ... more details
The spectral resolution of a spectrograph , or, more generally, of a frequency spectrum , is a measure of its ability to resolve features in the electromagnetic spectrum . It is usually denoted by math Delta lambda math , and is closely related to the resolving power of the spectrograph, defined as math R lambda over Delta lambda math , where math Delta lambda math is the smallest difference in wavelength s that can be distinguished at a wavelength of math lambda math . For example, the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph STIS can distinguish features 0.17 nanometre nm apart at a wavelength of 1000 nm, giving it a resolution of 0.17 nm and a resolving power of about 5,900. An example of a high resolution spectrograph is the Cryogenic High Resolution Infrared IR Echelle grating Echelle Spectrograph CRIRES installed at ESO s Very Large Telescope , which has a spectral resolving power of up to 100,000 ref http www.eso.org instruments crires CRIRES Instrument page at ESO ref . Doppler effect The spectral resolution can also be expressed in terms of physical quantities, such as velocity then it describes the difference between velocities math Delta v math that can be distinguished through the Doppler effect . Then, the resolution is math Delta v math and the resolving power is math R c over Delta v math where math c math is the speed of light . The STIS example above then has a spectral resolution of 51 kilometres per second km s . IUPAC definition IUPAC defines resolution in optical spectroscopy as the minimum wavenumber, wavelength or frequency difference between two lines in a spectrum that can be distinguished. ref GoldBookRef title resolution in optical spectroscopy file R05319 ref Resolving power, R , is given by the transition wavenumber, wavelength or frequency, divided by the resolution. ref GoldBookRef title resolving power, R, in optical spectroscopy file R05322 ref See also Angular resolution Resolution mass spectrometry References reflist Further reading Ki ... more details
chembox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 396140689 ImageFile Sphalerite unit cell 3D balls.png IUPACName Gallium III antimonide OtherNames Gallium antimonide Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 3436915 InChI 1 Ga.Sb rGaSb c1 2 InChIKey VTGARNNDLOTBET KXXLTECTAC StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S Ga.Sb StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey VTGARNNDLOTBET UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 12064 03 8 PubChem 4227894 SMILES Ga Sb Section2 Chembox Properties Formula GaSb MolarMass 191.483 g mol Appearance Density 5.614 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPt 712 C BoilingPt Solubility insoluble BandGap 0.726 eV 300 K ElectronMobility 3000 cm sup 2 sup V s 300 K SpecRotation MagSus ThermalConductivity 0.32 W cm K 300 K RefractIndex 3.8 Section3 Chembox Structure MolShape CrystalStruct Sphalerite , Pearson symbol cF8 SpaceGroup F 43m, No. 216 Section7 Chembox Hazards MainHazards NFPA H 1 NFPA F 0 NFPA R 0 NFPA O FlashPt non flammable Autoignition Gallium antimonide GaSb is a semiconductor semiconducting compound of gallium and antimony of the III V family. It has a lattice constant of about 0.61 nanometre nm . Applications GaSb can be used for Infrared detector s, infrared LED s and semiconductor laser lasers and transistors , and thermophotovoltaic systems. See also Aluminium antimonide Indium antimonide Gallium arsenide External links http www.ioffe.rssi.ru SVA NSM Semicond GaSb properties listed at NSM , Ioffe Institute. http www.onr.navy.mil 02 matoc onr docs pa1 pa1 005.doc National Compound Semiconductor Roadmap at the Office of Naval Research Gallium compounds Category Semiconductor materials Category Gallium compounds Category Antimonides Category III V compounds material stub ar de Galliumantimonid es Antimoniuro de galio fa fr Antimoniure de gallium it Antimoniuro di gallio pl Antymonek galu ru ... more details
unreferenced date September 2008 Image Sciamachy scans.png thumb right SCIAMACHY, Nadir and Limb scanning. SCIAMACHY SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY Greek analogously Fighting shadows is one of ten instruments aboard of ESA s ENVIronmental SATellite, ENVISAT . It is a satellite spectrometer designed to measure sunlight , Transmittance transmitted , Reflection physics reflected and Scattering scattered by the earth s atmosphere or Lithosphere surface in the ultraviolet , Visible spectrum visible and near infrared wavelength region 240 nanometre nm 2380 nm at moderate spectral resolution 0.2 nm 1.5 nm . Launch SCIAMACHY, aboard the ENVISAT satellite, was launched by ESA European Space Agency from Kourou , French Guiana , in March 2002. Operation The Absorption electromagnetic radiation absorption , reflection and scattering characteristics of the atmosphere are determined by measuring the extraterrestrial solar irradiance and the upwelling radiance observed in different viewing geometries. The ratio of extraterrestrial irradiance and the upwelling radiance can be inverted to provide information about the amounts and distribution of important atmospheric constituents, which absorb or scatter light, and the spectral reflectance or albedo of the Earth s surface. Purpose SCIAMACHY was conceived to improve global knowledge and understanding of a variety of issues of importance for the chemistry and physics of the Earth s atmosphere troposphere , stratosphere and mesosphere and potential changes resulting from either anthropogenic behavior or natural phenomena . See also Space based meteorological observation External links European Space Agency ESA http envisat.esa.int instruments sciamachy SCIAMACHY http www.dlr.de desktopdefault.aspx tabid 614 SCIAMACHY News of Deutsches Zentrum f r Luft und Raumfahrt DLR http www.iup.physik.uni bremen.de sciamachy SCIAMACHY Homepage of the institute http www.iup.physik.uni bre ... more details
notability date September 2011 CMOS manufacturing processes The 130 nanometre nm process refers to the level of semiconductor manufacturing semiconductor process technology that was reached in the 2000 2001 timeframe, by most leading semiconductor companies, like Intel , Texas Instruments , IBM , and TSMC . The origin of the 130 nm value is historical, as it reflects a trend of 70 scaling every 2 3 years. The naming is formally determined by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors ITRS . Some of the first CPU s manufactured with this process include Intel Pentium III Tualatin Tualatin family of Pentium III processors. Processors using 130 nm manufacturing technology Motorola PowerPC G4 PowerPC 7447 and 7457 PowerPC 7447 and 7457 2002 IBM PowerPC G5 PowerPC 970 PowerPC G5 970 October 2002 June 2003 Intel Pentium III Tualatin microprocessor Tualatin and Coppermine microprocessor Coppermine 2001 04 Intel Celeron Tualatin microprocessor Tualatin 256 2001 10 02 Intel Pentium M Banias microprocessor Banias 2003 03 12 Intel Pentium 4 Northwood 2002 01 07 Intel Celeron Northwood 128 2002 09 18 Intel Xeon Prestonia and Gallatin 2002 02 25 VIA C3 2001 AMD Athlon XP Thoroughbred, Thorton, and Barton AMD Athlon MP Thoroughbred 2002 08 27 AMD Athlon XP M Thoroughbred, Barton, and Dublin AMD Duron Applebred 2003 08 21 AMD K7 Sempron Thoroughbred B, Thorton, and Barton 2004 07 28 AMD K8 Sempron Paris 2004 07 28 AMD Athlon 64 Clawhammer and Newcastle 2003 09 23 AMD Opteron Sledgehammer 2003 06 30 Elbrus Elbrus E2K E2K 1891 4 1891VM4YA 2008 04 27 http www.mcst.ru b 4 5.shtml MCST R 500S 1891BM3 2008 07 27 http www.mcst.ru b 18 19.shtml Vortex 86SX http www.dmp.com.tw sequence prev 180 nanometer 180 nm next 90 nanometer 90 nm list CMOS manufacturing processes Category International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors lithography nodes 130 nano tech stub es 130 nan metros ko 130 nm it 130 nm pt 130 nan metros ... more details
Multiple issues expert subject December 2007 refimprove December 2007 orphan December 2007 Artificial neural membrane ANM refers to a new class of functional structure developed through research adaptive and evolutionary neural networks and programmable materials. The greatest interest in ANM structures surround their potential as open architecture environments for the integration of Micrometre microscale and Nanometre nanoscale devices. Originally based on the Neurogenesis Algorithms developed by mathematician and engineering physicist Dr. Pamela A. Menges. While working as a postdoctoral research associate at Los Alamos National Laboratory , Dr. Menges became interested in thin film materials used in specialized sensors also referred to as smart skins. After leaving the laboratory she established a computational method allowing networks to automatically embed or simulate on other networks based in functional materials. Artificial neural membrane technology development has been funded by the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts, for application to quasi steady state flapping wing flight. ref Citation url http www.niac.usra.edu files studies abstracts 1121Menges.pdf title ARTIFICIAL NEURAL MEMBRANE FLAPPING WING first Pamela last Menges ref Currently http www.arsispace.com Aerospace Research Systems, Inc. the agency that pioneered work in developing artificial neurons for use in control of multifunctional smart structures is applying the technology to reusable launch vehicles. Other applications include biotechnology processes, morphing aircraft and spacecraft, adaptive wind turbine wind generators , and artificial organ s. Recent research also indicates that ANM systems may provide the first truly automated intentional or conceptual programming environment. The ANM technology has been referred as being as significant as semiconductors in the 1950s. Citation needed date December 2007 References reflist Category Applied sciences ... more details
Multiple issues orphan September 2008 unreferenced September 2008 Image SSULI Components.jpg thumb SSULI Components The Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager SSULI is an imaging spectrometer that is used to observe the earth s ionosphere and thermosphere . These sensors provide vertical intensity profiles of airglow emissions in the extreme ultraviolet and far ultraviolet spectral range of 800 to 1700 Angstrom 80 to 170 nanometre and scan from 75 km to 750 km tangent altitude. The data from these sensors will be used to infer altitude profiles of ion, electron and neutral density. Overview The United States Naval Research Laboratory NRL has built five of these ultraviolet spectrographs for the United States Air Force USAF Defense Meteorological Satellite Program DMSP block of 5D3 satellites. Launch The first sensor was launched on the DMSP F16 spacecraft in October 2003 into a sun synchronous 830 km circular orbit at a local time of 0800 2000 Universal Time UT . Technical information The sensor has a field of view of 2.4 x0.15 and sweeps out a 2.4 x17 field of regard during each 90 second scan, with wavelength coverage between 800 and 1700 at 23 resolution. The field of view scans ahead of the spacecraft in the orbital plane through a 17 field of regard, corresponding to approximately 75 750 km altitude. References cite journal author Milazzo, Anna Clair Thonnard, Stefan E. Lam, Chau. title Performance measurements and results of the SSULI Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager stacked grid collimator journal SPIE volume 3443 pages p. 7 18 External links http www.nrl.navy.mil tira Projects ssuli Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager Category Spectrometers science stub ... more details
Orphan date August 2009 Inappropriate tone date October 2009 Field emission probes are used in scanning electron microscope scanning electron miscroscopy for imaging. When a voltage is applied to these Disambiguation needed Probe probe date June 2011 s, electron s are emitted from the tips through a process known as field electron emission . When a body is subjected to ion milling in vacuum , we do not get to know about the geometry of the surface of the body. So to study it we will keep the field emission probes which will emit electrons as soon as a voltage is applied across it. This in turn will cause emission of secondary electrons from the surface of the body that is subjected to ion milling, by collecting these secondary emitted electrons we get a clear image of the surface of the ion milled body. This is the technique that is used in the or scanning electron microscope SEM . There exist various well defined techniques for preparing field emission probes. Ideally, a field emission probe should be extremely sharp, possibly terminating in a single atom , in order to resolve details at the atomic level it should have a small aspect ratio to reduce mechanical vibration while scanning, have a stable atomic configuration at its apex to yield reliable and reproducible images, and be clean to ensure a stable tunnel junction, since the presence of contaminants like oxides or etching by products could alter its metallic behavior. Our experimental setup helps us obtain tips with an apex radius of a few nanometre s. There are various well known methods to make field emission probes but still it is difficult to get an ideal probe. One of them is the Drop off method. See also Field emission electron microscope Scanning electron microscope Scanning tunneling microscope ref citation author Anne Sophie Lucier year 2004 title Preparation and Characterization of Tungsten Tips Suitable for Molecular Electronics Studies PhD thesis publisher McGill University , Center for the Physi ... more details
Infobox journal title Journal of Nanoparticle Research cover File JNR cover.jpg editor Mihail Roco Mihail C. Roco discipline Nanotechnology abbreviation J. Nanopart. Res. publisher Springer Science Business Media country frequency Monthly history 1999 present openaccess impact 3.253 impact year 2010 website http www.springer.com journal 11051 link1 http www.springerlink.com content 0388 0764 link1 name Online access link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC 45789037 LCCN CODEN JNARFA ISSN 1388 0764 eISSN 1572 896X The Journal of Nanoparticle Research is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science Business Media . It focuses mainly on nanotechnology physical , nanochemistry chemical , and biology biological phenomena and processes in structures of sizes comparable to a few nanometre nanometer s. At these scales, materials often exhibit improved and novel properties that are a direct result of their small size. The editor in chief is Mihail C. Roco . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2010 impact factor of 3.253, ranking it 35th out of 190 journals in the subject category Materials science, multidisciplinary . ref Journal Citation Reports Journal Citation Reports, 2010 ref Scope The journal covers the synthesis, assembly, transport, reactivity, and stability of nanostructure s and devices obtained via precursor nanoparticle s, in various fields such as physics , chemistry , biology , and medical research . References references External links Official http www.springer.com journal 11051 sci journal stub Category English language journals Category Nanotechnology journals Category Publications established in 1999 Category Springer academic journals Category Monthly journals ... more details
Multiple issues orphan September 2009 refimprove October 2011 The Emerson effect is the increase in the rate of photosynthesis after exposure to light of wavelength 670 nm far red light and 700 nm, red light respectively. When simultaneously exposed to light of both wavelengths the rate of photosynthesis increases. History Robert Emerson scientist Robert Emerson observed this in 1957. From his name this is called Emerson Effect. Description When Emerson, a scientist, exposed green plants to differing Wave length wavelengths of light , he noticed that at wavelengths of greater than 680 nm the efficiency of photosynthesis decreased abruptly despite the fact that this is a region of the spectrum where chlorophyll still absorbs light chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants it absorbs mainly the red and blue wavelengths from light, leaving the green light to bounce back and hit our eyes . When the plants were exposed to short wavelength light, less than 660 Nanometre nm , the efficiency also decreased. Emerson then exposed the plants to both short and long wavelengths at the same time, causing the efficiency to increase greatly. He concluded that there must be two different photosystem s involved in photosynthesis , one driven by short wavelength light and one driven by long wavelength Photosystem I PS1 and Photosystem II PS2 . They work together to enhance efficiency and convert the light energy to forms that can be absorbed by the plant. ref plantphysiol.org ref The light excites the chlorophyll molecules at the reaction centre and causes an increase in energy. As the molecule becomes less excited, it s energy is transported through a chain of electron carriers to the next photosystem which does much the same thing and produces energy carrying organic molecules . References Reflist External links http botanydictionary.org emerson effect.html Emerson Effect at Botany Dictionary http everything2.com title Emerson Enhancement Effect everything2.com http ... more details
Skylake is the List of Intel codenames codename for a Central processing unit processor microarchitecture to be developed by Intel as the successor to the Haswell microarchitecture Haswell architecture. ref name codenames cite web last Demerjian first Charlie url http semiaccurate.com 2011 03 31 after intels haswell comes broadwell sk title After Intel s Haswell comes Broadwell publisher Semiaccurate.com date accessdate 2012 01 04 ref Skylake will use a 14 nm process. ref name process cite web url http download.intel.com newsroom kits 22nm pdfs 22nm Details Presentation.pdf title Intel Presentation 22nm Details format PDF date accessdate 2012 01 04 ref There are no official details regarding this microarchitecture s development. The first Skylake processors are expected in 2015 16. cite web title Intel s 2015 and 2016 CPUs Are Skylake and Skymont url http news.softpedia.com news Intel s 2015 and 2016 CPUs Are Skylake and Skymont 237504.shtml Architecture 14 Nanometre nm process. Mainstream support for DDR4 SDRAM . ref http www.xbitlabs.com news memory display 20120404214706 Intel to Start DDR4 Usage with Server Platforms in 2014.html ref ref http www.fudzilla.com home item 26647 intel to introduce ddr4 memory with haswell ex server platform?tmpl component&print 1 ref Anchor Skymont Skymont In keeping with Intel s Intel Tick Tock tick tock principle, the 10 nm shrink of Skylake is due out the year after the introduction of the microarchitecture and will be codenamed Skymont . ref name codenames ref name process IntelProcessorRoadmap References reflist 30em Intel processors DEFAULTSORT Skylake microarchitecture Category Intel x86 microprocessors Haswell microarchitecture Category Upcoming integrated circuits fr Skylake it Skylake ... more details
CMOS manufacturing processes The 6 Nanometre nanometer 6 nm node is the technology node following the 8 nm node. The exact naming of this technology node comes from Intel s technology outlook. Although Intel has not yet divulged any certain plans to manufacturers or retailers, their current roadmap projects an end user release by approximately 2020. ref cite web url http www.xbitlabs.com news cpu display 20090822094141 Intel Outlines Process Technology Roadmap.html title Intel Outlines Process Technology Roadmap date 2009 08 22 publisher Xbit ref ref cite web url http pc.watch.impress.co.jp docs news 20090821 309731.html title 32nm date 2009 08 21 publisher PC Watch language Japanese trans title Intel, 32nm steady rise of the appeal process ref Technology demos In 2002, IBM produced a 6 nm transistor. ref http www.theinquirer.net inquirer news 1034321 ibm claims worlds smallest silicon transistor IBM claims world s smallest silicon transistor ref In 2003, NEC produced a 5 nm transistor. ref http www.thefreelibrary.com NEC test produces world 27s smallest transistor. a0111295563 NEC test produces world s smallest transistor. ref References reflist sequence prev 8 nm next 4 nanometer 4 nm list CMOS manufacturing processes DEFAULTSORT 4 Nanometer Category International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors lithography nodes ... more details
one source date March 2012 wikify reason Needs summarization and wikiformatting. date March 2012 Infobox protein family Symbol Phage Coat Gp8 Name Phage Coat Gp8 image PDB 1ifk EBI.jpg width caption Single subunit of coat protein Pfam PF05371 Pfam clan CL0371 InterPro IPR008020 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1fdm TCDB OPM family 73 OPM protein 1ifk CAZy CDD Phage major coat protein is an alpha helix alpha helical protein that forms viral envelope of filamentous bacteriophage s. These bacteriophages are flexible rods about 1 to 2 microns long and 6 Nanometre nm in diameter, with a helical shell of protein subunits surrounding a DNA core. The approximately 50 residue subunit of the major coat protein is largely alpha helix , and the axis of the alpha helix makes a small angle with the axis of the virion . The protein shell can be considered in three sections the outer surface, occupied by the N terminal region of the subunit, rich in acidic residues that give the virion a low isoelectric point the interior of the shell, including a 19 residue stretch of apolar side chains, where protein subunits Protein protein interaction interact mainly with each other and the inner surface, occupied by the C terminal region of the subunit, rich in positively charged Residue chemistry residue s that interact with the DNA core ref name pmid8289247 cite journal author Marvin DA, Hale RD, Nave C, Helmer Citterich M title Molecular models and structural comparisons of native and mutant class I filamentous bacteriophages Ff fd, f1, M13 , If1 and IKe journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 235 issue 1 pages 260 86 year 1994 month January pmid 8289247 doi url ref . References reflist InterPro content IPR008033 Dead link date March 2012 Category Transmembrane proteins Category Protein families ... more details
Taxobox name Poxviruses virus group i ordo Unassigned familia Poxviridae subfamilia Chordopoxvirinae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Avipoxvirus br Capripoxvirus br Cervidpoxvirus br Crocodylipoxvirus br Leporipoxvirus br Molluscipoxvirus br Orthopoxvirus br Parapoxvirus br Suipoxvirus br Yatapoxvirus br Chordopoxvirinae is a subfamily of the Pox viruses. Species in this subfamily infect vertebrates. Four genera in this subfamily contain species that infect humans molluscipox, orthopox, parapox and yatapox. Virology The virions are generally Virus Viral structure and anatomy enveloped though the intracellular mature virion form of the virus, which contains a different envelope, is also infectious. They vary in their shape depending upon the species but are generally shaped like a brick or as an oval form similar to a rounded brick because they are wrapped by the endoplasmic reticulum. The virion is exceptionally large, its size is around 200 Nanometre nm in diameter and 300 Nanometre nm in length and carries its genome in a single, linear, double stranded segment of DNA. ref cite web title ICTVdb Descriptions 58. Poxviridae author International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses date 2004 06 15 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ICTVdb ICTVdB 58000000.htm accessdate 2005 02 26 ref Taxonomy The classification in this subfamily is based on the morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms and the type of disease caused. Nine genera in this subfamily are recognised. There are also a number of species that have not yet been assigned to a genus. The species in the genus Avipoxvirus infect bird s those in the genera Caiman poxvirus and Crocodylipoxvirus both infect crocidylians. The other genera in this subfamily infect mammal s. Genera Genus Avipoxvirus type species Fowlpox virus species Canarypox virus , Fowlpox virus , Juncopox virus , Mynahpox virus , Pigeonpox virus , Psittacinepox virus , Quailpox virus , Sparrowpox virus , Starlingpox virus , Tur ... more details
Taxobox name Poxviruses virus group i ordo Unassigned familia Poxviridae subfamilia Entomopoxvirinae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Alphaentomopoxvirus br Betaentomopoxvirus br Gammaentomopoxvirus br Entomopoxvirinae is a subfamily of the Poxviridae poxviruses . Species in this subfamily infect insect s. Virology The virions are generally Virus Viral structure and anatomy enveloped though the intracellular mature virion form of the virus, which contains a different envelope, is also infectious. They vary in their shape depending upon the species but are generally shaped like a brick or as an oval form similar to a rounded brick because they are wrapped by the endoplasmic reticulum. The virion is exceptionally large, its size is around 200 Nanometre nm in diameter and 300 Nanometre nm in length and carries its genome in a single, linear, double stranded segment of DNA. ref cite web title ICTVdb Descriptions 58. Poxviridae author International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses date 2004 06 15 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ICTVdb ICTVdB 58000000.htm accessdate 2005 02 26 ref Taxonomy The classification in this subfamily is based on the morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms and the type of disease caused. Three genera in this subfamily are recognised. There are also a number of species that have not yet been assigned to a genus. The species of the genus Alphaentomopoxvirus infect beetle s. The species of the genus Betaentomopoxvirus infect butterfly butterflies , moth s, grasshopper s and locust s. The species of the genus Gammaentomopoxvirus infect fly flies and mosquito es. Genera Genus Alphaentomopoxvirus type species Melolontha melolontha entomopoxvirus species Anomala cuprea entomopoxvirus , Aphodius tasmaniae entomopoxvirus , Demodema boranensis entomopoxvirus , Dermolepida albohirtum entomopoxvirus , Figulus subleavis entomopoxvirus , Geotrupes sylvaticus entomopoxvirus , Melolontha melolontha entomopoxvirus Genus Betaentomopoxvi ... more details
Image Desert Varnish Horseshoe Canyon.jpg thumb 250px Desert varnish in Horseshoe Canyon Utah Horseshoe Canyon , Canyonlands National Park , Utah Desert varnish or rock varnish is an orange yellow to black coating found on exposed Rock geology rock surfaces in arid environments. Desert varnish is usually around one micron thick and present nanometre scale layering. ref David Krinsley, Ronald Dorn, N. K. Tovey 1995. Nanometre Scale Layering in Rock Varnish Implications for Genesis and Paleoenvironmental Interpretation, The Journal of Geology, 103 1 106 113 ref Rock rust and desert patina are other terms which are also used for the condition, but less often. Formation Desert varnish forms only on physically stable rock surfaces that are no longer subject to frequent precipitation meteorology precipitation , fracturing or ventifact wind abrasion . The varnish is primarily composed of particles of clay along with iron and manganese oxidation oxides . ref Perry, R.S. and Adams, J.B. 1978. Desert varnish evidence for cyclic deposition of manganese. Nature 276 5687 489 491. ref There is also a host of trace elements and almost always some organic matter . The colour of the varnish varies from shades of brown to black. ref name Chernicoff Chernicoff, Stanley and Whitney, Donna 2007. Geologly An Introduction to Physical Geologly 4th ed. Pearson Education p. 585 ref Composition Image Desert Varnish on Bishop Tuff 750px.jpg thumb left 250px Desert varnish on Bishop Tuff . Originally scientists thought that the varnish was made from substances drawn out of the rocks it coats. ref Blake, W.P. 1905. Superficial blackening and discoloration of rocks especially in desert regions. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 35 371 375. ref Microscopic and microchemical observations, however, show that a major part of varnish is clay, which could only arrive by wind. ref Potter, R.M. and Rossman, G.R. 1977. Desert varnish the importance of clay minerals. Science 196 42 ... more details
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