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Encyclopedia results for National Income and Product Accounts

National Income and Product Accounts





Encyclopedia results for National Income and Product Accounts

  1. Cent accounts

    unreferenced date July 2010 Cent accounts are trading accounts in the foreign exchange market Forex whose deposit is measured in cents. LiteForex group of companies was the first in the world to offer and realize the cent accounts idea in 2005. The technology of cent accounts was initially intended for developing and testing trading systems by working with real money. There are no significant functional differences between cent accounts and classic dollar accounts trading is carried out on the same conditions and with the same quotes. The only difference consists in the operated sums . Cent accounts can be very useful foremost for Forex beginners since they allow them to get the experience of trading with a real deposit. A psychological component is of high importance when you work in Forex and the presence of this component distinguishes cent accounts from demo accounts. The experience of trading on a cent account enables a trader to cope with first emotions he can have while working with real money. Cent account balance is indicated in cents which helps beginners get accustomed to seeing sums of many thousands on their accounts. Cent account is a kind of a transitional stage between demo and dollar accounts being a first step into a real trading. Category Foreign exchange market ...   more details



  1. Classification of accounts

    Orphan date September 2008 According to Modern approach Account accountancy Accounts are classified into five groups Asset Expense Revenue Liability accounting Liability Capital account Capital According to Traditional approach Account accountancy Accounts are classified into three groups Real &ndash all the assets except Debtors Nominal &ndash all the expenses, incomes, losses, gains. Personal &ndash all the accounts of persons, company or firms. these are further classified into three types valuation accounts These are the accounts of provision for depreciation and provision for doubtful debts. Where fixed assets are maintained in the books of accounts at original cost, to reflect the actual book value of the assets, a provision for depreciation account on the credit is maintained. In the balance sheet, it is shown as deduction from the original cost of the asset. Similarly, if the debtors personal accounts are retained at total amount due, a valuation account on the credit provision for doubtful debts is required. In the balance sheet, it is shown as a reduction from sundry debtors account to reflect estimated realizable value. Natural &ndash all the accounts of persons. E.g. debtors, Creditors Artificial &ndash all the accounts of a company, a firm,or any other business organization. E.g. Bank, Sharma Traders etc. Representative &ndash all the expense O S or prepaid, revenue in advance or accrued. Unreferenced date September 2007 Category Accountancy Accounting stub ...   more details



  1. Accounts Committee

    Unreferenced date December 2009 The Accounts Committee of each Parish in Jersey is responsible for ensuring that appropriate accounting methodologies are employed in the preparation of the annual Constable s accounts in order that the Parish Assembly can rely on the information provided in order to set the Parish Rate . Category Parochial politics of Jersey Jersey stub ...   more details



  1. The Accounts of Jingkang

    The Accounts of Jingkang Traditional Chinese is a series of Chinese Language Chinese books that were written in the Southern Song Dynasty 1127 1276 by various authors. The books recorded the Jingkang Incident Fall of Northern Song Dynasty and its aftermath. They are credited to be one of the most detailed accounts for the Humiliation of Jingkang Traditional Chinese or the Jingkang Incident which took place in 1127. Formation There are 7 books in the series Tales of the Green Palace Expedition to the South Moaning Accounts in Kaifeng Tour of Duty to Jin Dynasty 1115 1234 Jin in 1119 1125 AD Records of the Song Dynasty Song Captives Tales of a man in bottle External links zh icon http www.guoxue123.com biji song jkbs index.htm The Accounts of Jingkang . Retrieved on 2008 03 10. br Song Dynasty topics DEFAULTSORT Accounts Of Jingkang Category Song Dynasty literature China stub zh ...   more details



  1. Settling Accounts

    commander3 The Settling Accounts tetralogy is an alternate history fiction alternate history setting ... Accounts Return Engagement 2004 first book in the series and eighth in the overall timeline. Settling Accounts Drive to the East 2005 second book in the series and ninth in the overall timeline. Settling Accounts The Grapple 2006 third book in the series and tenth in the overall timeline. Settling Accounts ...   more details



  1. National Council of Unions of the Industrial and Lower Income Group of Government Workers

    Infobox Union name MKTR country Malaysia affiliation International Trade Union Confederation ITUC members 200,000 45,000 dues paying full name National Council of Unions of the Industrial and Lower Income Group of Government Workers native name Majlis Kebangsaan Kesatuan Pekerja Pekerja Kakitangan Rendah, Kerajaan Malaysia image Image MKTR logo.png founded May 17, 1956 current head dissolved date dissolved state merged into office Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia people Asran Bin Mamat , president br Shah Bin Mohd Zin , secretary general website http www.mktr.org www.mktr.org footnotes Include all unused fields for future use. See template talk Infobox Union for usage. The National Council of Unions of the Industrial and Lower Income Group of Government Workers MKTR is a national trade union center in Malaysia . blockquote The MKTR is a National Labour Centre consisting of twenty two 22 affiliated national and state unions representing over 200,000 workers in the Lower income Group, commonly known as category C and D or Sub ordinate Supportive Groups from the Public Sector. The MKTR has 45,000 dues paying members. http www.mktr.org content view 3 27 blockquote The MKTR is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation . References cite book year 2005 title Trade Unions of the World editor International Centre for Trade Union Rights ICTUR et al., edition 6th publisher John Harper Publishing location London, UK isbn 0 9543811 5 7 External links http www.mktr.org MKTR Official site. Portal Organized labour Category Trade unions in Malaysia Category International Trade Union Confederation Asia trade union stub ...   more details



  1. Personal income

    unreferenced date February 2008 In economics, personal income refers to an individual s total earnings from wages , investment enterprises, and other ventures. See also Economic reports Employment Category Employment compensation Wage Category Labor economics Wage Category National accounts economy stub ...   more details



  1. Value product

    surplus labour Operating surplus national income and product accounts value added Constant capital ... gross profit income. In official national accounts, a distinction is made between gross value ... and paid from current gross income. The last five money incomes are components of realized surplus value . In principle, the value product also includes unsold inventories of new outputs. Marx s concept corresponds roughly with the concept of value added in national accounts, with some important differences ... and distribution of the national income see e.g. his manuscript called Results of the Immediate ... 70 years or so before the first comprehensive Gross National Product and Capital formation Capital ... and Colin Clark the United Nations System of National Accounts UNSNA United Nations standard accounting ... output. Marx himself never discussed taxation and royalty income in detail they were only a small portion of the total national income when he lived around 5 10 or so . An additional comment by Marx ..., official national accounts may include in consumption of fixed capital the value of those insurance ... anything to do with production. As regards net interest, the official product accounts will exclude ... of National Accounts UNSNA Abstract labour and concrete labour Category Marxist theory Category Value ...nofootnotes date April 2010 Marxism The value product VP is an economic concept formulated by Karl Marx ... sum of six stock and flow flows of income generated by production wages & salaries of employees. Profit ... enterprises from current gross income Renting rent paid by producing enterprises from current gross income, including land rents. tax on the production of new value, including income tax and indirect tax on producers. fees paid by producing enterprises from current gross income, including royalties ... product really expressed his view of the true total new value added or the net product. In his view ... of the laborer from the product. Instead of the real fact, we have false semblance of an association ...   more details



  1. Household income

    level and then compared to the disposable household income National Accounts aggregate ... benefits in the National Accounts are measured directly from government authorities, meaning accuracy is guaranteed. The National Accounts data on which the comparison is made adjusts the disposable income ... with low coverage would move above those with high coverage. National Accounts Adjustment ... to a survey or tax authorities. For instance, National Accounts data includes an adjustment for exhaustiveness .... ref http www.unescap.org stat isie reference materials National Accounts Non Observed Economy ... ref Also, National Accounts data will include all social benefits, whether taxable or not, all ... Euro 0.91 14,689 18 align left flag Poland 12,697 Polish z oty 2.08 6,104 National Accounts adjusted ...Household income is a measure of the combined incomes of all people sharing a particular household or place of residence. It includes every form of income, e.g., salaries and wages , retirement income, near cash government transfers like food stamps , and investment gains. Average household income can ... income, after taxes and mandatory contributions, are good indicators of standard of living , because they include only disposable income and acknowledge people sharing accommodation benefit from ... of an individual s earnings such as per capita income as numbers of people sharing households and numbers of income earners per household can vary significantly between regions and over time. International Comparison Internationally comparable data on household income are difficult to find. Definitions differ frequently, as does the treatment of taxes i.e., gross versus net income . Fortunately, the Luxembourg Income Study LIS has recently added a publicly available database with comparable ... and after all income taxes and mandatory social contributions are paid. All figures were converted ... are in the prices when income was earned, and refer to year 2004, except for Australia 2003 , UK ...   more details



  1. Income statement

    accounts in the income statement depend on the type of organization, industry practices and the requirements ...Accounting globalize date December 2009 Refimprove date December 2009 Income statement also referred ... A Guide for Managers chapter The Nature of Financial Statements The Income Statement url ... is transformed into the net income the result after all revenues and expenses have been accounted ... and amortization of various asset s and tax es. ref name helfert a The purpose of the income ... during the period being reported. The important thing to remember about an income statement is that it represents ... an income statement. Instead, they produce a similar statement that reflects funding sources compared ... on the funds received and expended. The income statement can be prepared in one of two methods. ref ... Cincinnati year 2008 isbn 9780324658262 pages 128 132 ref The Single Step income statement takes ... complex Multi Step income statement as the name implies takes several steps to find the bottom line ... profit, yields income from operations. Adding to income from operations is the difference of other revenues and other expenses. When combined with income from operations, this yields income before taxes. The final step is to deduct taxes, which finally produces the net income for the period measured. Usefulness and limitations of income statement Income statements should help investors and creditors ... the capability of generating future cash flows through report of the income and expenses. However, information of an income statement has several limitations Items that might be relevant but cannot ... e.g. depreciation expense depends on estimated useful life and salvage value . INCOME STATEMENT GREENHARBOR ... income 296,397 Expenses ADVERTISING 6,300 BANK & CREDIT CARD FEES 144 BOOKKEEPING 2,350 SUBCONTRACTORS ... EXPENSES 195,512 NET INCOME 100,885 Guidelines for statements of comprehensive income and income statements ... items should be included in the income statement ref name iasplus.com http www.iasplus.com standard ...   more details



  1. European System of Accounts

    The European System of Accounts often abbreviated as ESA is the system of national accounts and regional accounts used by members of the European Union . It was most recently updated in 1995 ESA 95 . The ESA 95 is fully consistent with the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993 SNA in definitions, accounting rules and classifications. ref http stats.oecd.org glossary detail.asp?ID 869 ref However, it incorporates certain differences, particularly in its presentation, that are more in line with use within the European Union. The ESA 95 is undergoing a http epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu statistics explained index.php Update of the SNA 1993 and revision of ESA95 revision to meet the requirements of the update of the SNA 1993 launched in 2003 under the auspices of the United Nations. See also Value added Capital account Balance of payments Gross output Net output Gross national income in the European Union References Reflist http eur lex.europa.eu LexUriServ LexUriServ.do?uri CELEX 31996R2223 EN NOT Council Regulation EC No 2223 96 of 25 June 1996 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the Community , the annex contains the whole ESA95 European Commission 1996 . http circa.europa.eu irc dsis nfaccount info data ESA95 en titelen.htm European System of Accounts ESA 1995 Eurostat, Brussels Luxembourg,1996, xx 383 pp. Category Macroeconomics Category National accounts de Europ isches System Volkswirtschaftlicher Gesamtrechnungen es Sistema Europeo de Cuentas Econ micas Integradas fr Syst me europ en de comptabilit it Sistema europeo dei conti nazionali e regionali ...   more details



  1. Income tax

    unless they refer to a talk page section showing specific examples of bias. Taxation An income tax is a tax levied on the income of individuals or businesses corporations or other legal entities . Various income tax systems exist, with varying degrees of tax incidence . Income taxation can ... is levied on the income of companies, it is often called a corporate tax , corporate income tax, or profit tax. Individual income taxes often tax the total income of the individual with some deductions permitted , while corporate income taxes often tax net income the difference between gross receipts, expenses, and additional write offs . Various systems define income differently, and often allow notional reductions of income such as a reduction based on number of children supported . Principles ... wages , capital gain s, and business income. The rates for different types of income may vary and some ... or when incurred e.g. when shares appreciate in value . Business income may only be taxed if it is significant or based on the manner in which it is paid. Some types of income, such as interest on bank ... in earnings may be taxed at 7 , the next 10,000 at 10 , and any more income at 30 . Alternatively, a flat tax takes all earnings at the same rate. A regressive income tax may apply to income up ... methods for different types of income. Personal income tax is often collected on a PAYE pay as you ... year and tax refund s from the government to those who overpaid. Income tax systems often have deductions available that lessen the total tax liability by reducing total taxable income. They may allow losses from one type of income to be counted against another. For example, a loss on the stock market ... upon the Rent of House. ref Income taxes are used in most countries around the world, but are not without ... Some have argued that the economic effects of an income tax system penalize work, discourage saving ... date 19 November 2009 work The Economist accessdate 20 November 2009 ref Income taxes are also ...   more details



  1. Material product

    onesource date December 2010 Material product is a category in Marxian economics and Soviet social accounting referring to the produced output of tangible material goods, including energy supplies and goods transport. ref Name Maital cite book title Executive economics ten essential tools for managers last Maital first Shlomo authorlink Shlomo Maital year 1994 publisher Simon and Schuster isbn 0029197856 page 111 url http books.google.com books?id FmteapLRSmMC&pg PA111&dq 22Material product 22 Marxian economics&hl en&ei 9 IUTYTrLMWAlAe09YW9Cw&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 4&ved 0CDMQ6AEwAw v onepage&q 22Material 20product 22&f false ref It contrasts with services and activities such as administration that do not themselves result in any tangible material product. See also Material Product System References reflist DEFAULTSORT Material Product Category National accounts ...   more details



  1. Passive income

    Passive income is an income received on a regular basis, with little effort required to maintain it. The American Internal Revenue Service categorizes income into three broad types, active earned income, passive income, and portfolio income. It defines passive income as only coming from two sources rental activity or trade or business activities in which you do not materially participate. ref http www.irs.gov businesses small article 0,,id 146330,00.html ref ref cite web url http www.irs.gov taxtopics tc425.html title Topic 425 Passive Activities Losses and Credits accessdate 2009 06 18 ref Other financial and government institutions also recognize it as an income obtained as a result of capital growth or in relation to negative gearing . Passive income is usually Taxable income taxable . Some examples of passive income are Earnings from a business that does not require direct involvement ... a patent or other form of intellectual property, such as computer software product Earnings from internet advertisements on websites ref Ernest R.Larkins International applications of U.S. income tax law John Wiley & Sons 2004 P.288 ref Dividend and interest income from owning securities, such as stock s and Bond finance bonds , is usually referred to as portfolio finance portfolio income, which may or may not be considered a form of passive income. In the United States, portfolio income is considered a different type of income than passive income Pension s. ref Clarence F. McCarthy, Billy M. Mann, William H. Gregory The Federal income tax its sources and applications Prentice Hall, 1971 page 74 ref The IRS has a specific definition of passive income that excludes some of the incomes ..., salaries, wages, commissions, retirement income, guaranteed payments for services are considered ... terms p passiveincome.asp Passive income , Investopedia http www.moneysmart.gov.au investing investment warnings ASIC s MoneySmart website Category Web 2.0 Category Income cs Pasivn p jem ...   more details



  1. Net income

    for personal income net of taxes disposable income dablink Bottom line redirects here. For other uses, see Bottom line disambiguation . accounting Net income in accounting is an entity s income less expenses for an accounting period . ref name ias1 IFRS Foundation. 2012 IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements. Retrieved on April 14, 2012 from http eifrs.ifrs.org eifrs bnstandards en 2012 ias1.pdf ref It is computed as the residual of all revenues and gains over all expenses and losses for the period, ref name swsf Stickney, et al. 2009 Financial Accounting An Introduction to Concepts, Methods, and Uses. Cengage Learning. ref and has also been defined as the net increase in stockholder s equity ... defines net income as synonymous with profit and loss . ref name ias1 Net income is a distinct ... profit , such as gross profit and profit before tax. ref name ias1 In contrast, net income is a precisely defined term in accounting. ref name nnp Overview Net income can be distributed among holders ... profit and earnings are used synonymously for income also depending on UK and US usage , net earnings and net profit are commonly found as synonyms for net income. Often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is informally called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a company s income ... discounts, and sales returns and allowances. For a product company advertising , manufacturing , and design and development costs are included. An equation for net income Net sales revenue Cost ... income EAT References references See also multicol Dividend Economic value added Gross income Income statement Liquidating dividend multicol break Net income per employee Earnings before interest and taxes Operating income Operating Income Before Depreciation and Amortization Opportunity cost Profit accounting multicol end Category Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Category Income accounting ...   more details



  1. Income trust

    An income trust is an investment that may hold equities, debt instruments, royalty interests or real ... date ref The main attraction of income trusts in addition to certain tax preferences for some ... definition income trust.aspx Investment Dictionary Many investors are attracted by the fact that income trusts are not allowed to make forays into unrelated businesses if a trust is in the oil and gas business it cannot buy casinos or motion picture studios. The names income trust and income fund are sometimes used interchangeably, even though most trusts have a narrower scope than funds. Currently, income trusts are most commonly seen in Canada . The closest analogue in the United ... Income trusts are equity investments, not fixed income security fixed income securities , and they share ... income trusts cannot rely upon provisions in the Canada Business Corporations Act allowing for derivative ... is tax deferred until the unit is sold. Lack of income guarantees similar to a dividend paying stock, income trusts do not guarantee minimum distributions or even return of capital. If the business ... of the main attractions of income trusts, there is the risk that trust units will decline in value ... dividend income based investments such as Bond finance bond s. Interest rate risk is also present ... assets pipelines, power plants, etc. , and much of the excess distributible income is derived from a duration ... more equity is issued because most income is passed on to unitholders, rather than reinvestment reinvested in the business. In some cases a trust can become a wasting asset. Because many income trusts pay out more than their net income, the shareholder equity capital may decline over time. For example ... than they earn. cite news url http www.canada.com national nationalpost financialpost story.html?id ... elsewhere, Income Trusts were efficient at reinvestment in their businesses and added significant ... Income Trusts are efficient at investing, growing ref Exposure to regulatory changes to the extent that the value ...   more details



  1. Gross income

    Gross income in United States tax law is receipts and gains from all sources less cost of goods sold . Gross income is the starting point for determining Federal and state income tax of individuals, corporations ... related to U.S. business income, but otherwise are taxed on gross income. ref Except as otherwise provided by law, Gross income means all income from whatever source, and is not limited to cash received. However, tax regulations expand on this and say all income from whatever source derived, unless excluded by law. The amount of income recognized is generally the value received or which the taxpayer has a right to receive. Certain types of income are specifically excluded from gross income. The time at which gross income becomes taxable is determined under Federal tax rules, which differ in some cases from financial accounting rules. What is income Individuals, corporations, members of partnerships, estates, trusts, and their beneficiaries taxpayers are subject to Income tax in the United States . The amount on which tax is computed, taxable income , equals gross http www.irs.gov publications p17 pt02.html income less allowable tax deductions . The Internal Revenue Code states that gross income means all income from whatever source derived, and gives specific examples. ref http www.law.cornell.edu ... inclusive. The term income is not defined in the law or regulations. However, a very early Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court case stated, Income may be defined as the gain derived ... cases adopted the accounting concept of income. For a definition of economic income, see Haig Simons income . See Willis Hoffman 2009 chapters 4, and 5 and Pratt & Kulsrud 2009 chapters 5 and 6, cited below, for a discussion of gross income. ref The Court also held that the amount of gross income on disposition of property is the proceeds less the capital value cost basis of the property. ref Doyle v. Mitchell Bros. Co. , 38 S.Ct. 467, 247 U.S. 179 1918 . ref Gross income is not limited ...   more details



  1. Income equality

    Income equality is discussed in the following articles List of countries by income equality Economic egalitarianism disamb ...   more details



  1. Surplus product

    Accounts , Cambridge University Press 1994 Roman Rosdolsky , The Distribution of the Agrarian Product ... the Wealth of Nations The Political Economy of National Accounts . Cambridge University Press, 1994 ... up to produce it, in abstraction from price changes roughly, like a standard valuation in national accounts ...Marxism Surplus product German Mehrprodukt is an economic concept explicitly theorised by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy . Marx first began to work out his idea of surplus product in his ... product was fairly clear. It was simply that part of what workers produced which they had to hand .... However, the meaning of surplus product becomes less clear in capitalist society see below . The translation ... really to the additional or excess product produced. In German, the term Mehrwert simply and literally ..., as Marx describes in Theories of Surplus Value , the surplus referred to an excess of gross income ... of capital as a factor cost as well as an income. Therefore, it is treated both as a component of input ... total revenue from output sales for each factor income, there is an equivalent factor cost. This view ... accept the standard national accounting system developed by Simon Kuznets and Richard Stone and adopted by UNSNA . The product account in this system offers standard measures for gross output , value ... writings, Marx divides the new social product of the working population the flow of society s total output of new products in a defined time interval into the necessary product and the surplus product . Economically speaking, the necessary product refers to the output of products and services necessary ... effectively, their total reproduction cost . The surplus product is whatever is produced in excess of those necessaries. Socially speaking, this division of the social product reflects the respective .... A society must usually also hold a fraction of the new social product in reserve at any time. These reserves ... population means that more product must be produced purely to ensure the survival of that population ...   more details



  1. Public Accounts Committee

    Public Accounts Committee refers to a committee in the legislature of one of the following countries Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Public Accounts Public Accounts Committee Canada officially Standing Committee on Public Accounts, PACP of the Canadian House of Commons Public Accounts Committee Hong Kong of the Hong Kong Legislative Council Public Accounts Committee India of the Parliament of India State Finance Accountability Committee of People s Representative Council the Peoples Representative Council DPR of Indonesia Public Accounts Committee Ireland of the Irish Oireachtas Public Accounts Committee Malta of the Maltese House of Representatives Public Accounts Committee New South Wales of the Parliament of New South Wales Public Accounts Committee New Zealand of the Parliament of New Zealand Public Accounts Committee South Africa officially Standing Committee on Public Accounts of the National Assembly of South Africa Public Accounts Committee of the Scottish Parliament, see Committees of the Scottish Parliament Public Accounts Committee Singapore of the Parliament of Singapore Public Accounts Committee Tasmania of the Parliament of Tasmania Public Accounts Committee United Kingdom of the British House of Commons See also Joint Committee of Public Accounts and Audit of the Parliament of Australia disambig ms Jawatankuasa Kira kira Wang Negara ...   more details



  1. Family income

    Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Family income is generally considered a primary measure of a nation s financial prosperity. In the United States , political parties perennially disagree over which economic policies are more likely to increase family income. The party in power often takes the credit or blame for any significant changes in family income. See also Median household income Personal income DEFAULTSORT Family Income Category Income Econ stub ...   more details



  1. Fixed income

    Financial markets Fixed income refers to any type of investment that is not Equity finance equity , which ... once a month, you have been issued a fixed income security finance security . Governments issue ... loan preferred stock can be fixed income in some contexts . Securitized bank lending e.g. credit card debt, car loans or mortgages can be structured into other types of fixed income products such as ABS ... and government bonds. The term fixed income is also applied to a person s income that does not vary with each period. This can include income derived from fixed income investments such as bonds and preferred stock s or pensions that guarantee a fixed income. When pensioners or retirees are dependent on their pension as their dominant source of income, the term fixed income can also carry the implication that they have relatively limited discretionary income or have little financial freedom to make large expenditures. Fixed income securities can be contrasted with equity securities that create ... must raise money to finance an acquisition, buy equipment or land or invest in new product development ... . The term fixed in fixed income refers only to the schedule of obligatory payments, not the amount. Fixed income securities include inflation linked bonds, variable interest rate notes, and the like. If an issuer misses a payment on a fixed income security, the issuer is in Default finance default ... dividend to stock non fixed income shareholders, there is no violation of any payment covenant, and no default ... important terminology used by the fixed income industry The issuer is the entity company or govt .... Investors Investors in fixed income securities are typically looking for a constant and secure ..., the person will have their money returned to them. Pricing factors Fixed income investments ... There are also inflation indexed bond s, fixed income securities linked to a specific price index. The most ... edged securities Gilts . This type of fixed income is adjusted to a Consumer Price Index in the US ...   more details



  1. Income shares

    An income shares formula is used by many states to establish the child support amount of each child rather than what it actually costs to raise a child. Income shares tables calculating child support are not based directly on actual spending on children but rather on indirect estimates of child costs. Income shares assumes that child costs reflect the spending necessary to restore a family s standard of living back to what it was before prior to the divorce or having a child. This technique was first developed in the 19th century to answer economic questions among different family types, but was never intended to measure the cost of rearing children. Approximately half of all guidelines for child support in the United States are based on the income shares child support model. The income shares model for child support was developed by economist Dr. Robert G. Williams and was based on the work of Thomas Espenshade. Espenshade analyzed the 1972 1973 Consumer Expenditure Survey to determine the costs of raising children in the United States. ref DHHS Sponsored Research Report Evaluation of Child Support Guidelines see Chapter 1.2.2, Income Shares Model at http www.acf.hhs.gov programs cse pubs 1996 reports gdl chap1.htm ref The number of states using the income shares model is decreasing. See also Bradley Amendment California Child Support Guideline Review Child Support Agency UK Child Support Agency Australia Child support in the United States Costs of raising a child References reflist External links http www.guidelineeconomics.com fightcase incomeshares.htm Income Shares at GuidelineEconomics.com http openlibrary.org b OL17732864M Development of guidelines for child support orders Advisory Panel on Child Support Guidelines U.S. Williams, Robert J. Development of Guidelines for Child Support Orders Advisory Panel Recommendations and Final Report , II 68 to II 75. 1987, Washington D.C. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office of Child Support Enforcement, National ...   more details



  1. Environmental protection expenditure accounts

    activities in monetary terms and organises these statistics into a full set of accounts, just like that of the national accounts . The EPEA is part of the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic .... The tables are established, just like the national accounts on a double entry bookkeeping system . ref name SERIEE Environmental Protection Expenditure Accounts Compilation guide They were developed this way so that consistent indicators with the national accounts could be ensured. The tables cover ... such as the United Nations System of National Accounts National accounts , from business statistics ... expenditure follows the recommendations of the Chapter XXI of the 1993 System of National Accounts . Eurostat, national statistical offices and experts gathered to develop a whole new type of statistics ... MultiCol United Nations System of National Accounts Input output model Green accounting References ... Statistical Commission . The EPEA results in a net national total expenditure for environmental protection of an economy . ref name SERIEE Environmental Protection Expenditure Accounts Compilation guide SERIEE Environmental Protection Expenditure Accounts Compilation guide Eurostat, http epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu portal page portal environmental accounts documents 6.pdf SERIEE Environmental Protection Expenditure Accounts Compilation guide , Eurostat 2002, 170 pp. ref The statistics are usually ... . This means that, for example, losses of income are not seen in the statistics with the exception ... Protection Expenditure Accounts Compilation guide The main aim of the statistics is to provide indicators ... portal page portal environmental accounts documents KS RA 07 012 EN.pdf Environmental protection ... the statistics are collected through Sampling statistics sample surveys conducted by national statistical .... In 2006 Europe spent around 1.8 percent of Gross Domestic Product on treating and preventing environmental ... Initial assessment based on the SERIEE method Kestemont, B. National statistical insitute of Belgium ...   more details



  1. Private income

    Private income is either any type of income received by a private individual or household, often derived from occupational activities, or income of an individual that is not in the form of a salary e.g. income from investment s . Many people with a private income of the second type are comfortably or well off and may not need a job for additional income. People in such a position can have other pursuits, e.g., as a philanthropist , or in the past as a gentleman scientist . Today among America s 146,000 highest income households, those making more than 1.6 million per year, 31 of all income was derived from investments. finance stub Category Income ...   more details




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