1996 , pp. 301 24. Rodger, Nicholas, Image and Reality in Eigteenth Century Naval Tactics. Mariner s Mirror 89, No. 3 2003 , pp. 281 96. Category NavalartilleryAge of Sail Category Early ..., defined the environment in which the Naval tactics in the Age of Sail developed. Firing Cannon Image ... were this type of projectile. See also Age of Sail Cannon Naval tactics in the Age of Sail Carronade Naval long gun Howitzer Navalartillery List of cannon projectiles References Reflist Further reading ... Image Tir.jpg thumb left Firing of an 18 pounder aboard a French ship Firing a naval cannon ... A Naval History of Britain 1649 1815 authorlink Nicholas Rodger year 2004 publisher Penguin ... to fire real discharges at real targets. Citation needed date July 2008 Artillery types Image Antoine ... be seen clearly A complete and accurate listing of the types of naval guns requires analysis both by nation ... and size of naval guns. Muzzle loading required the cannon to be positioned within the hull of the ship ... naval gun was the long nine . It was a proportionately longer barrelled 9 pounder. Its typical ... main Carronade Image HMS Victory 68lb Carronade.png thumb left 68 pounder British naval carronade ... range and lesser accuracy. However, at the short range of many naval engagements these smashers ... naval gun using explosive shells. It was developed by the French general Henri Joseph Paixhans ... shot Solid spherical cast iron shot, the standard fare in naval battles. Canister shot Cans filled with dozens ... more details
Navalartillery in the Age of SailNaval operations in the American Revolutionary War Notes Reflist ...Image Spanish Galleon.jpg thumb A 17th century Spanish galleon Naval tactics in the Age of Sail were ... victory. ref Rodger 1996 Rodger 1997 , pp. 206 8, 215. ref Naval tactics in the Age of Sail were primarily ..., Brian and Tracy, Nicholas ed. . Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail. The Evolution of Fighting Tactics ... In The Age Of Sail Category Naval warfare tactics Tactics, sailing Category Warfare of the Industrial ... cannot sail directly into the wind . Most could sail not much closer than 70 degrees off the wind. This limited the maneuverability of a fleet during battles at close quarters. Holding the Naval tactics in the Age of Sail Importance of the weather gage weather gage , i.e. being upwind of one s opponent ... operations throughout the Age of Sail. The Revolutionary French Navy made an opposite mistake in promoting .... ref Rodger 1996 , pp. 312, 316. ref Naval tactics throughout the 16th century and well into the 17th ... counter the threat of galleys with other galleys. Despite the technical innovations, naval ... and the difficulties inherent in firing accurately from moving platforms meant that naval tactics ... of naval tactics . A ship which depended on the wind for its motive power could not hope to ram. A sailing ... . These formed the basis of the whole tactical system of the 17th and 18th centuries in naval warfare ... produced a series of tactically indecisive naval battles between evenly matched fleets in line ahead ... Cape St. Vincent 1780 . British naval innovation was retarded by an unseemly dispute between two Admirals ... method of fighting battles at sea had begun to be obvious to naval officers, both French ... naval tactics as being little better than so many excuses for avoiding a real fight. He endeavoured ... and calculations which he initially published in pamphlets, distributing them among naval officers, and published in book form as An Essay on Naval Tactics in 1790, 1797 and 1804. The hypothesis ... more details
Nautical Age of Discovery Naval tactics in the Age of Sail Sea lane Naval history Columbian Exchange References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Age Of Sail Category Age of Discovery Sail, Age of Category Maritime ...Dablink For the series of games, see Age of Sail computer game . Refimprove date November 2007 File De slag bij Terheide The Battle of Schevening August 10 1653 Willem van de Velde I, 1657 .jpg thumb 300px Battle of Scheveningen The Battle of Terheide 1657 by Willem van de Velde the Elder , depicting a 1653 naval battle between the Dutch Republic and the Commonwealth of England Image Warship diagram orig.jpg thumb A Ship of War, Cyclopaedia, 1728, Vol 2 The Age of Sail was the period in which international trade and naval warfare were dominated by sail ing ship s, lasting from the 16th to the mid 19th century. This is a significant period during which square rig ged sailing ships carried History of colonialism European settlers to many parts of the world in one of the most expansive human migration s in recorded history. Like most History by period periodic eras the definition is inexact but close enough to serve as a general description. The age of sail runs roughly from the Battle of Lepanto ... for small scale coastal fishing, along with recreational uses such as yachting and passenger sail excursion ships. Golden Age of Sail In Europe , the Golden Age of Sail is generally agreed to be the period ... sail. Citation needed date August 2007 Some who date December 2010 would say that the Golden Age of Sail relates specifically to the clipper ship era. Specify date August 2007 while others put the Golden Age of Sail between 1850 and the early 1900s when sailing vessels reached their peak of size ... , Harvest Books, 1995 , pp.xvi xvii ref In the United States, the Golden Age of Sail has been said ... 1841 USS Congress , culminating with the advance of steam power , rendering sail power in warfare ... Ship Rigs ref The Golden Age is also a term used to describe the Golden Age of Piracy , the time ... more details
. This method became the heart of naval warfare during the age of sail , with navies adopting their strategies ..., Hampshire Fort Nelson , Portsmouth, UK. gallery See also Coastal artilleryNavalartillery in the Age of Sail List of naval guns List of artillery by type Navalartillery List of artillery Bibliography ... in 1864. Navalartillery , or naval riflery , is artillery mounted on a warship for use in naval warfare . Navalartillery has historically been used to engage either other ships, or targets on land in the latter role it is currently termed naval gunfire fire support . In the 20th century navalartillery also gained an anti aircraft role. The idea of ship borne artillery dates back to the classical ... ship at close range. During the 19th century navalartillery increased in size and power. The advances ..., the principal role of navalartillery is for short ranged anti air and anti missile defence ... arrangement of a gun battery of a ship from the Age of Sail . Image Batterie Sahib mg 0451.jpg ... commons category Navalartillery Category Navalartillery Category Naval weapons of the United States ... century onward, the gun became the most important weapon at sea. Galley s were the first naval vessels to carry artillery powerful enough to sink ships and batter down outdated medieval fortress ... as the secondary armament. After World War II, the guided missile began to replace the naval ... of Fire Control publisher Routledge location Abingdon, Oxfordshire year 2005 series Naval Policy and History volume 32 isbn 0 415 40788 5 cite book last Campbell first John title Naval Weapons of World War II year 1985 publisher Naval Institute Press location Annapolis, MD isbn 0 87021 459 4 cite book last Friedman first Norman title Naval Firepower Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era publisher Naval Institute Press location Annapolis, MD year 2008 isbn 978 1 59114 555 4 cite ... Naval Institute Press location Annapolis, MD isbn 0 87021 917 0 cite book last1 Hodges first1 Peter ... more details
Infobox VG title Age of Sail image Image Age of Sail Coverart.jpg 256px Age of Sail Box Art developer TalonSoft publisher TalonSoft released November 30, 1996 genre Real time tactics Citation needed date February 2010 modes Single player , Head to Head Modem play ratings Entertainment Software Rating Board ESRB Kids to Adults platforms Microsoft Windows media Compact disc CD 1 requirements IBM PC 486 33, 8 MB Random access memory RAM , Windows 3.1x , Super Video Graphics Array SVGA Graphics card video card , sound card , 2x CD ROM drive, and 5 MB hard disk space input Computer keyboard Keyboard , Mouse computing mouse Age of Sail was a real time tactics Citation needed date February 2010 naval combat Personal computer PC video game produced by TalonSoft in 1996. The game covered the naval campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars , Napoleonic Wars and other more minor conflicts in the period 1775 to 1820. In addition to the campaigns there were more than 100 independent scenarios based on significant naval actions including the battles of Battle of Trafalgar Trafalgar and Battle of Camperdown Camperdown . The game included a scenario editor with over 2,000 historically accurate sailing ship s allowing the extension of the game by the user. See also Age of Sail II Age of Sail II Privateer s Bounty External links gamefaqs id 196560 moby game id age of sail name Age of Sail DEFAULTSORT Age Of Sail Video Game Category Real time tactics video games Category 1996 video games Category Windows games Category Naval video games Category Video games about pirates Category Video games with historical settings TakeTwo studio stub strategy videogame stub vi Age of Sail ... more details
Michael E. url http uk.gamespot.com age of sail ii reviews age of sail ii review 2684823?tag summary 3Bread review&page 2 title Age of Sail II Review GameSpot.com publisher Uk.gamespot.com date 2001 02 01 accessdate 2011 12 07 ref See also Age of Sail computer game Akella Global Star Software Take Two Interactive References reflist External links gamefaqs id 914404 moby game id age of sail ii name Age of Sail II Category 2001 video games Category Naval video games Category Real time tactics video ...Infobox VG title Age of Sail II image Image AoS II box art.JPG 256px Age of Sail Box Art developer Akella publisher TalonSoft producer Chris Lacey released January 2001 genre Real time tactics Citation needed date February 2010 modes Single player , Multiplayer Up to 16 players over LAN or the Internet ratings Entertainment Software Rating Board ESRB Everyone E platforms Microsoft Windows media Compact disc CD 1 requirements Pentium II 300 MHz, 64Mb Random access memory RAM , 32Mb DirectX 8 Video, Windows 98 ME 2000 XP, DirectX 8 audio input Computer keyboard Keyboard , Mouse computing mouse Age of Sail II lang ru II is the sequel to Age of Sail computer game Age of Sail . It has similar historically accurate game play, and is enhanced with 3D computer graphics 3D graphics and a free floating camera. Unlike the original Age of Sail, the sequel s maps are embellished with strategic landmasses. Age of Sail II accurately portrays the mighty fighting ships from 1775 to 1820 ... to create custom scenarios. A stand alone expansion, titled Age of Sail II Privateer s Bounty , was released in 2002. Gameplay The gameplay of Age of Sail II features a minimap , Tiller helm , and lists ... fleet actions. ref cite web url http uk.pc.ign.com articles 164 164857p1.html title Age of Sail II ... strategy videogame stub vi Age of Sail II ... , and the target hull watercraft hull sail . Each fire also inflicts damage on the ship s crew . Canister ... more details
Infobox Book name British Warships in the Age of Sail title orig translator image File British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793 1817.jpg image caption Front cover of British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793 1817 author Rif Winfield illustrator cover artist country language English series subject Sailing warships of the Royal Navy genre Maritime History publisher Chatham Publishing br Seaforth Press pub date 2005 2009 english pub date media type pages isbn dewey congress oclc preceded by followed by British Warships in the Age of Sail is a series of books by maritime historian Rif Winfield comprising a historical reference work providing details of all recorded ships in commission or intended to serve in the Royal Navy from 1603 to 1817. Scope The books draw data from Admiralty official records to give details on the location of construction, dates of construction ordering, keel laying, Ship naming and launching launch , Ship commissioning commissioning and completion of fitting out , principal dimensions and tonnage, complement of men and armament, machinery for steam vessels and fate of every ship of the Royal Navy over the period. Designed dimensions and tonnage are given for every class of vessel planned and built for the Navy, but in addition the actual dimensions measured for each ... by Seaforth Publishing British Warships in the Age of Sail 1603 1714 Design, Construction, Careers and Fates 2009 ISBN 978 1 84832 040 6. British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714 1792 Design, Construction, Careers and Fates 2007 ISBN 978 1 84415 700 6. British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793 ... applied to the many vessels purchased or captured by British naval forces, and added to the service ... warships after 1817 are covered by The Sail and Steam Navy List , 1815 1889 , by David Lyon ... South West Maritime History Society Book Review accessdate 2010 08 23 ref See also The Sail and Steam ... Navy List by David Lyon References reflist Category 2000s books Category Naval books Category ... more details
infobox Museum name Age of Sail Heritage Centre image Age of Sail entrance.jpg established 1994 location 8334 Nova Scotia Route 209 Route 209 br Port Greville, Nova Scotia Canada type Community and Marine Museum director curator visitors website http www.ageofsailmuseum.ca www.ageofsailmuseum.ca The Age of Sail Heritage Centre also known as the Age of Sail Heritage Museum is a museum and heritage centre at Port Greville, Nova Scotia , Canada . It focuses on the history of Parrsboro Shore communities along the Minas Channel of the Bay of Fundy with an emphasis on the area s shipbuilding and lumbering heritage. The Site File Age of Sail Site.jpg thumb 75pix left The Port Greville Lighthouse on the Grounds of the museum The Museum consists of a number of historic buildings moved to a central site on the banks of a scenic ravine beside the tidal Greville River . The main building is a former 1854 Methodist Church. In addition to the original building the site is home to a cafe gift shop, the Port Greville Lighthouse ref http www.nslps.com light detail.aspx?ID 320&M IP&N 3 Port Greville Lighthouse , Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society ref , a boat shed, a blacksmith shop and a band saw shed. Several walking trails lead from the museum to historic and natural features along the river ... lumbering and shipbuilding history. File Age of Sail expansion.jpg thumb 75pix right The 2011 ..., the Age of Sail Heritage Centre Museum was opened to the public. After its first year the centre ... portgrev.htm Age of Sail Heritage Centre architect receives award , The Citizen , March 11, 1995, p.3 ... Age of Sail Heritage Centre . ref The museum is one of the attractions of the Fundy Shore Ecotour . ref http www.fundyshoreecotour.ns.ca tour am14.htm Age of Sail Heritage Centre , Fundy Shore Ecotour ref References Reflist External links Commons category Age of Sail Heritage Museum ... A24B79ED6CF6BF6E9A5A57C755CB2E93?mu on&R NGUIDE AEED Age of Sails Heritage Centre Museum Profile ... more details
Winds in the Age of Sail The captain of a steam ship naturally chooses the shortest route to his destination. Since a sailing ship is pushed by the winds and currents its captain must find a route where the wind will probably blow in the right direction. Tacking sailing Tacking was always possible but wasted time, a problem that grew larger on long voyages. The early European explorers were not only looking for new lands. They also had to discover the pattern of winds and currents that would carry them where they wanted to go. During the age of sail winds and currents determined trade routes and therefore influenced European imperialism and modern political geography. For an outline to the main wind systems see Global wind patterns . Pilotage or cabotage , in one sense, is the art of sailing along the coast using known landmarks. Navigation , in one sense, is the art of sailing long distances out of sight of land ref This somewhat unorthodox definition was proposed by J. H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance , 1963,page 98. Fernandez Armesto uses cabotage for Parry s pilotage ref . Although the Polynesians were able to sail the Pacific with great difficulty and people regularly sailed north and south across the Mediterranean, before the time of Columbus nearly all sailing was coastal pilotage. Asians East Asia A Chinese or Japanese who sails east finds only thousands of miles of empty ocean and a few tiny islands. The Kuroshio Current tends to push his ship northeast into the westerlies and towards North America. There are records of unlucky Japanese fishermen being blown to North America, but no records of any who sailed home. It is easy to sail south and link up with the Indian ... Fernandez Armesto . Pathfinders A Global History of Exploration, 2006 reflist DEFAULTSORT Winds In The Age Of Sail Category Winds Category Age of Discovery .... The problem was to get back again. The solution was the volta do mar in which a captain would sail ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Military Award name Kriegsabzeichen fur die Marine Artillerie br War Badge of the Coastal Artillery image caption awarded by Nazi Germany type Badge eligibility Military personnel for campaign World War II status description clasps established 24 June 1941 first award last award total posthumous recipients individual higher same lower related image2 caption2 Naval Artillery War Badge or the War Badge for Naval Artillery Lang de Kriegsabzeichen f r Marineartillerie is a German military decoration awarded for service to the crews of Kriegsmarine land based marine artillery and anti aircraft units. A crew could receive an award by achievement of eight points two for downing an aircraft unassisted, one for downing an aircraft assisted, and five for aiding in the downing of aircraft for radar, searchlight or other such units . The War Badge is worn on the lower part of the left breast pocket of the naval service tunic, underneath the 1st class Iron Cross , if awarded, or equivalent grade award. The badge was issued in a single degree only. A version of the Naval Artillery War Badge with diamonds was discussed amongst Kriegsmarine leaders, but no regulations were ever established regarding a diamonds version of the badge nor was a Naval Artillery War Badge with diamonds ever produced. Category Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany Category Military awards and decorations of Germany Wehrmacht Germany mil stub de Kriegsabzeichen f r die Marineartillerie ru ... more details
Naval tactics in the age of galleys were used from ancient history antiquity to the early 17th century when sailing ship s replaced oared galley s. Weapons in the age of galleys Throughout ancient history antiquity and the Middle Ages until the 16th century, the weapons relied on were the ship itself, used as a battering ram , the sword s of the crew, missile weapons such as bolts from heavy crossbows fixed on the bulwarks, bows and arrows, weights dropped from a yard or pole rigged out, and the various means of setting an enemy alight by shooting arrows with burning tow or by Greek fire or wild fire, blown through tubes cannae, whence cannon . The nature of Greek fire is still an unsettled question, and it is believed by some authorities that the Byzantine Empire Byzantines of the Middle Ages were acquainted with the use of gun powder. However, it is certain that even after the introduction of artillery in the 14th century, they were very feeble. Early naval tactics All actions were fought at close quarters, where ramming and Boarding attack boarding were possible. But the use of the ram was only available for a vessel driven by oars. A sailing vessel could not ram unless she were running before a good breeze. In a light wind her charge would be ineffective, and it could not be made ... of oar and sail respectively. Outside the Mediterranean , the sea was unfavourable to the long, narrow .... The Romans did continue their boarding tactics in the naval battles of the Punic Wars, but are also ... of guns After the introduction of artillery in the 14th century, when guns were carried ... bands across the bows. The principles of naval warfare known to the ancient world descended through Byzantium to the Italian Republic s and from them to the West. See also Naval tactics in the Age of SailNaval tactics in the Age of Steam Modern naval tactics 1911 DEFAULTSORT Naval Tactics In The Age Of Galleys Category Naval warfare Tactics, galleys Category Naval warfare tactics Category Warfare ... more details
. In the Naval tactics in the Age of Sailage of sail , when the range of effective fire was a thousand ... also Naval tactics Naval strategy Naval tactics in the Age of Sail 1911 Category Naval warfare Tactics ..., submarine s of the First World War were similar to privateer s in the age of sail , because they were ... 1906 Dreadnought battleship s. The Naval mine mine , torpedo , submarine and aircraft posed ... warfare and the use of dazzle camouflage . By the end of the steam age, aircraft carriers had replaced battleship s as the principal unit of the Naval fleet fleet . The development of tactics in the 19th ... of the Russo Japanese War in 1904 was marked by no major naval war. There was fighting at sea ... and the Naval mine mine soon made it very dangerous for one fleet to rush at another. The torpedo ... in naval warfare. It was undoubtedly capable of producing a great effect when its power could be fully ... that the Russian Squadron naval squadron at L shunkou Port Arthur had the means of repair close ... The war also saw the first use of Naval mine mines as an offensive, rather than purely defensive ... of the field led to a naval arms race as Britain and Germany and, to a lesser extent, other powers ... of mines, torpedoes and submarines greatly increased the complexity of naval tactics during the First World War . Even so, the gun remained the principal naval weapon. It could still deliver its blows ... of long range guns mounted in gun turret turret s changed the nature of naval tactics. While concentration remained a fundamental objective of tactics, the increased range and field of fire of naval guns ... than engage in battle with enemy naval vessels. Individually, submarines were only capable of sinking ... . The interwar years Fearing another naval arms race, the big naval powers agreed to the Washington Naval Treaty and scrapped some of their battleships and cruisers while still on the slipways. In addition to this, the Washington Naval Treaty established limits on the total tonnage of the fleets of America ... more details
Sail On may refer to Sail On Muddy Waters album Sail On Muddy Waters album Sail On The 30th Anniversary Collection , a 2004 album by Kansas Sail On song , a song by the Commodores from Midnight Magic album Midnight Magic disambiguation nl Sail On ... more details
ships through the Age of Sail and to the present day. Triangular fore and aft rigs were invented ...other uses Image DSC 7439 MR VoileLatine.jpg thumb 200px A lateen sail A sail is any type of surface intended to move a vessel, vehicle or Windmill sail rotor by being placed in a wind in essence a propulsion ... Austronesian words for sail, lay r , and other rigging parts date to about 3000 BCE when ... bi sparred crab claw sail , ref I. C. Campbell, http www.uhpress.hawaii.edu journals jwh jwh061p001.pdf The Lateen Sail in World History , Journal of World History University of Hawaii , 6 .1 Spring 1995 , p. 1 23 ref ref name Marchaj1 Marchaj, Czeslaw A. Sail Performance, Techniques to Maximize Sail Power, Revised Edition . London Adlard Coles Nautical, 2003. Part 2 Aerodynamics of sails, Chapter 11 The Sail Power of Various Rigs ref and continue to be used throughout the world. During ... , gaff rig , jib Genoa sail genoa staysail , and Bermuda rig , improving European upwind sailing ability ... ref http www.space.com 10666 nasa solar sail satellite success.html ref Use of sails Sails are primarily used on the water by sailing ship s and sail boat s as a Marine propulsion propulsion system. For purposes ... type of sailboat, a small pleasure yacht , usually has a sail plan called a sloop . This has ... on the bow nose of the boat. A Genoa sail genoa is also used on some boats. It is a type of jib that is large ... faster downwind. The spinnaker is often a colorful sail and can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical ... to allow the boat to follow a course into the wind. Modern boats can sail as close as 30 degrees to the wind. A primary feature of a properly designed sail is an amount of draft sailing draft , caused by curvature of the surface of the sail. When the leading edge of a sail is oriented into the wind ..., while the latter allows the sail to keep a constant shape as the wind pressure increases. The draft of the sail can be reduced in stronger winds by use of a Cunningham sailing cunningham and outhaul ... more details
Infobox album Name To Sail, to Sail Type studio Artist Fred Frith Cover FredFrith AlbumCover ToSailToSail.jpg Background orange Released Startdate 2008 7 Recorded Genre Flatlist Classical music Classical blues Folk music folk free improvisation Length Duration m 65 s 23 Label Tzadik Records Tzadik US Producer Fred Frith Last album Back to Life Fred Frith album Back to Life br 2008 This album To Sail, to Sail br 2008 Next album Impur II br 2009 Album ratings rev1 All About Jazz rev1Score favorable ref name Medwin cite web url http www.allaboutjazz.com m article.php?id 34272 title To Sail, to Sail work All About Jazz first Marc last Medwin accessdate 2012 03 29 ref To Sail, to Sail is a studio album of acoustic guitar solos by England English guitarist , composer and Improvisation improvisor Fred Frith . It is Frith s first album of acoustic guitar solos and crosses musical borders with 16 tracks of Classical music classical , blues , Folk music folk and free improvisation . Frith dedicates each track to some of the important figures in his musical life, including Champion Jack Dupree , John Cage , Terry Riley , Daevid Allen , Barre Phillips and Davey Graham . The album was released on Tzadik Records s Key Series in 2008. Track listing Because Your Mama Wants You Home Fred Frith Frith 2 39 Weather Gauge Fred Frith Frith 4 23 Reconstructed Fred Frith Frith 4 07 Life on Venus Fred Frith Frith 4 29 Mondays Fred Frith Frith 2 05 Life Enhancing Interior Fred Frith Frith 4 00 First Light Fred Frith Frith 4 45 Scratch Orchestra Fred Frith Frith 4 16 The Wrong Door Fred Frith Frith 5 05 Circuit Breakers and Fuses Fred Frith Frith 5 05 The Slightest Shiver Fred Frith Frith 2 32 Sheep s Head, 1963 Fred Frith Frith 5 40 Life by Another Name Fred Frith Frith 3 38 Dog Watch Fred Frith ... index.php?catalog 7625 To Sail, To Sail on Tzadik Records . Allmusic class album id r1397093 label To Sail, To Sail . http web.archive.org web 20080716063951 http home.arcor.de nyds exp discogs frith.htm ... more details
Sail On Sail On is a alternate history short story by Philip Jos Farmer , first published in 1952. In an alternative 1492, the Earth is flat, though scientists and philosophers have doubts about its geological provenance, and an Angelo Angelli is mentioned as proving Aristotle s axiom that objects of different weights drop with different velocities which Galileo Galilei disproved in our world . Radio technology exists in 1492, and the shipboard operator of a telegraph is a Friar Sparks , although the principles are described in religious terms involving angel s winglength as a substitute for radio waves and the involvement of cherubim hurling themselves across the ether to send the signal giving rise to kilo cherubs as a measurement of frequency, denoted as k c. , and continuous wingheight, denoted as c w, both radio terms in the real world . Psychology also exists, which means that Christopher Columbus s vessels do not turn back despite growing unease and ominous warning signs. It turns out that the Americas do not exist, so, like other transatlantic crossing transatlantic travellers, Columbus and his colleagues sail over the edge of the world into Earth orbit, and never return from their mission. Richard Garfinkle s alternate history novel Celestial Matters 1996 describes a more elaborated Aristotelianism Aristotelian physics and geocentric cosmology. See also portal Novels Celestial Matters References Mary Brizzi Readers Guide to Philip Jos Farmer Mercer Island, Washington Starmont House 1981 ISBN 0916732053 Category Alternate history short stories Category 1952 short stories Category Short stories by Philip Jos Farmer ... more details
Modern period the artillery crew has used wheeled or tracked vehicles as a mode of transportation. Artillery used by naval forces has changed significantly also, with missile s replacing guns in surface ... artillery and firepower . Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1591140293 ref An estimated 75,000 French soldiers ...For other uses of the term Artillery disambiguation history of war File MuseeMarine canon 1880 p1000439.jpg thumb 210px French naval piece of the late 19th century Originally applied to any group of infantry primarily armed with projectile weapons, artillery has over time become limited in meaning to refer ... army s offensive capabilities. In common speech the word artillery is often used to refer to individual ... referred to as equipments. By association, artillery may also refer to the Combat Arms arm of service that customarily operates such engines. Artillery may also refer to a system of applied scientific research relating to the engineering design design , manufacture and employment of artillery ... in this sense. Artillery is by far the deadliest and most effective form of land based armament in the Napoleonic Wars , World War I and World War II the vast majority of combat deaths were caused by artillery. ref name autogenerated1 Christopher Bellamy, Oxford Companion to Military History artillery Page needed date July 2011 ref In 1944, Joseph Stalin said in a speech that artillery was the God ... recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first references ... era . Through much of their early history artillery was treated as part of the engineering art because ... assembled. Until the introduction of gunpowder into western warfare artillery depended upon mechanical ... the construction of very large apparatus to store sufficient energy. For much of artillery s history during the Middle Ages and the Early modern period , Cannon artillery pieces on land were moved ... some of the most complex technological application today. In some armies, the weapon of artillery ... more details
dablink This article is about the band The Artillery . For other meanings, see Wiktionary The Artillery The Artillery . Orphan date February 2009 unreferenced date January 2011 Infobox musical artist name The Artillery image caption The Artillery image size background group or band alias origin Round Rock , Texas instrument genre Alternative rock Alternative br Electronic music Electronic occupation years active 2000 present label SE RECORDS associated acts website http www.the artillery.net www.the artillery.net br http the artillery.net epk Electronic Press Kit current members Dean Barry br Jonathan Macias br Chris Reyes br Chris Ellis past members The Artillery is a post hardcore band that formed in Round Rock, Texas in 2000 management is SE Records . Biography Brief history The Artillery is a four piece band formed out of Round Rock, Texas. They have been together since 2000, and have been playing shows regionally since 2002, and nationally since 2006. Hailing from a suburb of the largest music scene in Texas, Chris Ellis, a swagger savvy drummer, and Jonathan Macias, a natural born rocker, were urged to start a rock band. After trying out a few unfitting candidates, they came across ... proven himself to be the missing link that would bring The Artillery to their full potential. Now that they were ... vocals. The Artillery recorded their first E.P. entitled Fear Is In with producer Paul Soroski, and released ... online media forms. The Artillery also got to 14 out of thousands in an online battle for Austin City Limits Festival. With big dreams set in their sight, The Artillery is still creating and producing ... it to the masses. The Artillery The Artillery and Paul Soroski Paul Soroski, bassist of the Southern Rock band Podunk band Podunk , was introduced to The Artillery in the summer of 2003, they met at a local sound stage. He was intrigued by how young TA was, and how well they could play for their age ... Chris Ellis drums DEFAULTSORT Artillery, The Category American post hardcore musical groups Category ... more details
Sail Rock s status as a natural monument was declared November 24, 1971 by the administration of Gelendzhik ... about Sail Rock from the Hotel Parus ru icon http www.praskoveevka.ru okrestnost skala parus.php Sail Rock at Praskoveyevka Environments ru icon http mc.prostranstvo.ru speleo20.html An article ... more details
age tools, variations on the crab claw sail rig on various sized open ocean canoes carried the Pacific ... gaffs and in the golden age of sail, vessels were built with as many as seven masts. One of the easiest ...Image Tackling.png right thumb 300px Sailing frigate and its rigging A sail plan is a set of drawings, usually prepared by a Naval Architecture naval architect . It shows the various combinations of sail proposed for a sailing ship . The combinations shown in a sail plan almost always include three configurations A light air sail plan. Over most of the Earth, most of the time, the wind force is Beaufort scale Force 1 or less. Thus a sail plan should include a set of huge, lightweight sails that will keep the ship underway in light breezes. A working sail working sail plan. This is the set of sails ..., but still lightweight. An economical sail in this set will include several sets of reefing ties, so the area of the sail can be reduced in a stronger wind. A storm sail storm sail plan. This is the set ... sail plans, the architect attempts to balance the force of the sails against the drag of the underwater ... can destroy a lightly built boat. The architect also tries to balance the wind force on each sail plan against a range of loads and ballast. The calculation assures that the sail will not knock the vessel ... Types of sail A Fore and aft rig fore and aft sail is one that, when flat, runs fore and aft. These types ... changes course. A gaff rig ged sail is a fore and aft sail shaped like a truncated triangle the upper edge of which is made fast to a spar called a gaff. The top of the gaff rigged sail tends to twist ... of the sail the centre of effort is typically lower, somewhat reducing the angle of heel leaning of the boat caused by wind force on the sails compared to a similar sized Bermuda rigged sail. A Square rig square sail is set square to the mast from a yard , a spar running transversely in relation to the hull athwartships . It is not, as commonly thought, named after the approximate shape of the sail ... more details
refimprove date February 2010 File USS Monongahela 1862 .jpg thumb USS Monongahela 1862 6 with a full set of studding sails set A studding sail or studsail is a sail used to increase the sail area of a square rig ged vessel in light winds. Traditionally pronounced stuns l . File Lizel schemat.png thumb left Diagram showing how a studding sail attaches to a yardarm It is an extra sailing extra sail hoisted alongside a square rigged sail on an extension of its yardarm . It is named by prefixing the word studding to the name of the working sail alongside which it is set. File Studding sail names.gif thumb right Names of studding sails in a foreign language? Studding sails have also been used to increase the sail area of a fore and aft spanker sail spanker , again by extending the upper spar . Such a sail extending the leech of a fore and aft sail is known as a ringtail. Sails that extend below the boom to deck level or lower are known as watersails . References cite book first John last Harland title Seamanship in the age of sail publisher Conway Maritime Press isbn 0 85177 179 3 year 1984 commons category Studding sails Sail Types Category Sailing rigs and rigging fr Bonnette voile pl Lizel ru ... more details
refimprove date September 2008 Image Kiosk Casabianca.jpg right 250px thumb Sail of the French nuclear submarine FS Casabianca Casabianca note the diving plane s, camouflage d masts, periscope, electronic warfare masts, door and windows. In naval parlance, the sail American usage or fin European Commonwealth usage of a submarine is the tower like structure found on the Dorsum biology dorsal topside surface of submarines. Submarine sails usually house the conning tower command and communications data center , the periscope periscope s , radar and communications masts Antenna radio antenna . When surfaced, the sail serves as an observation platform. Historically, much of the submarine control was performed from the conning tower located inside the sail superstructure, ref name onr submarines but some newer submarines can be controlled entirely from the bridge. The sail also provides an entrance and exit point on the submarine that has enough Freeboard nautical freeboard to prevent the submarine being swamped. In some submarines, the sail also supports diving planes which are control surfaces which are used for underwater stability and steering. ref name onr submarines Office of Naval Research . http www.onr.navy.mil focus blowballast sub work1.htm Submarines How They Work . Retrieved December 24, 2008. ref See also Conning tower References reflist Category Submarines de Turm U Boot pl Kiosk okr tu podwodnego ... more details
Eagle WIX 327 Eagle has been the host vessel to all six Op Sail events. Along with Nils Hansell, Frank Braynard launched the world s first Operation Sail, an extravanganza in which tall ships and naval ...Operation Sail refers to a series of sailing events held to celebrate special occasions and features sailing vessels from around the world. Each event is coordinated by Operation Sail, Inc., a non profit ... States Congress . Often referred to as OpSail or Op Sail , the event has the goals of promoting good will and cooperation between countries while providing sail training and celebrating maritime history ... of the event, smaller sailing vessels also participate. Op Sail events, when scheduled, are run concurrently with the annual International Naval Review, which features present day warships from various navies. Six Op Sail events have been held to date, in 1964, 1976, 1986, 1992, 2000 and 2012 ... inaugural Opsail was a tie in with the 1964 New York World s Fair . Operation sail 1964 Four years in the making, Operation Sail is an international effort to promote goodwill and to generate awareness ... opportunity for anyone who is stirred by the sight of a square rigger under full sail. Many nations maintain sailing ships in this machine age because they believe there is no better way to build character in young men than sail training. It encourages initiative, steadfastness, leadership and personal ... run, in company, to New York. These ships are specifically built for training under sail. As these tall ... spectacle OPERATION SAIL. July 12 Ships anchor in designated order in Gravesend Bay. July 13 1430 Captains ... open to Public. July 19 Divine Services Ships Depart. Taken from Operation sail guide book 1964. Bicentennial ... of sail in these ports, and will be open for general public visiting at no cost. The ships ... Peter Andrews Op Sail 92 page http www.opsail.org Operation Sail, Inc. homepage Images gallery ... York Harbor during Op Sail 1976. Image OpSail1.jpg USCGC Eagle WIX 327 USCGC Eagle , moored in San ... more details
the festival, involving small sailboats, sailor choirs or re enactments of naval battles. The Sail In or Parade of Sail on the first day attracts many other small ships, including creations like a sailing organ with trumpet accompaniment or a train converted to a ship. On the next to last day there is a naval pageant and on the last day the Sail Out . The Next Sail Amsterdam will be held from 20 August to 24 August 2015. SAIL Amsterdam 2005 SAIL Amsterdam 2005 was held from 17 to 22 August, the 7th ...Inappropriate tone date December 2007 File Amsterdam Sail 2010 0819 Stad Amsterdam 02.jpg thumb The Stad Amsterdam , the flag ship of SAIL Amsterdam 2010 File AmerigoVespucci.JPG thumb The Amerigo Vespucci ship Amerigo Vespucci during Sail 2005 File Sailin2005.JPG thumb Chaos on the water during the Sail in of 2005 SAIL Amsterdam is a large sea maritime event held every five years in Amsterdam , Netherlands ... page.asp?partid 211 Sail Training International Sail Amsterdam Bot generated ..., under the name Sail Amsterdam 700 . At that time, interest in tall ships, which had sunk ... needed date April 2009 . The success of Sail Amsterdam 700 led to the establishment of the Stichting Sail Amsterdam SSA, Foundation Sail Amsterdam . Sail is one of the largest maritime manifestations ... of classical sail and steamships het Nationaal Varend Erfgoed the Sailing National Heritage and some ... SAIL Amsterdam 2005 backlit quay.jpg thumb Early morning overview of tall ships The main ships, in the order ... of IJmuiden for the Sail In or Parade of Sail through the North Sea Canal to Amsterdam, led by the event ... to have been any damage. In 2005 Sail Bremerhaven was held one week before SAIL Amsterdam ... for the ships since they are already in the neighbourhood. Sail Amsterdam 2005 logo contest was won ... is originally from Algeria Algiers . His logo was finally chosen and used through the entire event. Sail Amsterdam 2010 Sail Amsterdam 2010 was held from August 19 until August 23. File View02AmsterdamSail2010.JPG ... more details
antecedents when maritime nation s would send young naval officer candidates to sea e.g., see Outward Bound , sail training provides an unconventional and effective way of building many useful skills ... marine, the since 1921 Norwegian owned Statsraad Lehmkuhl is one of the oldest sail training ... steamship lines and other adventurous youth who had all paid a premium to sail while being trained. These crews were considered trainees and were the first formalization of sail trainers with crew ... of their own vessels, redefining sail training as a purely educational endeavour with trainees as the cargo ... were the genesis of current modern sail training, using manually operated ships and the harsh ... page 56 ref Modern sail training In what was conceived to be last great gathering of Square rig square riggers under sail, Bernard Morgan and Greville Howard persuaded a number of ship owners to join ... organizers today. Old vessels were saved or repaired and new purpose built sail training vessels were commissioned. With renewed interest in the age of sail, national sail training associations affiliated to Sail Training International STI formerly Sail Training Association were organized and large ... from one country to sail with those from another. Long before the end of the Cold War , ships from Russia ... of the affiliate organizations of the STI is the American Sail Training Association ASTA .... He was at the helm as guest Captain Advisor for the ship s inaugural sail in 1997 after 116 ... to train her sailors to sail the vessel as originally intended. Many boats are historical vessels and replicas which require coordinated manual labor to sail, operating in the original tradition proposed ... built educational platforms carrying out scientific research under sail such as the Robert ... platforms for sail training as they combine many elements fundamental to sail training. A Tall ... tons carrying six or more sailing school students or instructors, primarily propelled by sail, and operated ... more details
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