Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A nematicide is a type of chemical pesticide used to kill parasitic nematode s. One common nematicide is obtained from neem cake , the residue obtained after cold pressing the fruit and kernels of the neem tree. Known by several names in the world, the tree was first cultivated in India in ancient times and is now widely distributed throughout the world. The root exudate of marigold Tagetes is also found to have nematicidal action. Nematophagous fungi , a type of carnivorous fungi , can be useful in controlling nematodes, Paecilomyces being one example. Prior to 1985, the persistent halocarbon 1,2 Dibromo 3 chloropropane DBCP was a widely used nematicide and soil fumigant . However, it was banned from use after being linked to Infertility sterility among male workers the Dow Chemical company was subsequently found liable for more than 600 million in damages. Besides chemicals, Soil steam sterilization soil steaming can be used in order to kill nematodes. Steam Superheated steam Superheated steam is induced into the soil which causes almost all organic material to deteriorate. Category Pesticides Category Nematodes Chem stub Agri stub de Nematizid fr N maticide pl Nematocydy pt Nematicida ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 Spraing is a disease of potato tuber s that causes brown streaks in the flesh of the potato. Spraing can be caused by two viruses , tobacco rattle virus TRV which is transmitted by trichodorid nematodes , or potato mop top virus PMTV transmitted by the powdery scab fungus Spongospora subterranea . Control of the disease is generally by ensuring that seed is disease free although the strain transmitted by nematodes can be controlled to some extent by the use of nematicide s Category Potato diseases Category Viral plant pathogens and diseases Virus plant disease stub Agri stub fr N crose annulaire ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Chembox verifiedrevid 443877662 ImageFile Iprodione.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName 3 3,5 dichlorophenyl N isopropyl 2,4 dioxoimidazolidine 1 carboxamide OtherNames Glycophene br Promidione Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 34418 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C11208 InChI 1 C13H13Cl2N3O3 c1 7 2 16 12 20 17 6 11 19 18 13 17 21 10 4 8 14 3 9 15 5 10 h3 5,7H,6H2,1 2H3, H,16,20 InChIKey ONUFESLQCSAYKA UHFFFAOYAC StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C13H13Cl2N3O3 c1 7 2 16 12 20 17 6 11 19 18 13 17 21 10 4 8 14 3 9 15 5 10 h3 5,7H,6H2,1 2H3, H,16,20 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey ONUFESLQCSAYKA UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 36734 19 7 PubChem 37517 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 28909 SMILES O C2N c1cc Cl cc Cl c1 C O CN2C O NC C C Section2 Chembox Properties C 13 H 13 Cl 2 N 3 O 3 MolarMass 330.16662 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Iprodione is an imidazole fungicide . Application Iprodion is used on crops affected by Botrytis bunch rot , Brown rot , Sclerotinia and other fungal diseases in plants. It is currently applied in a variety of crops fruit, vegetables, ornamental trees and scrubs and on lawns. It is a contact fungicide that inhibits the germination of fungal spores and it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium. It has been marketed under the brand name Rovral and Chipco green both brands of Bayer CropScience . This chemical was developed originally by Rh ne Poulenc Agrochimie later Aventis CropScience and in 2002 acquired by Bayer . Patents on iprodione are currently expired. In 2010 Iprodione was launched in the United States as a nematicide with the brand name Enclosure by the agbiotech company DevGen . Category Fungicides Category Endocrine disruptors Category Organochlorides Category Hydantoins Organi ... more details
Image 20100814 175958 FungusOnDeadnematode HarposporiumAnguillulae.jpg thumb right A dead nematode with Harposporium anguillulae growing out of it. Numbered ticks are 122 µ m apart. Image 20100814 180201 FungusOnDeadnematode HarposporiumAnguillulae.jpg thumb right A closer look at some of the Harposporium anguillulae in the previous image. Numbered ticks are 20 µ m apart. Image 20100828 005957 Fungus.jpg thumb right A fungus of the genus Arthrobotrys , showing adhesive nets which it uses to trap nematodes. Numbered ticks are 122 µ m apart. Nematophagous fungi are carnivorous fungus carnivorous fungi specialized in trapping and digesting nematode s. Around 160 species are known. There exist both species that live inside the nematodes from the beginning and others that catch them mostly with glue traps or in rings, some of which constrict on contact. Some species possess both types of traps. Another technique is to stun the nematodes using toxins, which is a method employed by Coprinus comatus and the family Pleurotaceae . ref name thorn00 Nematophagous fungus can be useful in controlling nematodes. Paecilomyces for example can be used as a bio nematicide . References reflist refs ref name thorn00 cite journal title Phylogenetic Analyses and the Distribution of Nematophagy Support a Monophyletic Pleurotaceae within the Polyphyletic Pleurotoid Lentinoid Fungi first R. Greg last Thorn first2 Jean Marc last2 Moncalvo first3 C. A. last3 Reddy first4 Rytas last4 Vilgalys journal Mycologia volume 92 issue 2 month Mar Apr year 2000 pages 241 252 jstor 3761557 doi 10.2307 3761557 ref External links http www.biological research.com philip jacobs 20BRIC Guide to Nematophagous Fungi http www.uoguelph.ca 7Egbarron N D 20Fungi n dfungi.htm Nematode Destroying Fungi Category Carnivorous fungi Category Biological pest control agents fungus stub de Nematophage Pilze ja pt Fungo nemat fago ... more details
Phototoxins are toxin s that can cause allergic reactions in particularly susceptible individuals and which can cause dangerous photosensitivity in a much broader range of subjects. Phototoxins are common in a variety of plants including food plants where they may be a biological defence many citrus es contain essential oil s that are photosensitizers some herbalism herbal remedies notably St John s wort , though incident rates for this plant are reportedly low some prescribed medications such as tetracycline antibiotics and many essential oils , perfume s and cosmetics . Ingested medications may cause systemic photosensitivity and topically applied medications, cosmetics and essential oils may lead to local or perhaps systemic photosensitivity. Curiously and ironically, para aminobenzoic acid 4 Aminobenzoic acid PABA found in some sunscreens can also cause photosensitivity. Upon exposure to light, notably light containing ultraviolet radiation, discolouration of the skin whether as inflammation, lightening or darkening or rashes may result. In extreme cases, blistering may also occur. Uses The Marigold common marigold plant produces the phototoxin alpha terthienyl, which functions as a nematicide . When exposed to near ultraviolet light, such as in sunlight, alpha terthienyl generates the toxic singlet oxygen . ref J. Bakker, F. J. Gommers, I. Nieuwenhuis and H. Wynberg. Photoactivation of the nematicidal compound alpha terthienyl from roots of marigolds Tagetes species . A possible singlet oxygen role. JBC, Vol. 254, Issue 6, 1841 1844, Mar, 1979. http www.jbc.org cgi content abstract 254 6 1841 ref Alpha terthienyl results in damage to the respiratory, digestive and nervous system of larvae, resulting in 100 death rates in concentrations of 33 ppb. ref Manish Nivsarkar, Bapu Cherian and Harish Padh. Alpha terthienyl A plant derived new generation insecticide. Current Science, Vol. 81, No. 6, 25 September 2001. http www.ias.ac.in currsci sep252001 667.pdf ref This ... more details
The New Agriculture Movement Bengali language Bengali Nayakrishi is an agricultural movement in Bangladesh that opposes the use of Western world Western pesticides and Genetic engineering genetically altered seeds. ref cite news title Bangladesh the seeds of change url http www.accessmylibrary.com coms2 summary 0286 9172006 ITM work UNESCO Courier date January 2001 accessdate 2009 04 23 ref The Movement began in response to environmental hazards that were believed to have been started by the use of insecticides and nematicide s in the growing of crops . ref cite book title Writing the world on globalization last Rothenberg first David year 2005 publisher MIT Press isbn 9780262182454 page 226 ref In addition to health concerns the movement strongly promotes organic farming , and the use for food and animal fodder of plants which are often regarded as weeds. ref name hbl This is seen as both furthering self sufficiency and distancing Bangladesh from Western land development development firms and the International Monetary Fund . ref name reed cite book title Human Development and Social Power Perspectives from South Asia last Reed first Ananya Mukherjee year 2008 publisher Taylor & Francis isbn 9780415775526 pages 129 131 ref Nayakrishi has a special emphasis on supporting women, with a programme of supplying cattle to poor female headed households which are kept until a calf is born, when the original animal is passed on to another family, ref name hbl cite news title To measure poverty, you may have to go chak url http www.thehindubusinessline.com 2007 09 27 stories 2007092750650900.htm work The Hindu Business Line date 27 September 2007 accessdate 2009 04 23 ref and the organisation of the Specialised Women s Seed Network to collect seeds from local varieties of crops. ref name reed See also Portal Sustainable Development Environment Ecology Conservation biology Conservation ethic Conservation movement Ecology Ecology movement Environmentalism Environmental movemen ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 443635365 ImageFile Dichlofenthion.png ImageSize 180px IUPACName O 2,4 Dichlorophenyl O , O diethyl phosphorothioate OtherNames Dichlofenthion, Dichlofention, Dichlorfenthion, Dichlorofenthion, Diclophenthion, Diclofenthion, Hexanema, Mobilawn, Nemacide, Phosphorothioic acid, ECP, VC 13 Section1 Chembox Identifiers PubChem 7328 CASNo 97 17 6 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C18398 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 64234GT8TT SMILES CCOP S OCC Oc1cc Cl cc Cl c1 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 10 sub H sub 13 sub Cl sub 2 sub O sub 3 sub PS MolarMass 315.16 g mol Appearance liquid Density MeltingPt BoilingPt 123 C 396 K Solubility 0.245 mg L Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Not flammable Autoignition Text starts below Dichlofenthion IUPAC name O 2,4 Dichlorophenyl O , O diethyl phosphorothioate is a phosphorothioate which is primarily used as a pesticide and nematicide . Environmental fate Dichlofenthion has a relatively short half life of only a few minutes in both water and soils. While little research has been conducted over the environmental fate this compound, much is known about the compound class in which it resides. Dichlofenthion is generally considered to be an organophosphate pesticide , although in a strict chemical sense, it is a phosphorothioate . Because most organophosphate pesticides biodegrade relatively quickly, they are generally regarded as safe for use. While this may be true for most compounds, bacteria still require time to adapt to break down new compounds introduced to the soil. ref cite journal last Ragnarsdottir first K year 2007 title Environmental Fate and Toxicology of Organophosphate Pesticides journal Journal of the Geological Society issue 157 ref It has been shown that degradation rates increase as the same compounds are introduced repeatedly into the soil. Because the sorption to soil and sediment is considered high, dichlofenthion is not a highly mobile compound. The estimated half lif ... more details
Nofootnotes article date November 2011 Image Hazard T.svg right thumb Toxicity symbol for European Toxicity Class I and II Toxicity Class refers to a classification system for pesticide s that has been created by a national or international government related or sponsored organization. It addresses the acute toxicity of agents such as soil fumigant s, fungicides , herbicides , insecticides , miticide s, molluscicide s, nematicide s, or rodenticide s. General considerations Assignment to a Toxicity Class is based typically on results of acute toxicity studies such as the determination of LD50 values in animal experiments, notably rodent s, via oral, inhaled, or external application. The experimental design measures the acute death rate of an agent. The Toxicity Class generally does not address issues of other potential harm of the agent, such as bioaccumulation , issues of carcinogen icity, teratogen icity, mutagen ic effects, or the impact on reproduction . Regulating agencies may require that packaging of the agent be labeled with a Signal Word , a specific warning label to indicate the level of toxicity. Toxicity Class by jurisdiction EPA United States The United States Environmental Protection Agency uses four Toxicity Classes. Classes I to III are required to carry a Signal Word on the label. Pesticides are regulated by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act FIFRA . Toxicity Class I most toxic requires Signal Word Danger Poison , with Skull and crossbones poison skull and crossbones symbol, possibly followed by Fatal if swallowed , Poisonous if inhaled , Extremely hazardous by skin contact rapidly absorbed through skin , or Corrosive causes eye damage and severe skin burns Class I materials are estimated to be fatal to an adult human at a dose of less than 5 grams less than a teaspoon . Toxicity Class II moderately toxic Signal Word Warning , possibly followed by Harmful or fatal if swallowed , Harmful or fatal if absorbed through the skin , Har ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 408394461 Name Aldicarb ImageFile Aldicarb 2D skeletal.png ImageSize 200px ImageName Skeletal formula of aldicarb ImageFile1 Aldicarb 3D balls.png ImageSize1 200px ImageName1 Ball and stick model of aldicarb IUPACName 2 Methyl 2 methylthio propanal O N methylcarbamoyl oxime OtherNames Temik Section1 Chembox Identifiers UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 8V071SH05P KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C11015 InChI 1 C7H14N2O2S c1 7 2,12 4 5 9 11 6 10 8 3 h5H,1 4H3, H,8,10 b9 5 SMILES O C O N C C SC C C NC InChIKey QGLZXHRNAYXIBU WEVVVXLNBS PubChem 9570071 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 91732 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C7H14N2O2S c1 7 2,12 4 5 9 11 6 10 8 3 h5H,1 4H3, H,8,10 b9 5 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey QGLZXHRNAYXIBU WEVVVXLNSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 116 06 3 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 7844539 Section2 Chembox Properties C 7 H 14 N 2 O 2 S 1 Density 1.195 g cm MeltingPtC 100 BoilingPt Decomposes before boiling point Aldicarb is a carbamate insecticide which is the active substance in the pesticide Temik . It is effective against thrips , aphid s, Red Spider Mite spider mite s, lygus , fleahoppers, and leafminers, but is primarily used as a nematicide . ref cite web publisher http www.bayercropscienceus.us Bayer CropScience url http www.bayercropscience.us products insecticides temik title Temik accessdate 2011 04 01 ref Aldicarb is a cholinesterase inhibitor which prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synapse. In case of severe poisoning, the victim dies of respiratory failure. Aldicarb is effective where resistance to organophosphate insecticides has developed, and is extremely important in potato production, where it is used for the control of soil borne nematodes and some foliar pests. Its weakness is its high level of solubility, which restricts its use in certain areas where the water table is close to the surf ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 444854343 ImageFileL1 chloropicrin.png ImageSizeL1 100px ImageFileR1 Chloropicrin 3D balls.png ImageSizeR1 100px IUPACName trichloro nitro methane OtherNames PS Section1 Chembox Identifiers InChI 1 CCl3NO2 c2 1 3,4 5 6 7 InChIKey LFHISGNCFUNFFM UHFFFAOYAJ StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S CCl3NO2 c2 1 3,4 5 6 7 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey LFHISGNCFUNFFM UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 76 06 2 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS PubChem UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII I4JTX7Z7U2 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 39285 SMILES ClC Cl Cl N O O ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 13861343 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C18445 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula CCl sub 3 sub NO sub 2 sub MolarMass 164.375 Appearance colorless liquid Density 1.692 g ml ref http msds.chem.ox.ac.uk CH chloropicrin.html ref MeltingPt 69 C BoilingPt 112 C dec Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards Extremely toxic and irritating to skin, eyes, and lungs. FlashPt Autoignition Chloropicrin , also known as PS , is a chemical compound with the structural formula Cl sub 3 sub CNO sub 2 sub . This colourless highly toxic liquid was once used in chemical warfare and is currently used as a fumigant and nematicide as a stand alone treatment or in combination co formulation with methyl bromide and 1,3 Dichloropropene. ref name fumigant http www.workcover.nsw.gov.au Documents Publications AlertsGuidesHazards DangerousGoodsExplosivesFireworksPyrotechnics chloropicrin fact sheet 1371.pdf ref ref http books.google.com books?id cTA6AAAAMAAJ&pg PA144&dq Chloropicrin in chemical warfare PPA144,M1 ref History Chloropicrin was first discovered in 1848 by a Scottish people Scottish chemist John Stenhouse . He prepared it by the reaction of a Chlorine chlorinating agent with picric acid eq is an approx guess HOC sub 6 sub H sub 2 sub NO sub 2 sub sub 3 sub 11 NaOCl 3 Cl sub 3 sub CNO sub 2 sub 3 Na sub 2 sub CO ... more details
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