Natural and Natural World redirect here. For other uses, see Nature disambiguation and Natural disambiguation ... Java , in 1982. center Nature , in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world , physical world , or material world . Nature refers to the phenomenon phenomena of the physical world, and also ... nature is derived from the Latin word natura , or essential qualities, innate disposition , and in ancient times, literally meant birth . ref name etymonline nature OEtymD nature accessdate 2006 09 23 ... of may be found in Naddaf, Gerard The Greek Concept of Nature , SUNY Press, 2006. The word ... word nature is used, as confirmed by Guthrie, W.K.C. Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides ... gave me the herb, drawing it from the ground, and showed me its nature . Odyssey 10.302 3 ed. A.T. Murray ... of nature as a whole, the physical universe , is one of several expansions of the original ... of nature ref ref The etymology of the word physical shows its use as a synonym for natural in about ... today, nature often refers to geology and wildlife . Nature may refer to the general realm of various ... are not considered part of nature, unless qualified as, for example, human nature or the whole of nature . This more traditional concept of natural things which can still be found today implies ... of geology encompasses the study of the composition, structural geology structure , Physical ... extension , or side to side strike slip motion. These structural regimes broadly relate to convergent ... the Earth more rapidly than any previous life form, affecting both the nature and quantity of other ... Climate Weather The atmosphere of the Earth serves as a key factor in sustaining the planetary Nature ... is linked from Nature File View of loch lomond.JPG thumb left 200px Loch Lomond in Scotland forms ... concept is grounded in the deconstruction of the human nature dichotomy and the premise that all ... nature writers believe wilderness areas are vital for the human spirit and creativity, ref name Man ... more details
Not to be confused with Structural abuse Structural violence is a term first used in the 1960s commonly ... adultism adultism , nationalism , heterosexism and ageism are some examples of structural violence as proposed by Galtung. Structural violence and direct violence are said to be highly interdependent ... defines structural violence as the increased rates of death and disability suffered by those who occupy ... direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art ..., Vol. 27, No. 3 Aug., 1990 , pp. 291 305 ref Cultural violence makes direct and structural violence ... of cultural violence highlights the way in which the act of direct violence and the fact of structural ... child. But not doing so costs us five million lives a year. These are classic examples of structural violence . The violence in structural violence is attributed to the specific organizations of society ... structural violence affects the health of subaltern or marginalized people, medical anthropologist Paul Farmer writes bquote Their sickness is a result of structural violence neither culture nor pure ... conspire to constrain individual agency. Structural violence is visited upon all those whose ... Hughes . Theorists argue that structural violence is embedded in the current world system. This form .... Ending the global problem of structural violence will require actions that may seem unfeasible ... the harmful impacts of structural violence. Others, such as futurist Wendell Bell, see a need for long term vision to guide projects for social justice. Many structural violences, such as racism and sexism ... to health care Structural violence has affected health care availability in the sense that physicians ... Keshavjee. 2006. Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine. PLoS Medicine, 1686 1691. ref Structural violence is the result of policy and social structures, and change can only be a product of altering the processes that encourage structural violence in the first place. Paul Farmer claims ... more details
Sociology Structural functionalism , or simply Functionalism , is a framework for building theory that sees ... society as a whole. ref DeRosso,Deb The Structural Functional Theoretical Approach , http www.wisc ... of a supposedly stable, cohesive system. For Talcott Parsons , structural functionalism came to describe ... school of thought. ref Talcott Parsons, The Present Status of Structural Functional Theory in Sociology ... Press. ISBN 0 226 067564. p. 94 ref The structural functionalism approach is a macro level type analysis ... s specific usage that the prefix structural emerged. ref http www.as.ua.edu ant Faculty murphy function.htm ... of corporate descent groups. ref cite web last Rice first Keith title Structural Functionlism url http www.integratedsociopsychology.net structural functionalism.html accessdate 23 February 2012 ref Structural functionalism also took on Malinowski s argument that the basic building block of society ... occupants of comparatively stable social roles. The central concern of structural functionalism ... Canadian Edition. pp. 10. ref In the theological state, the human mind, seeking the essential nature ... the failings of a selfish human nature rather than the perfection of God. ref name Macionis 2012 ... of human body. Just as the structural parts of the human body the skeleton, muscles, and various ..., soon followed by a group of lieutenants, and later kings and administrators. The structural parts ..., can fulfill any role, the individual is expected to conform to the norms governing the nature ... to sharp shocks or immediate radical change, structural dissolution occurs and either new structures ... and movie stars. Critics have suggested that structural inequality inherited wealth, family power ... , political scientists Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell introduced a structural functionalist ... or inputs and outputs while paying little attention to unique characteristics. The structural .... Structural functionalism and unilineal descent In their attempt to explain the social ... more details
World geologic provinces A structural basin is a large scale structural formation of rock strata formed by tectonic warping of previously flat lying stratum strata . Structural basins are geological depressions, and are the inverse of dome geology dome s. Some elongated structural basins are also known as syncline s. Structural basins may also be sedimentary basin s, which are aggregations of sediment that filled up a depression or accumulated in an area however, many structural basins were formed by tectonic events long after the sedimentary layers were deposited. Basins appear on a geologic map as roughly circular or elliptical, with concentric layers. Because the strata dip toward the center, the exposed stratum strata in a basin are progressively younger from outside in, with the youngest rocks in the center. Basins are often large in areal extent, often hundreds of kilometers across. Structural basins are often important sources of coal , petroleum , and groundwater . Examples of structural basins globalize date December 2010 Australia Amadeus Basin Bowen Basin Cooper Basin Europe Hampshire Basin , United Kingdom London Basin , United Kingdom Paris Basin geology Paris Basin , France Permian Basin Europe Permian Basin , Poland , northern Germany , Denmark , The Netherlands , the North Sea , and Scotland United States Appalachian Basin Geology Appalachian Basin , Eastern United States Big Horn Basin , Wyoming Black Warrior Basin , Alabama and Mississippi Delaware Basin , Texas and New Mexico Denver Basin , Colorado Illinois Basin , Illinois Los Angeles Basin , California Michigan Basin , Michigan North Park Colorado basin North Park Colorado Basin Paradox Basin , Utah and Colorado Permian Basin North America Permian Basin , Texas and New Mexico Piceance Basin , Colorado .... ISBN 0 314 09577 2 DEFAULTSORT Structural Basin Category Basins Category Depressions geology Category Structural geology Geology stub be be x old bg ca Conca estructural ... more details
Structural change of an economy refers to a long term widespread change of the fundamental structure, rather than microscale or short term output and employment. For example, a subsistence economy is transformed into a manufacturing economy, or a regulated mixed economy is liberalized. A current structural change in the world economy is globalization . Fisher 1939 ref Fisher, A 1939 Production Primary, Secondary and Tertiary, Economic Record, June ref and Clark 1940 ref Clark, C 1940 The Conditions of Economic Progress ref look at patterns in changes in sectoral employment. The logic of their arguments being that patterns of production are functions of the level of income and that resource and production shifts are an integral part of development. The major determinant of these shifts is the income elasticity of demand. Goods or sectors for which there is a high income elasticity of demand will grow in importance as income grows. Countries start with their production dominated by primary production, then secondary activities start to dominate and finally the tertiary sector dominates. The role of technical progress is crucial in the process of structural change as suggested by Paolo Leon 1967 ref Leon, P. 1967 Structural Change and Growth in Capitalism, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore ref and Luigi Pasinetti 1981 ref Pasinetti, L. 1981 , Structural Change and Economic Growth a Theoretical essay on the dynamics of the wealth of nations, Cambridge University Press ref . Structural change can be initiated by policy decisions or permanent changes in resources, population or the society ... reaching implications on the economies dependent on the state run Soviet economy. Structural change ... in structural unemployment . Short term economical challenges can be managed with short term Fiscal ... years. Managing structural change requires long term investments such as education , and Microeconomic ... and Structural Change http www.dol.gov sec media speeches 20031215 G 8.htm ref References ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For other uses of analog, see Analog disambiguation . In chemistry , a structural analog structural analogue , also known as chemical analog or simply analog , is a chemical compound compound having a structure similar to that of another one, but differing from it in respect of a certain component. It can differ in one or more atom s, functional group s, or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, or substructures. A structural analog can be imagined to be formed, at least theoretically, from the other compound. Despite a high chemical similarity, structural analogs are not necessarily functional analog s and can have very different physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties. In drug development large series of structural analogs of an initial lead compound are created and tested as part of a structure activity relationship study. Examples class wikitable Carbon Based Silicon Based File Methane 2D.svg thumb 100px Methane File Silane 2D.png thumb 100px Silane File Ethane 2D.png thumb 100px Ethane File Disilane.png thumb 100px Disilane File Acetylene 2D.png thumb 100px Acetylene File Disilyne.svg thumb 100px Disilyne File Propane 3D balls B.png thumb 100px Propane File Trisilane 2D A.png thumb 100px Trisilane File Methanol 2D.png thumb 100px Methanol File Silanol.svg thumb 100px Silanol See also Derivative chemistry Homology chemistry Homolog , a compound of a series differing only by repeated units Functional analog , compounds with similar physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties Transition state analog DEFAULTSORT Structural Analog Category Chemical nomenclature Physical chemistry stub ca An leg estructural de Analogon Chemie et Struktuurianaloog ja pl Analog chemia pt An logo qu mica sr Strukturni analog ... more details
. Note also that, even when two genes encode secondary structural elements of a motif in the same order ... helix end folded over to bind a zinc ion . Important in DNA binding proteins. seealso structural ... prosite Database of protein families and domains Structural Classification of Proteins SCOP http scop.mrc lmb.cam.ac.uk scop Structural classification of Proteins CATH http www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk ... PASS2 Protein Alignments as Structural Superfamilies SMoS http caps.ncbs.res.in SMoS SMoS Database of Structural Motifs of Superfamily S4 http www1.i2r.a star.edu.sg azeyar SuperSSE S4 Server for Super ... year 2007 pmid 17557333 doi 10.1002 prot.21473 DEFAULTSORT Structural Motif Category Protein structural ... more details
in sentential form is structural priming ref name bock . Theory of structural priming At least three theories exist to explain the phenomenon of structural priming syntactic Priming psychology repetition ... type prime. However, other structural priming patterns exist that complicate this explanation. Thematic ... mapping is what allows structural priming ref Melinger, A. 2006 . The influence of thematic role assignment on structural priming. Poster presented at the 19th annual CUNY conference on Human Sentence ... to be nevertheless derived ref Kim, C. 2006 . Structural and Thematic Information in Sentence ... more details
In polymer chemistry , a structural unit is a building block of a polymer chain. It is the result of a monomer which has been polymerized into a long chain. There may be more than one structural unit in the repeat unit . When different monomers are polymerized, a copolymer is formed. It is a routine way of developing new properties for new materials. Example Consider the example of polyethylene terephthalate PET or polyester . The monomers which could be used to create this polymer are ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid HO CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub OH and HOOC C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub COOH In the polymer, there are two structural units, which are O CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub O and CO C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub CO The repeat unit is CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub O CO C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub CO O Functionality of structural units The functionality of a monomeric structural unit is defined as the number of covalent bonds which it forms with other reactants. ref http goldbook.iupac.org FT07505.html Definition of functionality in IUPAC Gold Book ref A structural unit in a linear polymer chain segment forms two bonds and is therefore bifunctional , as for the PET structural units above. Other values of functionality exist. Unless the macromolecule is cyclic, it will have monovalent structural units at each end of the polymer chain. In Branching polymer chemistry branched polymers , there are trifunctional units at each branch point. For example in the synthesis of PET, a small fraction of the ethylene glycol can be replaced by glycerol which has three alcohol groups. This trifunctional molecule inserts itself in the polymeric chain and bonds to three carboxylic acid groups forming a branch point. Finally, the formation of cross link ed polymers involves tetrafunctional structural units. For example, in the synthesis of cross linked polystyrene , a small fraction of monomeric styrene or vinylbenzene is remplaced by 1,4 divinylbenzene or para divinylbenzene . Each of the two vinyl ... more details
Structural capital is the supportive infrastructure, processes and databases of the organisation that enable human capital to function. ref Maddocks, J. & Beaney, M. 2002. See the invisible and intangible. Knowledge Management, March, 16 17. ref Structural capital includes such traditional things as buildings, hardware, software, processes, patents, and trademarks. In addition, structural capital includes such things as the organization s image, organization, information system, and proprietary databases. Because of its diverse components, structural capital can be classified further into organization, process and innovation capital. Organizational capital includes the organization philosophy and systems for leveraging the organization s capability. Process capital includes the techniques, procedures, and programs that implement and enhance the delivery of goods and services. Innovation capital includes intellectual properties and intangible assets. ref Edvinsson, L. & Malone, M.S. 1997. Intellectual Capital Realizing your Company s True Value by Finding Its Hidden Roots. New York Harper Business. ref Intellectual properties are protected commercial rights such as copyrights and trademarks. Intangible assets are all of the other talents and theory by which an organization is run. See also Intellectual capital References reflist business term stub Category Capital es Capital estructural ... more details
Image Schenkerian Ursatz 321IVI.png thumb Fundamental structure. audio Ursatz.mid Play In Schenkerian analysis , a structural level is a representation of a musical composition piece of music at a different level of abstraction, with levels typically including foreground, middleground, and background. ref Bello, Juan Pablo, ed. 2008 . Kirlin, Philip B. and Utgoff, Paul E. A Framework for Automated Schenkerian Analysis , ISMIR 2008 , p.363. ISBN 978 0 615 24849 3. ref According to Schenker musical form is, an energy transformation a transformation of the forces which flow from the background to the foreground through the structural levels. ref Tymieniecka, Anna Teresa, ed. 2006 . Inhabited Time Couperin s Passacaille , Logos of Phenomenology and Phenomenology of the Logos , p.189. ISBN 978 1 4020 3717 7. Cites Free Composition 1935 . ref For example, while details such as melodic notes exist at the lowest structural levels, the foreground, in the background the fundamental structure is the most basic structural level of all tonality tonal music , representing the digression from and necessary return to the tonic music tonic that motivates musical form . It may be conceived of in a specific piece as the opening in the tonic and the return to the tonic with a perfect authentic cadence V I after the musical development development of sonata form sonata allegro form . Sources reflist Schenkerian analysis Category Schenkerian analysis ... more details
Cleanup date January 2008 Refimprove date July 2009 File Structural steel icons.jpg thumb 500px Various structural steel shapes Structural steel is steel construction material , a Profile engineering profile ... of Chemistry chemical composition and mechanical properties. Structural steel shape, size, composition, strength, storage, etc., is regulated in most industrialized countries. Structural steel members ... them to be very stiff in respect to their cross sectional area. Common structural shapes This section ... Hollow structural section also known as SHS structural hollow section and including square geometry ... Standard structural steels Europe Most steels used throughout Europe are specified to comply with the European ... . In these examples, S denotes structural rather than engineering steel 275 or 355 denotes ... e.g. in the UK, almost all structural steel is grades S275 and S355. Higher grades are available ... structural profiles European I beam IPE Euronorm 19 57 European I beam IPN DIN 1025 1 European flange beams HE Euronorm 53 62 European channels UPN DIN 10261 1 Standard structural steels USA Steels ... are a completely different specification series. The standard commonly used structural steels ... Construction, 1987, ch 1 page 1 5 ref Carbon steels A36 steel A36 structural shapes and plate A53 steel A53 structural pipe and tubing A500 steel A500 structural pipe and tubing A501 steel A501 structural pipe and tubing A529 steel A529 structural shapes and plate High strength low alloy steels A441 steel A441 structural shapes and plates A572 steel A572 structural shapes and plates A618 steel A618 structural pipe and tubing A992 steel A992 W shapes beams only A270 steel A270 structural shapes and plates Corrosion resistant high strength low alloy steels A242 structural shapes and plates Weathering steel A588 structural shapes and plates Quenched and tempered alloy steels A514 steel A514 structural shapes and plates A514 steel A517 A517 boilers and pressure vessels CE Marking The concept ... more details
Structural abuse is the process by which an individual is dealt with unfairly by a system of harm in ways ... change. Every system contains at least one level at which structural abuse occurs, when the actions ... abuse of others occurs. citation needed date November 2011 Structural abuse should not be confused with structural violence . Structural violence refers to action committed by a larger society, such as racism or classism in an entire society. Structural abuse refers to actions that are not necessarily endorsed by the broader society. Classes There are three kinds of structural abuse Imposed interference ... the relationship and the physical and emotional wellbeing of the person being kept waiting. Structural .... Impacts Structural abuse is also called societal abuse. It has four permanent impacts upon the individuals ... structural abuses are accepted by the community is where a political journalist Who date August 2011 ... System Structural Abuse Indicators include the inability of an outsider to make contact on a personal ... blaring down the earpiece is structural abuse because by listening for the resumption of the discussion ... are not kept is a category of political structural abuse. Unkept promises fixate the expectations ... to the unkept promises of politicians. Community Control Functions of Structural Abuse All categories of structural abuse involve the manipulative control of time, energy, focus and connection .... Most people call structural abuse bad manners or rudeness , since it generally breaks conventions by which there is mutual control within each situation. Each instance of structural abuse ..., missing redress, and feelings of entrapment from which it is hard to escape. Dealing with structural abuse Structural abuse is helped by talking therapies in which those abused find a listener, and then find ... against structural abuse, protecting the victim from such abuse, and enabling him or her to approach ... murder Kangaroo court Legal abuse Structural violence References Reflist Dissociative Cues Dave ... more details
technical date November 2010 Structural cohesion is the sociological conception ref cite journal last Moody first James authorlink James Moody Sociologist coauthors Douglas R. White White, Douglas title Structural Cohesion and Embeddedness A Hierarchical Concept of Social Groups. journal American Sociological Review volume 68 issue 1 pages 1 25 year 2003 publisher url http www2.asanet.org journals ASRFeb03MoodyWhite.pdf format PDF id accessdate 2006 08 19 ref ref cite journal last White first Douglas authorlink Douglas R. White coauthors Frank Harary title The Cohesiveness of Blocks in Social Networks Node Connectivity and Conditional Density. journal Sociological Methodology 2001 volume 31 issue 1 pages 305 359 year 2001 publisher Blackwell Publishers, Inc., Boston, USA and Oxford, UK. url http www.ingentaconnect.com content bpl some 2001 00000031 00000001 art00098 jsessionid 1f96pkuejdhry.victoria format book id accessdate 2006 08 19 doi 10.1111 0081 1750.00098 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref of a useful formal definition and measure of Social cohesion cohesion in social groups . It is defined as the minimal number of actors in a social network that need to be removed to disconnect the group. It is thus identical to the question of the node connectivity graph theory connectivity of a given graph. The vertex cut version of Menger s theorem also proves that the disconnection number is equivalent to a maximally sized group with a network in which every pair of persons ... be connected. The boundaries of structural endogamy in a kinship group are a special case of structural ... is the R program for computing structural cohesion according to the Moody White 2003 algorithm . This wiki ... has connectivity 2 or a level 2 of structural cohesion because the removal of two nodes is needed ..., nodes 1 5 Image NetworkTopology FullyConnected.png A 6 node clique is a 5 component, structural ... to measure structural cohesion in groups. In 1990, Bollen and Hoyle used the PCS and applied it to a study ... more details
NOTOC Structural bioinformatics is the branch of bioinformatics which is related to the analysis and prediction of the three dimensional structure of biological macromolecules such as proteins , RNA , and DNA . It deals with generalizations about macromolecular 3D structure such as comparisons of overall folds and local motifs, principles of molecular folding, evolution, and binding interactions, and structure function relationships, working both from experimentally solved structures and from computational models. The term structural has the same meaning as in structural biology , and structural bioinformatics can be seen as a part of computational structural biology. genomics footer See also columns list 2 MMDB Protein Data Bank SCOP STING Molecular modelling List of software for molecular mechanics modeling Molecular Conceptor CASP References Books Bourne, P.E., and Gu, J. 2009 Structural Bioinformatics 2nd edition , John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN 978 0 470 18105 8 Bourne, P.E., and Weissig, H. 2003 Structural Bioinformatics , Wiley ISBN 0 471 20199 5 Leach, Andrew 2001 Molecular Modelling Principles and Applications 2nd edition , Prentice Hall, ISBN 978 0582382107 Hallmark publications cite journal journal RNA volume 7 pages 499&ndash 512 year 2001 author Leontis NB, Westhof E. title Geometric nomenclature and classification of RNA base pairs doi 10.1017 S1355838201002515 pmid 11345429 pmc 1370104 issue 4 cite journal journal Adv Protein Chem volume 34 pages 167&ndash 339 ... lmb.cam.ac.uk scop Structural Classification of Proteins SCOP http mozart.bio.neu.edu topofit index.php ... of proteins http sbkb.org The Structural Biology Knowledgebase ProtCID http dunbrack2.fccc.edu protcid ... on line application http www.moltalk.org MolTalk , structural bioinformatics software http ... platform for structural bioinformatics http www.spadeweb.org SPADE the structural proteomics ... web servers for binding site level analysis Category Structural bioinformatics bioinformatics ... more details
by Expedition Engineering, 2011 Supreme Award Winner The Institution of Structural Engineers Structural Awards have been awarded for the structural design of buildings and infrastructure since 1968. The awards were re organised in 2006 to include ten categories and the Supreme Award for structural engineering excellence, the highest award a structural project can win. The David Alsop Sustainability ... elect of the Institution of Structural Engineers, is made for an outstanding structure which demonstrates ..., life time economy and respect for the environment in which the structure is built. ref The Structural ... Supreme Award The Supreme Award was first awarded in 2003 to recognise the very best of structural engineering ... For commercial or retail structures Apple Store Upper West Side Eckersley O Callaghan Structural ... Olympic Oval intern View.jpg thumb Richmond Olympic Oval Roof by Fast Epp Structural Engineers ..., British Columbia , Canada Fast Epp Structural Engineers Award for Arts, Leisure or Entertainment ... For sustainability Richmond Olympic Oval roof, Richmond, British Columbia , Canada Fast Epp Structural ... For commercial or retail structures York House, Hong Kong Maunsell Structural Consultants ... Structural Consultants Ltd For education or healthcare structures The Manchester Interdisciplinary ... Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe by Buro Happold In 2005, the following awards were made Structural ... Happold for Greenside Place Bridge, Edinburgh , Scotland Structural Special Commendation Arup for the Airside Centre, Zurich Airport , Zurich , Switzerland Structural Achievement Award two awards Arup ... , Berlin, Germany Structural Achievement Commendation Gifford company Gifford for Brading Roman Villa ... , England David Alsop Commendation Buro Happold for the Nomadic Museum , New York, USA Structural ..., England Buro Happold for the New refectory, Norwich Cathedral , Norfolk , England Structural Heritage ... In 2004, the following awards were made Structural Special Award three awards Building Design Partnership ... more details
Refimprove date December 2007 A structural break is a concept in econometrics . A structural break appears when we see an unexpected shift in a macroeconomic time series . This can lead to huge forecasting errors and unreliability of the Economic model model in general ref name guj cite book last Gujarati first Damodar title Basic Econometrics year 2007 publisher Tata McGraw Hill location New Delhi isbn 0070660050 pages 278 284 ref . This issue was popularised by David Hendry . Test In general, the CUSUM cumulative sum and CUSUM sq CUSUM squared tests can be used to test the constancy of the coefficients in a model. The bounds test can also be used. ref Pesaran, MH Shin, Y Smith, RJ 2001 Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships Journal of Applied Econometrics , 16 3 , 289 326 ref For a linear model with one known single break in mean, the Chow test is often used. If the single break in mean is unknown, then Hartley s test may be appropriate. Other challenges are where there are a known number of unknown breaks in mean an unknown number of unknown breaks in mean breaks in variance. The Chow test is not applicable for these situations ref name guj . For nonstationary process, there are many more challenges. For a cointegration model, the Gregory and Hansen test 1996 ref Gregory, Allan Hansen, Bruce 1996 Tests for Cointegration in Models with Regime and Trend Shifts Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics , 58 3 , 555 560 ref is used for one unknown structural break, and the Hatemi J test 2006 ref Hacker, R. Scott Hatemi J, Abdulnasser 2006 Tests for Causality ... programs that can be used to find structural breaks, including R open source and GAUSS . More sophisticated .... The latest method has been used by Bai and Perron 2003 full in which multiple structural breaks can ... by Chandan Mukherjee 2009 full . See also Structural change The Great Moderation Change detection References references Refimprove date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Structural Break Category Change ... more details
In petroleum geology , a structural trap is a type of geological trap that forms as a result of changes in the structure of the subsurface, due to fault geology tectonic , salt tectonics diapiric , gravitational and fold geology compactional processes. ref http www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com Display.cfm?Term structural 20trap Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary ref ref Gluyas, J. & Swarbrick, R. 2004 Petroleum Geoscience. Publ. Blackwell Publishing ref These changes block the upward migration of hydrocarbons and can lead to the formation of a petroleum reservoir . The three basic forms of structural traps are the anticline trap, the fault trap and the salt dome trap. ref http www.priweb.org ed pgws systems traps structural structural.html Petroleum Research Institution ref Anticlinal trap Image Structural Trap Anticlinal .svg thumb 90px Anticlinal trap An anticline is an area of the subsurface where the strata have been pushed into forming a domed shape. If there is a layer of impermeable rock present in this dome shape, then hydrocarbons can accumulate at the crest until the anticline is filled to the spill point the highest point where hydrocarbons can escape the anticline. ref Cite book author Sheriff, R. E., Geldart, L. P. year 1995 title Exploration Seismology edition 2nd publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 0 521 46826 4 page 351 ref This type of trap is by far the most significant to the hydrocarbon industry. Anticline traps are usually long oval domes of land that can often be seen by looking at a geological map or by flying over the land. Fault trap Image Structural Trap Fault.svg thumb 90px Fault trap This trap is formed by the movement of permeable and impermeable layers of rock along a fault line. ref http www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com Display.cfm?Term fault 20trap Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary ref The permeable reservoir rock faults such that it is now adjacent ... ed pgws systems traps structural structural.html Petroleum Research Institute ref This is one ... more details
refimprove date August 2007 A structural encroachment is a concept in United States American real property law , in which a piece of real property hangs from one property over the property line of another landowner s premises . The actual structure that encroaches might be a tree, bush, bay window , stairway, steps, urban stoop stoop , garage, leaning fence, part of a building, or other fixture . Some attorneys classify it as a type of easement , related to an easement in gross , while some scholars classify such as one type of encroachment . ref http wiki.lawguru.com index.php Encroachment Law Wiki web site. Accessed January 8, 2008. ref ref http www.laetusinpraesens.org docs00s encroacv.php Varieties of encroachment . Accessed January 8, 2008. ref Creation of an encroachment When a structural encroachment is created intentionally, it is basically an easement in gross , and may be done by a permit to a government authority. ref http www.azdot.gov Highways OES PDF final encroachment permit brochure.pdf Arizona DOT web site, How to Apply for an Encroachment Permit . Accessed January 8, 2008. ref ref City of Seattle, Washington Department of Planning and Development Notice, found at http www.seattle.gov dpd notices decisions 2306853.pdf City of Seattle official web site, decision on a permit for a structural encroachment . Accessed January 8, 2008. ref A zoning law may also restrict an intentional structural encroachment. ref City of Des Moines code, found at http www.codepublishing.com ... 8, 2008. ref A structural encroachment may also be created by necessity, by accident, or by prescription ... Family , the Smalley family must pay for a structural encroachment of the late aunt s house over a neighbor ... medical contexts, a lump protruding into a blood vessel is described as a structural encroachment . ref ... plant is described as a structural encroachment . See also Adverse possession References reflist 2 Category Real property law Structural encroachment law term stub ... more details
Structural elucidation is the determination of the chemical structure of chemically uncharacterised substances such as natural products. It is preceded by the extraction chemistry extraction and isolation steps. It makes use of various chromatography techniques Medium pressure liquid chromatography MPLC , High performance liquid chromatography HPLC as well as spectrometric techniques Mass spectrometry MS , 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR ref Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Some Procyanidins from Apple by Low Temperature Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Toshihiko Shoji, Motoh Mutsuga, Takatoshi Nakamura, Tomomasa Kanda, Hiroshi Akiyama and Yukihiro Goda, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51 13 , pp 3806 3813, doi 10.1021 jf0300184 ref . MS spectrometers like ions trap s can use the Fragmentation chemistry fragmentation techniques to further investiguate the structure of the molecule. It is a technique used notably in phytochemistry , for instance to characterise polyphenol oxidation products. ref ABTS radical driven oxidation of polyphenols Isolation and structural elucidation of covalent adducts. A.M. Osman, K.K.Y. Wong and A. Fernyhough, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Volume 346, Issue 1, 21 July 2006, Pages 321 329, doi 10.1016 j.bbrc.2006.05.118 ref References reflist Category Analytical chemistry Chemistry stub de Strukturaufkl rung ja ... more details
Structural elements are used in structural analysis to split a complex structure into simple Wiktionary element elements . Within a structure, an element cannot be broken down decomposed into parts of different kinds e.g., beam or column . ref name waddell cite book last Waddelln Alexander Low Waddell title Bridge Engineering Volume 2 url http books.google.com books?id bxAkAAAAMAAJ accessdate 2008 08 19 year 1916 publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc. location New York pages 1958 ref Structural elements can be linear, surfaces or volumes. ref cite book last1 Ryal first1 M.J. authorlink1 last2 Parke first2 G.A.R. last3 Harding first3 J.E. editor1 first editor1 last editor1 link others title The Manual of Bridge Engineering url http books.google.com books?id 8PGk81gtCywC format Google books preview accessdate 2009 04 12 edition series volume date year 2000 month origyear publisher Thomas Telford location London language isbn 9780727727749 page 98 pages chapter chapterurl quote ref ref Linear elements Rod geometry Rod axial loads Beam structure Beam axial and bending loads Strut s or Compression member s compressive stress compressive loads Tie engineering Tie s or Tie rod s tension loads Surface elements membrane in plane loads only thin shell structure shell in plane and bending moments Concrete slab Deck bridge deck shear wall shear panel shear stress shear load s only Volumes Axial, shear and bending loads for all three dimensions References Reflist Category Structural analysis ca Estructura construcci es Elemento estructural pt Elemento estrutural ... more details
In construction, structural repairs are a technical term, contrasted to renovation construction renovations or non structural repairs . They are changes to a property to bring it up to local health and safety standards. Unlike renovations, they add relatively little value to a property. References references http books.google.com books?id PcYEkGcfBWUC&pg PA46&lpg PA46&dq granada theatres ltd. v freehold investment 22structural repairs 22&source bl&ots Jy4SnBv0Q2&sig lcjq8bPdrsNmXtmsB4xTOejHrtQ&hl en&ei 7eLJS5TqA8Sclgf92K3nBQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 6&ved 0CBUQ6AEwBQ v onepage&q&f false West and Smith s Law of DilapidationsBy Peter F. Smith http books.google.com books?id CiOf WDvduoC&pg PA178&dq 22structural repairs are 22&lr &as brr 3&ei V9jJS9zNOpW2yATR9sGGCA&cd 1 v onepage&q 22fixed 20uppers 22&f false Home Buying for Dummies By Eric Tyson, Ray Brown Category Construction architecture stub ... more details
Structural inequality is defined as a condition where one category of people are attributed an unequal status in relation to other categories of people. This relationship is perpetuated and reinforced by a confluence of unequal relations in roles, functions, decisions rights, and opportunities. ref Dani, Anis A., and Arjan De. Haan, eds. Inclusive States Social Policy and Structural Inequalities. Washington, D.C World Bank, 2008. 3. ref As opposed to cultural inequality, which focuses on the individual decisions associated with these imbalances, structural inequality refers specifically to the inequalities that are systemically rooted in the normal operations of dominant social institutions, and can be divided into categories like residential segregation or healthcare, employment and educational discrimination. ref Royce, Edward Cary. Poverty and Power the Problem of Structural Inequality. Lanham Rowman & Littlefield, 2009. 217. ref Globalization has a complex association with development and inequality, and mandates a new framework to help describe its effects. On one level, global competition in production can lead to productivity improvements that lead to a situation where industrial ... Poverty and Inequality Structural Change, Social Policy. Rep. no. 978 92 9085 076 2. Geneva United ... and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford and New York Oxford University Press. ref Combating structural inequality therefore often requires the broad, policy based structural change on behalf of government ... with redistributive policies stands the best chance of combating structural inequality. ref name Inequality 2010 Education See Structural inequality in education br One particularly influential form of structural inequality can be found in education, since education affects many other opportunities ... nations. Many of these inequalities were traced back to second nature geographic forces that describe ... Employment Discrimination A Structural Approach. Columbia Law Review 101.3 2001 497. ref Therefore ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In proof theory , a structural rule is an inference rule that does not refer to any logical connective , but instead operates on the judgements or sequent s directly. Structural rules often mimic intended meta theoretic properties of the logic. Logics that deny one or more of the structural rules are classified as substructural logic s. Common structural rules Weakening , where the hypotheses or conclusion of a sequent may be extended with additional members. In symbolic form weakening rules can be written as math frac Gamma vdash Sigma Gamma, A vdash Sigma math on the left of the Turnstile symbol turnstile , and math frac Gamma vdash Sigma Gamma vdash A, Sigma math on the right. Contraction , where two equal or unifiable members on the same side of a sequent may be replaced by a single member or common instance . Symbolically math frac Gamma, A, A vdash Sigma Gamma, A vdash Sigma math and math frac Gamma vdash A, A, Sigma Gamma vdash A, Sigma math . Also known as factoring in automated theorem proving systems using Resolution logic resolution . Exchange , where two members on the same side of a sequent may be swapped. Symbolically math frac Gamma 1, A, Gamma 2, B, Gamma 3 vdash Sigma Gamma 1, B, Gamma 2, A, Gamma 3 vdash Sigma math and math frac Gamma vdash Sigma 1, A, Sigma 2, B, Sigma 3 Gamma vdash Sigma 1, B, Sigma 2, A, Sigma 3 math . This is also known as the permutation rule . A logic without any of the above structural rules would interpret the sides of a sequent as pure sequence s with exchange, they are multiset s and with both contraction and exchange they are set mathematics set s. A famous structural rule is known as cut rule cut . Considerable effort is spent by proof theorists in showing that cut rules are superfluous in various logics. More precisely, what is shown is that cut is only in a sense a tool for abbreviating proofs, and does not add to the theorems that can be proved. The successful removal of cut rules, known ... more details
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