Infobox journal title NatureStructural & Molecular Biology cover Image Nat Struct Mol Biol cover.gif editor discipline Structural biology , molecular biology peer reviewed language English language English abbreviation Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., NSMB publisher Macmillan Publishers Macmillan country United States frequency 12 year history NatureStructural Biology 1994 2003 NatureStructural & Molecular Biology 2004 present openaccess No license impact 12.273 impact year 2009 website http www.nature.com nsmb index.html link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1545 9993 eISSN 1545 9985 boxwidth NatureStructural & Molecular Biology is an academic journal publishing research articles, reviews, news and commentaries in structural biology and molecular biology , with an emphasis on papers that further a functional and mechanistic understanding of how molecular components in a biological process work together . ref name about http www2.nature.com catalog nsmb NatureStructural & Molecular Biology About the Journal accessed 5 January 2011 ref One of the group of Nature journal Nature journals, it is published by the Nature Publishing Group , a division of Macmillan Publishers Macmillan Publishers Ltd . Founded in 1994 under the title NatureStructural Biology ISSN 1072 8368 , the journal was renamed to the present title in January 2004. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... of the review process. ref name about NatureStructural & Molecular Biology is published monthly. Articles ... factor was 12.273. ref http www2.nature.com catalog nsmb NatureStructural & Molecular Biology Guide ... index.html NatureStructural & Molecular Biology website Category Biology journals Category Publications established in 1994 Category Nature Publishing Group academic journals Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group fr NatureStructural & Molecular Biology ru NatureStructural & Molecular Biology ... 2008 ref Like other Nature journals, there is no external Editorial Board, with editorial decisions ... more details
In physics , structural theory explains the large variety in chemical compound s in terms of atom s making up molecule s, the order in which atoms are put together in molecules and the electron s that hold them together. According to structural theory from a structural formula of a molecule alone it is possible to derive all physical and spectroscopic data and predict chemical reaction chemical reactivity ref Organic Chemistry , Morrison & Boyd, 4th Ed. Allyn & Bacon New York 1986 ref . Development of structural theory was initiated by Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov to whom is attributed the following quote ref http www.lse.ac.uk collections CPNSS pdf DP withCoverPages DP64 DP64F 03 C.pdf ref the chemical nature of a compound molecule depends on the nature and quantity of its elementary constituents and its chemical structure. References Reflist Category History of chemistry tl Teoryang pambalangkas ... more details
PSI http kb.psi structuralgenomics.org KB PSI Structural Genomics Knowledgebase A Nature Gateway http ...File Argonne s Midwest Center for Structural Genomics deposits 1,000th protein structure.jpg An example of a protein structure determined by the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics. thumb 300px Structural ... . The principal difference between structural genomics and protein structure prediction traditional structural prediction is that structural genomics attempts to determine the structure of every protein ... solved homologs. Because protein structure is closely linked with protein function, the structural ... protein functions, structural genomics can be used to identify novel protein folds and potential targets for drug discovery. Structural genomics involves taking a large number of approaches to structure ... based on sequence or homology modeling structural homology to a protein of known structure ... to traditional structural biology , the determination of a protein structure through a structural .... This raises new challenges in structural bioinformatics , i.e. determining protein function from its Three dimensional space 3D structure. Structural genomics emphasizes high throughput determination ... links centers of structural genomics . While most structural biologists pursue structures of individual proteins or protein groups, specialists in structural genomics pursue structures of proteins on a genome ... structures is at times questioned. A Science article from January 2006 analyzes the structural genomics field. ref cite journal author Chandonia JM, Brenner SE title The impact of structural genomics ... 347 ref One advantage of structural genomics, such as the Protein Structure Initiative , is that the scientific ... not have corresponding publications. This requires new ways of communicating this structural information to the broader research community. The Bioinformatics core of the Joint center for structural ... structural genomics centers. Goals One goal of structural genomics is to identify novel protein ... more details
nsmb NatureStructural & Molecular Biology magazine website http www.journals.elsevier.com journal of structural biology Journal of Structural Biology http www.biochemweb.org structural.shtml Structural ...Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology , biochemistry , and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecule s, especially protein s and nucleic acid s, how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function. This subject is of great interest to biologists because macromolecules carry out most of the functions of cell biology cells , and because it is only by coiling into specific three dimensional shapes that they are able to perform these functions. This architecture, the tertiary structure of molecules, depends in a complicated way on the molecules basic composition, or primary structure s. File Hemoglobin t r state ani.gif thumb Hemoglobin , the oxygen transporting protein found in red blood cells Biomolecule s are too small to see in detail even with the most advanced light microscope s. The methods that structural biologists use to determine their structures generally involve measurements on vast numbers of identical molecules at the same time. These methods include X ray crystallography Biological macromolecular crystallography Macromolecular crystallography , Protein NMR NMR , Electron paramagnetic resonance EPR , Cryo electron microscopy cryo EM Multiangle light scattering , Biological small angle scattering Small angle scattering , Ultra fast laser spectroscopy , and Dual Polarisation ... . A third approach that structural biologists take to understanding structure is bioinformatics ... Quaternary structure Structural domain Structural motif Protein subunit Molecular model Cooperativity Chaperonin Structural genomics Stereochemistry Resolution electron density Proteopedia The collaborative ... Protein structure Category Biophysics Category Structural biology ca Biologia estructural de Strukturbiologie ... more details
Structural variation also genomic structural variation is the variation in structure of an organism s chromosome ... have some overlapping . ref cite journal pages 85 97 doi 10.1038 nrg1767 title Structural variation ... first3 Stephen W. journal Nature Reviews Genetics volume 7 issue 2 pmid 16418744 ref The definition of structural variation do not imply about the frequency or phenotypical effects. Many of structural ... more than 800 independent genes. Rapidly accumulating evidence indicates that structural variations ... an important contribution to human diversity and disease susceptibility. Microscopic structural ... Nature Genetics volume 32 pmid 12161752 issue 1 ref ref cite journal pages 618 29 doi 10.1007 BF00319995 ... to be underestimated due to that some of these are not actually easy to identify. These structural ... of structural variation, which includes Insertion genetics insertions , Deletion genetics deletions ... W last8 Lee first8 Charles journal Nature Genetics volume 36 issue 9 pmid 15286789 ref Also, CNVs in human .... ref cite journal pages 1110 2 doi 10.1016 j.cell.2010.06.014 title Retrotransposition and Structural ... of structural variants using BreakSeq and a breakpoint library year 2010 last1 Lam first1 Hugo ... O last9 Gerstein first9 Mark B journal Nature Biotechnology volume 28 issue 1 pmid 20037582 ref Inversion ... Haig H. last3 Antonarakis first3 Stylianos E. last4 Gitschier first4 Jane journal Nature Genetics ... duplications. ref cite journal pages 727 32 doi 10.1038 ng1562 title Fine scale structural variation ... last7 Haugen first7 Eric last8 Hayden first8 Hillary last9 Albertson first9 Donna journal Nature Genetics ... last8 Jonasdottir first8 Aslaug last9 Ingason first9 Andres journal Nature Genetics volume 37 issue 2 pmid 15654335 ref Other structural variants In addition to the most common kinds, there are also ... date April 2011 Structural variation and phenotypes Some genetic diseases are suspected to be caused by structural variations, but the relation is not very certain. It is not plausible to divide ... more details
Two other uses structural studies in engineering social science usage structuralism other uses structure disambiguation Mechanical failure modes Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of structural load load s on physical structure s and their Structural engineering Structural elements ... tissue. Structural analysis incorporates the fields of applied mechanics , materials science and applied ... s, stress analysis stress es, support reactions, accelerations, and structural stability stability ... test s. Structural analysis is thus a key part of the structural engineering engineering design of structures ... It is important for a structural engineer to recognize the various types of Structural engineering Structural elements elements composing a structure and to be able to classify structures as to their form and function. Some of the structural elements are tie rods, rod, bar, angle, channel, beams, and columns. Combination of structural elements and the materials from which they are composed is referred to as a structural system. Each system is constructed of one or more basic types of structures such as trusses, cables and arches, frames, and surface structures. Loads main Structural load ... of the weights of the various structural members and the weights of any objects that are permanently ..., earthquake loads, and other natural loads. Analytical methods To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine such information as structural load s, List of structural elements ... is then compared to criteria that indicate the conditions of failure. Advanced structural analysis ... of materials is limited to very simple structural elements under relatively simple loading conditions. The structural elements and loading conditions allowed, however, are sufficient to solve many useful engineering problems. The theory of elasticity allows the solution of structural elements of general ... time. This method itself relies upon other structural theories such as the other two discussed ... more details
Refimprove date October 2008 Structural geology is the study of the three dimensional distribution of Rock geology rock units with respect to their deformational histories. The primary goal of structural ... the structural evolution of a particular area with respect to regionally widespread patterns ... petroleum geology and mining mining geology . ref cite book last Russell first William L title Structural ... in structurally complex areas. Structural geology is a critical part of engineering geology , which is concerned with the physical and mechanical properties of natural rocks. Structural fabrics ... earthquake risk can only be investigated by inspecting a combination of structural geology and geomorphology ... to understand structural geology because structures are sites of groundwater flow and penetration, which ... of continents by way of the separation and collision of crustal plates. It is in a sense structural geology on a planet scale, and is used throughout structural geology as a framework to analyze ... related to subduction of an oceanic plateau? journal Nature journal Nature volume 289 pages 276&ndash 278 doi 10.1038 289276a0 url http www.nature.com nature journal v289 n5795 abs 289276a0.html issue 5795 ref Methods Structural geologists use a variety of methods to first measure rock geometries, second ... in that deformation. Geometries Primary data sets for structural geology are collected in the field. Structural geologists measure a variety of planar features Bed geology bedding planes , Foliation geology ... format as this will match all the other structural information you may be recording about folds ... structural geology is to identify the planar structures , often called planar fabrics because ... to identify them similarly to the structural features for which they are responsible, e.g. M sub ... this is generally redundant. Stereographic projections Stereographic projection of structural strike and dip measurements is a powerful method for analyzing the nature and orientation of deformation ... more details
Structural film was an experimental film movement prominent in the US in the 1960s and which developed into the Materialist film Structural materialist films in the UK in the 1970s. Overview The term was coined by P. Adams Sitney who noted that film artists such as Michael Snow , Hollis Frampton , George Landow filmmaker George Landow aka Owen Land , Paul Sharits , Tony Conrad , Joyce Wieland , Ernie Gehr , Birgit Hein Birgit and Wilhelm Hein , Kurt Kren , and Peter Kubelka had moved away from the complex and condensed forms of cinema practiced by such artists as Sidney Peterson and Stan Brakhage . Structural film artists pursued instead a more simplified, sometimes even predetermined art. The shape of the film was crucial, the content peripheral. This term should not be confused with the literary and philosophical term structuralism . Characteristics Sitney identified four formal characteristics common in Structural films, but all four characteristics are not usually present in any single film fixed camera position an apparently fixed framing flicker effect strobing due to the intermittent nature of film loop printing rephotography off the screen It has been noted by George Maciunas that these characteristics are also present in Fluxus films. Key Films The Flicker 1965 Tony Conrad Wavelength 1967 film Wavelength 1966 67 Michael Snow T,O,U,C,H,I,N,G 1968 Paul Sharits One Second in Montreal 1969 Michael Snow Zorns Lemma film Zorns Lemma 1970 Hollis Frampton Serene Velocity 1970 Ernie Gehr Remedial Reading Comprehension 1971 George Landow filmmaker George Landow Bibliography de Lauretis, Teresa and Stephen Heath eds . The Cinematic Apparatus . Macmillan, 1980. Heath, Stephen. Questions of Cinema . Bloomington Indiana UP, 1981. Maciunas, George. Some Comments on Structural Film by P. Adams Sitney. Film Culture, No. 47, 1969. O Pray, Michael. The British Avant Garde Film 1926 ... The American Avant Garde 1943 1978. Second Edition, Oxford University Press 1979 DEFAULTSORT Structural ... more details
On Nature is the name of several works of ancient philosophy . On Nature Anaximander On Nature Heraclitus On Nature Epicurus On Nature Parmenides disambig ru ... more details
A structural drawing , a type of technical drawing , shows information about architectural foundations, roof, or other structural details. See also Architectural drawing Working drawing engineering stub Category Technical drawing ... more details
Structural estimation is a technnique for estimating deep structural parameter Statistics and econometrics parameter s of theoretical model economics economic models . In this sense, structural estimation is contrasted with reduced form estimation, which generally provides evidence about partial equilibrium relationships in a regression analysis regression framework. Specific structural estimation techniques include generalized method of moments and maximum likelihood . Structural estimation is used by economist s, econometrician s, and statistician s. Category Economics models Econometrics stub ... more details
linguistics Structural linguistics is an approach to linguistics originating from the work of Swiss linguist ... system, and that the philosophical task was to seek out language s necessary and universal structural ... the phenomena without asking what connection to an external reality those experiences might have. Structural ... and lexically, according to their contrast with the other units in the system. Structural ... and the Nature of Narrative, eds. Jonathan Gottschall and David Sloan Wilson, Evanston Northwestern .... London Routledge. ref Just as many principles of structural linguistics are still pursued, modified ... be found operating behind the scenes. History Structural linguistics begins with the posthumous publication ... modern linguistics and semiotics . After Saussure, the history of structural linguistics branches ... Linguistics School of Louis Hjelmslev . Structural linguistics also had an influence on other disciplines ... , Louis Hjelmslev , and Ariel Shisha Halevy. Basic theories and methods The foundation of structural ... sets of oppositions, are chained together into structural wholes. These dimensions, still ... relationship rather than the abstract structural relationship that it actually is. Thus, in written ... weight on the study of these dimensions all structural and generative accounts, for example, pursue ... included, however. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations provide the structural linguist ... syntagmatic evidence difference in structural configurations as indicators of paradigmatic relations ... level of paradigmatic organization. Saussure developed structural linguistics, with its idealized ... Chomsky maintained that structural linguistics was efficient for phonology and morphology, because both have a finite number of units that the linguist can collect. However, he did not believe structural ... objections to structural linguistics was its inadequacy in explaining complex and or ambiguous sentences ... s ideas were under heavy criticism. In 1972, Chomsky described structural linguistics as an impoverished ... more details
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research List of structural elements structural components and structural system s to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants ..., but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered ..., most practicing structural engineers are currently licensed as civil engineer s, but the situation varies from state to state. In the UK, most structural engineers in the building industry are members of the Institution of Structural Engineers rather than the Institution of Civil Engineers . Typical structures designed by a structural engineer include building s, towers , stadium stadia ... may also be designed by a structural engineer. ref Institution of Structural Engineer, http www.istructe.org structuralengineers db 35.asp What do they do? , viewed on 22 May 2007 ref Most structural engineers are employed in the construction industry, however there are also structural engineers in the aerospace ... surveyors , and Construction management construction managers . Structural engineers ensure that buildings and bridges are built to be strong enough and stable enough to resist all appropriate structural .... Education The education of structural engineers is usually through a civil engineering bachelor s degree, and often a master s degree specializing in structural engineering. The fundamental core subjects for structural engineering are strength of materials or solid mechanics , Structural Analysis Static & Dynamic, , material science , numerical analysis and conceptual structural design . Reinforced concrete , composite structure , timber , masonry and structural steel designs are the general structural design courses that will be introduced in the next level of the education of structural engineering. The structural analysis courses which include structural mechanics , Structural Dynamics structural dynamics and structural failure analyses are designed to build up the fundamental ... more details
Structural loads or actions are force s, Deformation engineering deformations or accelerations applied to a structure or its Structural engineering Structural elements component s. ref cite book title ASCE SEI 7 05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures year 2006 publisher American Society of Civil Engineers isbn 0 7844 0809 2 pages 1 ref ref cite book title Eurocode 0 Basis of structural design EN 1990 year 2002 publisher European Committee for Standarization location Bruxelles chapter 1.5.3.1 ref Loads cause Stress physics stress es, deformation engineering deformation s and displacement vector displacement s in structures. Assessment of their effects is carried out by the methods of structural analysis . Excess load or overloading may cause structural failure , and hence such possibility should be either considered in the design or strictly controlled. Mechanical structures, such as aerospace vehicles e.g. aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, etc... , marine craft e.g. boats, submarines, etc. , and material handling machinery have their own particular structural ... 42 ref Engineers often evaluate structural loads based upon published regulation s, contract s, or specification ..., while remaining fit for use. ref cite book title Eurocode 0 Basis of structural design EN 1990 year ... International Code Council location USA isbn 1 892395 26 6 page 295 chapter 1604.2 ref Structural ... strength be higher than maximum loads, Building code s prescribe that, for structural design ... of structural design EN 1990 year 2002 publisher European Committee for Standarization location ... cause, recurrence, distribution, and static or dynamic nature. ref cite book last Rao first Singiresu ... International Building Code Section 1602.1. ref ref name Reference B EN 1990 Euro code Basis of structural ... Structural Loads For aircraft, loading is divided into two major categories limit loads and ultimate ... Category Structural engineering Category Building engineering Category Mechanical engineering ... more details
Unsourced image removed Image Structural Differential Shadow.jpg thumb right 210px Korzybski s Structural Differential. deletable image caption 1 Tuesday, 24 February 2009 The Structural differential is a physical chart or three dimensional model illustrating the abstracting processes of the human nervous system . In one form, it looks like a pegboard with tags. Created by Alfred Korzybski , and awarded a U.S. patent on May 26, 1925, it is used as a training device in general semantics . The device is intended to show that our knowledge of, or acquaintance with, anything is partial, not total. The model The structural differential consists of three basic objects. The parabola represents a domain beyond our direct observation, the sub microscopic, dynamic world of molecules, atoms, electrons, protons, quarks, and so on a world known to us only inferentially from science. Korzybski described it as an event in the sense of an instantaneous cross section of a process. Thus the event or parabola represents the sub microscopic stuff that, at any given moment, constitutes an apple. In other words, the parabola represents the external cause of what we experience. The disc represents the non verbal result of our nervous systems reacting to submicroscopic stuff, e.g., the apple that we see, hold, bite into, all on the non verbal levels of experience. The disc represents what we experience of our surroundings versus what our surroundings actually are. The labels usually seven or eight are linked together in a chain, with the last one attached back to the parabola, but here we see just one are shaped like suitcase labels, and represent the static world of words, e.g., apple, giving imperfect accounts of dynamic reality. An object called an apple left in a jar for months becomes a putrid .... The structural differential was used by Korzybski to demonstrate that human beings abstract from ... e.g., science has conveyed the nature and danger of bacteria to us , and that is why he attached the last ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor i.e. regulatory protein . It may code for a Protein Structural proteins structural protein , an enzyme , or an RNA molecule not involved in regulation. Structural genes represent an enormous variety of protein structures and functions, including structural proteins, enzymes with catalytic activities and so on. These genes are needed for the morphological or functional traits of the cell. In Eukaryotes, these occur in spilt form, segmented into introns and exons. But Prokaryotes, these are continuous. The structural genes are concerned with the synthesis of polypeptide chain or a number of polypeptide chains and are also concerned with the synthesis of different types of RNA required during protein synthesis. In the Lac Operon concept , these genes are associated with the synthesis of those enzymes that are needed for the catabolism of Lactose. In lac operon, there are three structural genes a, Lac Z gene for beta galactosodase enzyme. b, Lac Y gene for galactose permease enzyme. c, Lac A gene for thio galactoside trans acetylase enzyme. DEFAULTSORT Structural Gene Category Genes Category Gene expression Genetics stub ja ur ... more details
Image Hancock tower 2006.jpg right thumb John Hancock Center , in Chicago , a work of structural art ... right thumb Salginatobel Bridge , in Switzerland , a work of structural art designed by Robert Maillart Certain works of structural engineering design are also works of structural art . Such works can be classified as structural art when they attain excellence in the three areas of efficiency, economy ... Basic Books location New York ref ref name structural art article 1 cite journal last1 Billington first1 David year 1984 title Bridges and the new art of structural engineering journal American Scientist volume 72 issue 1 pages 22 31 ref . A key part of the concept of structural art is that the structural ... of structural art without also being a successful work of structural engineering design, yet many works of structural engineering design that are safe and serviceable do not rise to the level of structural art because they fail to be economical, efficient, or elegant. Structural art is a topic of active ... . While structural artists often collaborate with architects, the discipline of structural art is based upon engineering rather than architectural design Origin of the concept The idea of structural art as a creative subdiscipline of structural engineering originates from the scholarship of Prof. David ... and the Bridge , and arose out of scholarly study of great works of structural design made by engineers starting in the late 18th century with the beginning of the wide availability of iron as a structural ... structural artists is that they either were builders themselves John Roebling or had a builder s mentality Fazlur Khan . Other scholars of structural engineering design have published works that can be considered part of the body of knowledge on structural art. Notable among these is Alan Holgate ref name The Art in Structural Design cite book last Holgate first Alan title The Art in Structural ... said that a work of structural art should be interpreted in terms of the Three S s the scientific ... more details
Orphan date May 2011 Structural Soil is a medium that can be compacted to Road surface pavement design ... Urban. Structural Soil. Urban Horticulture Institute. Cornell University, 1996. Web. 26 Apr 2010. http ... thumb Structural Soil Diagram Problems with Typical Installations Previously the main problem facing ... Island Plan Viewx800.gif thumb Plan View of Structural Soil Extents CU Structural Soil Structural ... rights to Cornell s CU Structural Soil Urban Tree Planting Mix. It is marketed as CU Structural Soil for quality control and is produced by a network of qualified AMEREQ licensed companies. CU Structural Soil on average costs 35 42 per ton . Other companies have formed their own brand of structural soil based on Cornell s work. For example, STALITE has developed STALITE MATRIX Structural Soil .... 20 Apr 2010. http amereq.com pages 2 index.htm . ref ref Structural Soil. America s Premier Paver. Pine Hall Brick, n.d. Web. 20 Apr 2010. http www.americaspremierpaver.com alliedproducts structural soil.htm . ref ref name second Bassuk, Nina. CU Structural Soil An Update after More than a Decade of Use in the Urban Environment. www.urban forestry.com. 16 19. Print. ref Wallace Structural Soil ... 50,000 cubic yards of the Wallace Labs formulation. Composition As discussed above, structural soil .... Structural soil is not typically stockpiled it should be mixed and installed soon after delivery. If a stockpile .... Cornell also suggests a minimum of 24 to 36 for CU Structural Soil depth and they have established no minimum for length and width of installation, however, because it is a structural soil it was designed to go under the entire pavement area. Testing has shown that structural soil is safe around utilities .... 2008. Managing Stormwater for Urban Sustainability using Trees and Structural Soils. Virginia Polytechnic ... left Plan View of Structural Soil Extents File 3Street Tree Planting View 2x800.gif thumb Typical Street Planting Section with Structural Soil Continued Development Cornell is continuing its development ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For other uses of analog, see Analog disambiguation . In chemistry , a structural analog structural analogue , also known as chemical analog or simply analog , is a chemical compound compound having a structure similar to that of another one, but differing from it in respect of a certain component. It can differ in one or more atom s, functional group s, or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, or substructures. A structural analog can be imagined to be formed, at least theoretically, from the other compound. Despite a high chemical similarity, structural analogs are not necessarily functional analog s and can have very different physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties. In drug development large series of structural analogs of an initial lead compound are created and tested as part of a structure activity relationship study. See also Derivative chemistry Homology chemistry Homolog , a compound of a series differing only by repeated units Functional analog , compounds with similar physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties Transition state analog DEFAULTSORT Structural Analog Category Chemical nomenclature Physical chemistry stub de Analogon Chemie et Struktuurianaloog ja pl Analog chemia pt An logo qu mica sr Strukturni analog ... more details
The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to structural load load resisting sub system of a structure. The structural system transfers load s through interconnected List of structural elements structural components or members. Commonly used structures can be classified into five major categories, depending on the type of primary stress that may arise in the members of the structures under major design loads. However any two or more of the basic structural types described in the following may be combined in a single structure, such as a building or a bridge in order to meet the structures functional requirements. ref name Kassimali Kassimali, A. 1999 . Structural analysis. 2nd edition. Pacific Grove, C.A. PWS Pub ref Tensile structure s Members of tensile structures are subjects to pure tension under the action of external loads. Because the tensile stress is uniformly distributed over the cross sectional area of members, the material of such a structure is utilized in the most efficient manner. Compressive strength Compressive structures Compression structures develop mainly compressive stresses under the action of axial loads. Because compressive structures are susceptible to buckling or instability, the possibility of such a failure should be considered ... rise buildings The structural system of a high rise building is designed to cope with the vertical gravity loads and lateral loads caused by wind or seismic activity. The structural system consists only of the members designed to carry the loads, all other members are referred to as non structural. A classification for the structural system of a high rise was introduced in 1969 by Fazlur Khan and was extended ... defines if a structural system is an interior or exterior one. ref name AliStruct Cite journal title Structural Developments in Tall Buildings Current Trends and Future Prospects first1 Mir M. last1 ... Superleggera References reflist DEFAULTSORT Structural System Category Structural system civil engineering ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Semantics Logical positivism asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements. However, some critical theorists suggest that meaning is only divided into smaller structural units via its regulation in concrete social interactions outside of these interactions language may become meaningless. See also Prototype Semantics Cognitive Semantics Cognitive Linguistics Principle of compositionality Ferdinand de Saussure Category Logical positivism DEFAULTSORT Structural Semantics Ling stub bn nl Structuralistische semantiek pt Sem ntica estrutural ... more details
under construction in 2007 since completed Structural engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the structural analysis analysis and design of structure s that support or resist structural load load s. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty within civil engineering , but it can also be studied in its own right. ref cite web url http structures.ucsd.edu index.php?page structural engineering about us history title History of Structural Engineering publisher University of San Diego accessdate 2007 12 02 ref Structural engineer s are most commonly involved in the design ... of machinery , medical equipment , vehicles or any item where structural integrity affects the item s function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design ... to endure massive loads as well as changing climate and natural disasters. Structural engineering theory is based upon physics physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different landscapes and materials. Structural engineering design utilizes a relatively small number of basic structural elements to build up structural system s that can be very complex. Structural engineers are responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials ... db 35.asp title What is a structural engineer publisher Institution of Structural Engineers accessdate ... visible on any retail computer monitor A structural engineer Main Structural engineer File Rivers .... Under construction. C cuta , Colombia . Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and structural analysis analysis . Entry level structural engineers may design the individual structural .... More experienced engineers would be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as a building. Structural engineers often specialize in particular fields, such as bridge ... mechanical structures such as vehicles or aircraft. Structural engineering has existed since humans ... more details
Structural parasitology is the study of the structures of proteins for interesting Parasitism parasites . It applies the techniques of structural biology such as X ray crystallography or NMR to determine the 3 D structures of protein molecules involved in a parasitic relationship. One goal is to distinguish the workings of functional pathways in these organisms in comparison to humans. More importantly, it is hoped that structures of parasite proteins will lead to faster discovery of drugs for diseases neglected by pharmaceutical companies. This is a challenging field because parasite proteins are often more difficult to express using a heterologous system. The challenge is particularly great for proteins from eukaryotic parasites. Once expressed, many parasitic proteins are also resistant to crystallization because they contain Genetic insertion inserts which are not commonly found in human or prokaryotic proteins. Parasites of interest include Plasmodium , Trypanosoma , Leishmania , Giardia , Entamoeba , Cryptosporidium , Helminth and Toxoplasma , most of which are agents for Neglected Diseases . Many academic labs around the world study structural parasitology. Two groups in particular have contributed many parasite structures the SGPP Structural Genomnics of Pathogenic Protozoa and the SGC Structural Genomics Consortium . External links http thesgc.org SGC website http sgpp.org SGPP website Category Parasitology ... more details
Not to be confused with Structural abuse Structural violence is a term first used in the 1960s commonly ... adultism adultism , nationalism , heterosexism and ageism are some examples of structural violence as proposed by Galtung. Structural violence and direct violence are said to be highly interdependent ... defines structural violence as the increased rates of death and disability suffered by those who occupy ... direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art ..., Vol. 27, No. 3 Aug., 1990 , pp. 291 305 ref Cultural violence makes direct and structural violence ... of cultural violence highlights the way in which the act of direct violence and the fact of structural ... of structural violence . The violence in structural violence is attributed to the specific organizations ... of view on how structural violence affects the health of subaltern or marginalized people, medical anthropologist Paul Farmer writes bquote Their sickness is a result of structural violence neither culture ... processes and forces conspire to constrain individual agency. Structural violence is visited upon all ... Scheper Hughes . Theorists argue that structural violence is embedded in the current world system ..., they argue. Ending the global problem of structural violence will require actions that may ... to minimizing the harmful impacts of structural violence. Others, such as futurist Wendell Bell, see a need for long term vision to guide projects for social justice. Many structural violences, such as racism .... Access to health care Structural violence has affected health care availability in the sense ... Stulac, and Salmaan Keshavjee. 2006. Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine. PLoS Medicine, 1686 1691. ref Structural violence is the result of policy and social structures, and change can only be a product of altering the processes that encourage structural violence in the first place. Paul Farmer claims that structural interventions are one possible solution. Countries such as Haiti and Rwanda ... more details
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