Technical date September 2009 NestedContextLanguage NCL is a declarative authoring language for hypermedia documents. NCL is an XML application language, which provides several facilities for authoring a complete hypermedia document with synchronization relationships among its components. Among its main facilities, it treats hypermedia relations as first class entities through the definition of hypermedia connectors, and it can specify arbitrary semantics for a hypermedia composition using the concept of composite templates. Following others XML standards, NCL is specified by a modular approach. NCL modules can be added to standard web languages, such as XLink and Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language SMIL . NCL was initially designed for the Web environment, but currently it is included as the declarative language of the Japanese Brazilian ISDB Tb International Standard for Digital Broadcasting terrestrial DTV digital TV middleware named Ginga SBTVD Middleware Ginga . It is also the first standardized technology of the ITU T multimedia application framework series of specifications for IPTV services. NCL Historical Evolution NCL 3.0 Profiles Full Profile NCL 3.0 Full Profile includes all NCL Modules. Enhanced Digital TV profile EDTV NCL 3.0 Enhanced DTV profile includes the Structure, Layout, Media, Context, MediaContentAnchor, CompositeNodeInterface, PropertyAnchor, SwitchInterface, Descriptor, Linking, CausalConnectorFunctionality, ConnectorBase, TestRule, TestRuleUse, ContentControl, DescriptorControl, Timing, Import, EntityReuse, ExtendedEntityReuse, KeyNavigation, Animation, TransitionBase, Transition and Metainformation modules of NCL 3.0. NCL Basic Digital ... Structure Module Layout Layout Module Components Media Module Context Module Interfaces MediaContentAnchor ... http www.softwarepublico.gov.br Composer NCL See also Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language SMIL XML eXtensible Markup Language XML External links http www.ncl.org.br NCL Official Web Site http ... more details
In theoretical computer science , a context sensitive language is a formal language that can be defined by a context sensitive grammar . That is one of the four types of grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy . Of the four, this is the least often used, in both theory and practice. Computational properties Computationally, a context sensitive language is equivalent with a linear bounded nondeterministic Turing machine , also called a linear bounded automaton . That is a non deterministic Turing machine .... This means that every formal language that can be decided by such a machine is a context sensitive language, and every context sensitive language can be decided by such a machine. This set ... of a context sensitive language that is not context free is L a sup p sup p is a prime number . L can be shown to be a context sensitive language by constructing a linear bounded automaton which accepts L . The language can easily be shown to be neither regular language regular nor context free languagecontext free by applying the respective pumping lemma s for each of the language classes to L . An example of recursive language that is not context sensitive is any recursive language whose decision .... Properties of context sensitive languages The union, intersection, concatenation and kleene star of two context sensitive languages is context sensitive. The complement of a context sensitive language is itself context sensitive. Every context free grammar context free language is context sensitive. Membership of a string in a language defined by an arbitrary context sensitive grammar, or by an arbitrary deterministic context sensitive grammar, is a PSPACE complete problem. See also Linear bounded automaton Chomsky hierarchy Noncontracting grammar s generate exactly the context sensitive languages Indexed language s a strict subset of the context sensitive languages References ... pub space.pdf Formal languages and grammars DEFAULTSORT Context Sensitive Language Category Formal ... more details
Context is a notion used in the language sciences linguistics , sociolinguistics , systemic functional ... to be defined in terms of the social identity being construed and displayed in text and talk by language users. Multidisciplinary theory In his new multidisciplinary theory of context, Teun A. van Dijk rejects objectivist concept s of social context and shows that relevant properties of social situations can only influence language use as subjective definitions of the situation by the participants, as represented and ongoingly updated in specific mental models of language users context models . Influence The influence of context parameters on language use or discourse is usually studied in terms of language variation , Stylistics linguistics style or register sociolinguistics register see Stylistics linguistics Stylistics . The basic assumption here is that language users adapt the properties of their language use such as intonation, lexical choice, syntax, and other aspects of formulation to the current communicative situation. In this sense, language use or discourse may be called more or less appropriate in a given context. It is the language or derigitave terms surrounding set ... . Rethinking context. Language as an interactive phenomenon . Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Eckert ... patterns . Philadelphia, PA University of Pennsylvania Press. Leckie Tarry, H. 1995 . Language & context ... context social context Verbal context Verbal context refers to surrounding text or talk of an expression word, sentence, conversational turn, speech act, etc. . The idea is that verbal context influences the way we understand the expression. Hence the norm not to cite people out of context. Since ..., the modern study of verbal context takes place in terms of the analysis of discourse structures and their mutual .... Social context Traditionally, in sociolinguistics, social contexts were defined in terms of objective ... Press. Fetzer, A. 2004 . Recontextualizing context. Amsterdam John Benjamins . Ghadessy, M. Ed ... more details
In formal language theory , a context free language is a formal languagelanguage generated by some context free grammar . The set of all context free languages is identical to the set of languages accepted by pushdown automaton pushdown automata . Examples An archetypical context free language is math L a nb n n geq1 math , the language of all non empty even length strings, the entire first halves ... . However, if L is a context free language and D is a regular language then both their intersection ... are Undecidable language undecidable for arbitrary context free grammar s A and B Equivalence is math ... language and a regular language is context free, so if math B math were a regular language, this problem ... free languages The reverse of a context free language is context free, but the complement need not be. Every regular language is context free because it can be described by a context free grammar . The intersection of a context free language and a regular language is always context free. There exist context sensitive language s which are not context free. To prove that a given language is not context ... context free language deterministic subclass of context free languages there are a number of well .... See also Pushdown automata Context free grammar Deterministic context free language Parsing ... math math delta mathrm state 1, mathrm read , mathrm pop mathrm state 2, mathrm push math center Context free languages have many applications in programming languages for example, the Dyck languagelanguage of all properly matched parentheses is generated by the grammar math S to SS S varepsilon math . Also, most arithmetic expressions are generated by context free grammars. Closure properties Context ... are context free languages, the following languages are context free as well the union set theory ... String homomorphism inverse homomorphism math varphi 1 math the cyclic shift of L the language math vu uv in L math Context free languages are not closed under complement complexity complement ... more details
In formal grammar theory, mildly context sensitive languages are a class of formal languages which can be efficiently parsed, but still possess enough context sensitive languagecontext sensitivity to allow the parsing of natural language s. The concept was first introduced by Aravind Joshi in 1985. Definition Mild context sensitivity is defined in terms of sets of languages. A set of languages is mildly context sensitive if and only if it contains all Context free languagecontext free languages ... 1 to the conditions of mildly context sensitive languages imposed by Joshi, and as k gets bigger, the language class becomes, in a sense, less mildly context sensitive. Notes references See also Indexed ... lemma for some class of mildly context sensitive languages. Formalisms Some attempts at creating mildly context sensitive language formalisms include Generalized context free grammar Linear Context free Rewriting Systems .28LCFRSs.29 Linear context free rewriting system s developed by D. J. Weir ... tree adjoining grammars defined in ref Joshi, et. al, 1991 ref . Multiple context free grammar s, developed ... context free grammars, multiple context free grammars, and head grammars journal Technical Report, Department ... s, while the other, smaller one may be parsed by embedded pushdown automaton s. Control Language Hierarchy A more precisely defined hierarchy of languages that correspond to the mildly context sensitive class was defined by David J. Weir. Based on the work of Nabil A. Khabbaz, Weir s Control Language Hierarchy is a containment hierarchy of countable set of language classes where the Level 1 is defined as context free, and Level 2 is the class of tree adjoining and the other three grammars. Following ... contained in the Level k 1 language class Level k languages can be parsed in math O n 3 cdot2 k 1 math time Level k contains the language math a 1 n dotso a 2 k n n geq0 math , but not math a 1 n dotso a 2 k 1 n n geq0 math Level k contains the language math w 2 k 1 w in a,b math , but not math ... more details
A deterministic context free language is a formal language which is defined by a deterministic context free grammar . ref cite book last John Hopcroft Hopcroft first John coauthors Jeffrey Ullman title Introduction to automata theory, languages, and computation year 1979 publisher Addison Wesley page 233 ref The set of deterministic context free languages is called DCFL ref CZoo Class DCFL D dcfl ref and is identical to the set of languages accepted by a deterministic pushdown automaton . The set of deterministic context free languages is a proper subset of the set of context free language s that possess an unambiguous context free grammar . For example, the language of even length palindrome s on the alphabet of 0 and 1 has the simple, unambiguous grammar S 0S0 1S1 , but it cannot be parser parsed by a deterministic push down automaton. ref cite book last John Hopcroft Hopcroft first John coauthors Rajeev Motwani & Jeffrey Ullman title Introduction to automata theory, languages, and computation 2nd edition year 2001 publisher Addison Wesley pages 249 253 ref The languages of this class have practical importance in computer science. The complexity of the program and execution of a deterministic pushdown automaton is vastly less than that of a nondeterministic one. In the naive implementation ... algorithm to test membership in any context free language is CYK algorithm Extensions Valiant s algorithm , taking O n sup 2.378 sup time, whereas membership in a deterministic context free language ... are not closed under Union. DCFLs are closed under Complementation. See also Visibly pushdown language s Greibach s theorem proves that it is undecidable whether a given context free language is deterministic ... Language Theory year 1978 publisher Addison Wesley page 135 ref where n is the length of the string. The deterministic context free languages are exactly those recognized by some LR grammar . ref ... context free languages can be recognized by a deterministic Turing machine in polynomial ... more details
intermittent. Nested is recognised as one of her most underrated works. Nested was briefly released ... in the US in remastered form by Iconoclassic Records. Overview Nested is the first of two maternal Laura ... s political and social explorations in her lyrics of the 1980s and 90s can be traced back to Nested ... more details
Wiktionary Wikipedia Books ContextContext may refer to Contextlanguage use , the relevant constraints of the communicative situation that influence language use, language variation, and discourse summary Archaeological context , an event in time which has been preserved in the archaeological record Opaque context , linguistic context in which substitution of co referential expressions does not preserve truth Trama mycology context or flesh , the mass of non hymenial tissues that composes the mass of a fungal fruiting body Computing Context computing , the virtual environment required to suspend a running software program Context awareness , a complementary to location awareness Context menu , a menu in a graphical user interface that appears upon user interaction ConTeXt , a macro package for the TeX typesetting system ConTEXT , a text editor for Microsoft Windows Operational context , a temporarily defined environment of cooperation See also lookfrom intitle Contextual disambiguation Contextualization disambiguation Locality disambiguation State disambiguation disambig de Kontext es Contexto fr Contexte nl Context simple Context sk Kontext ... more details
distinguish ConTeXt Infobox Software name ConTEXT logo Image ConTEXT Logo.png screenshot Image ConTEXT 0.98.3.png 250px caption ConTEXT v0.98.6 developer ConTEXT Project released ? frequently updated yes Release version update? Don t edit this page, just click on the version number programming language Delphi programming language Delphi operating system Microsoft Windows language english german genre Text editor license New BSD License citation needed date October 2011 website http www.contexteditor.org www.contexteditor.org ConTEXT is a text editor for Microsoft Windows that can open and edit very large files, while requiring only modest amounts of RAM and hard drive space to run. It has built in Syntax highlighting syntax highlighters for C programming language C C , Delphi programming language Delphi Pascal programming language Pascal , FORTRAN , 80x86 assembler, Java programming language Java , JavaScript , Visual Basic , Perl Common Gateway Interface CGI , HTML , SQL , Python programming language Python , PHP , Tcl Tk , and its own syntax highlighter definition language. Other features ... Interface . ConTEXT can integrate compiler s to compile source code from within the editor, and run ... search and basic regular expressions are supported for searching and replacing. ConTEXT is available in many languages. On 7 September 2007 the creator of ConTEXT announced he wanted to sell the project including the full source, copyrights, website and domain. ref http www.contexteditor.org ConTEXT ... project was bought and ConTEXT Project was set up as a company. citation needed date October 2011 In March 2009 the decision was made to make ConTEXT open source. citation needed date October ... www.contexteditor.org Freeware Text Editor http www.contexteditor.org downloads ConTEXT Downloads Category Windows text editors Category Windows only freeware Windows software stub fr ConTEXT it ConTEXT hu ConTEXT nl ConTEXT pl ConTEXT fi ConTEXT ... more details
it easy to create new layouts and styles without learning the low level TeX macro language. ConTeXt may be compared and contrasted with LaTeX , but the primary thrust of the two are rather distinct. ConTeXt ...Distinguish ConTEXT Infobox software name ConTeXt logo Image ConTeXt Unofficial Logo.svg The Unofficial ConTeXt logo contextgarden.net logo 200px author Mainly Hans Hagen and http www.pragma ade.com Pragma ... of ConTeXt at contextgarden ref ref http foundry.supelec.fr frs ?group id 14 List of releases of ConTeXt ref ref http foundry.supelec.fr gf project contextrev frs ConTeXt files in Supelec ref operating system Multiplatform TeX genre Document processor, Document markup language license Program code ... licenses by nc sa 3.0 CC BY NC SA 3.0 ref http wiki.contextgarden.net Read Me Read Me license of ConTeXt code and documentation ref website http wiki.contextgarden.net contextgarden ConTeXt is a general ... system, and uses a document markup language for manuscript preparation. The typographical and automated capabilities of ConTeXt are extensive, including interfaces for handling microtypography ... time, ConTeXt s unified design avoids the package clashes that can happen with LaTeX. ref http www.tex.ac.uk cgi bin texfaq2html?label context FAQ of the UK TeX Archive ref ref name whatiscontextwiki http wiki.contextgarden.net What is ConTeXt What is ConTeXt page at contextgarden ref ConTeXt ... native drawing engine, ConTeXt integrates a superset of MetaPost called MetaFun ref name whatiscontextwiki .... Metafun can also be used with stand alone MetaPost. ConTeXt also supports the use of other ... generic pgf pgfmanual.pdf PGF TikZ official manual. Version 2.0 . Section 9.1.3 Using the ConTeXt Format . p. 88 ref and PSTricks. ref name list modules http wiki.contextgarden.net Modules List of ConTeXt modules at contextgarden ref ConTeXt also provides a Macro computer science macro package for typesetting ... ppchtex.html PPCHTeX , ref http wiki.contextgarden.net Chemistry PPCHTeX Module for ConTeXt reference ... more details
In computer science , more specifically in automata theory automata and formal language theory, nested ... of languages accepted by finite nested word automata gives the class of visibly pushdown languages . The latter language class lies properly between the regular language s and the deterministic context free language s. Since their introduction in 2004, these concepts have triggered much research ... language s of words, a set L of nested words is called regular if it is accepted by some finite state nested word automaton. Visibly pushdown automaton Nested word automata are an automaton model accepting nested words. There is an equivalent automaton model operating on ordinary words. Namely ... , hat Sigma math forms a subset of the set DCFL of deterministic context free language s over the set ... from nested words transforms regular languages over nested words into context free languages. Closure .... Finite state acceptors for nested words, so called nested word automata , then give a more expressive ... 22 Google Scholar search results for nested words OR visibly pushdown ref Formal definition To define nested words , we first need to define matching relation . As usual, for a nonnegative integer math ... return if i. A nested word of length math ell math over an alphabet computer science alphabet ... relation of length math ell math . Encoding nested words into ordinary words Nested words over the alphabet ... a call position in a nested word labelled with a , the symbol a for encoding a return position ... with a . More precisely, let be the function mapping nested words over to words over math hat Sigma math such that each nested word math w 1w 2 cdots w ell math , is mapped to the word math x ..., let n w, be the nested word over an ternary alphabet with w abaabccca and matching ... Nested word automaton A nested word automaton has a finite number of states, and operates in almost ... math w j math . In a nested word automaton, the position math j math in the nested word w, might ... more details
and hidden in the same nested manner. This may further enhance the code structuring possibilities. Languages Well known languages supporting lexically nested functions include ALGOL based languages such as ALGOL 68 , Simula , Pascal programming language Pascal , Modula 2 , Modula 3 , Oberon programming language Oberon and Ada programming language Ada . Modern versions of Lisp programming language Lisp with lexical scope such as Scheme programming language Scheme , and Common Lisp . ECMA Script JavaScript , and ActionScript . Full support in Scala programming language Scala Various degrees of support in scripting languages such as Ruby programming language Ruby , Python programming language Python , and Perl 6 Perl starting with version 6 . There is also a C programming language C related language with nested functions, the D programming language D language. GNU Compiler Collection GCC also supports nested functions in C, as a language extension. ref cite web url http gcc.gnu.org ... through the use of other language constructs. The following languages can approximate nested functions ...File Russian Matroshka2.jpg thumb 300px Nested function definitions can be compared to how a Matryoshka doll nests within larger versions of itself, in several levels. In computer programming , a nested function or nested procedure subroutine is a subroutine function which is lexically textually encapsulated ... or indirectly nested within the same enclosing function. In other words, the scope programming scope of the nested function is limited by the enclosing function. The nesting is theoretically possible ... lang c float E float x float F float y return x y return F 3 source The function code F code is nested ... outside code F code . Purpose Nested functions are a form of information hiding and are useful for dividing ... parts of the program with functions, variables, etc. unrelated to those parts. Nested functions therefore complement other structuring possibilities such as records and objects. In languages with nested ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 A nested gene is a gene whose entire coding sequence lies within the bounds between the start codon and the stop codon of a larger external gene. The coding sequence for a nested gene differs greatly from the coding sequence for its external host gene. Typically, nested genes and their host genes encode functionally unrelated proteins, and have different gene expression Localisation expression patterns in an organism. There are two categories of nested genes genes nested within an intron of a larger gene genes which lie opposite the coding sequence of a larger gene Nested intronic genes A nested intronic gene lies within the non coding intron intronic region of a larger gene, and occurs relatively frequently, especially in the introns of metazoans and higher eukaryotes . Because only eukaryotic DNA contains with intronic regions, this type of gene does not occur in bacteria or archaea . ref Kumar, Anuj Sept 2009 . An Overview of Nested Genes in Eukaryotic Genomes . Eukaryotic Cell 8 9 1321 1329. ref The human genome contains a relatively high proportion of nested intronic genes. It is predicted to contain 158 functional intronic nested genes, with an additional 212 pseudogenes and three snoRNA genes nested in intronic regions. These genes seem to be distributed randomly across all chromosomes , and the majority code for proteins that are functionally unrelated ... during periods of polarized cell growth in yeast. EMBO J. 15 83 91. ref Genes nested opposite coding sequences Genes nested opposite the coding sequences of their host genes are very rare, and have been ... Tetrahymena thermophila . These non intronic nested genes remain to be identified in metazoan genomes. As with intronic nested genes, nonintronic nested genes typically do not share functions or expression patterns with their host genes. ref Kumar, Anuj Sept 2009 . An Overview of Nested ... D, Xu M. Nested genes in the human genome. Genomics. 2005 Oct 86 4 414 22. PMID 16084061 External links ... more details
With reference to a database transaction , a nested transaction occurs when a new transaction is started by an instruction that is already inside an existing transaction. The new transaction is said to be nested within the existing transaction, hence the term. Nested transactions are implemented differently in different databases. However, they have in common that the changes are not made visible to any unrelated transactions until the outermost transaction has committed. This means that a commit in an inner transaction does not necessary persist updates to the database. In some databases, changes made by the nested transaction are not seen by the host transaction until the nested transaction is committed. According to some, Who date November 2009 this follows from the isolation property of transactions. The capability to handle nested transactions properly is a prerequisite for true component based application architectures. In a component based encapsulated architecture, nested transactions can occur without the programmer knowing it. A component function may or may not contain a database transaction this is the encapsulated secret of the component. See Information hiding . If a call to such a component function is made inside a BEGIN COMMIT bracket, nested transactions occur. Since popular databases like MySQL ref cite web url http dev.mysql.com doc refman 4.1 en implicit commit.html ... or a transaction monitor is needed to handle this. When we speak about nested transactions, it should ... for nested transactions is similar to the theory for flat transactions, and was introduced in the following ... theorem for nested transactions journal Information Processing Letters volume 50 issue 4 pages ... processes financial transactions using Open Nested Transactions , which is a looser variant of the nested ... of inconsistency. Open Nested Transactions are discussed in the following paper cite journal last Weikum ... and Open Nested Transactions journal Database Transaction Models for Advanced Applications pages ... more details
orphan date August 2010 A nested table is a Table database table that is embedded within another table. Individual elements can be inserted, updated, and deleted in a nested table. Since individual Element mathematics elements can be modified in a nested table, they are more flexible than an array data structure array because elements in an array can only be modified as a whole, not individually. A nested table doesn t have a maximum size, and an arbitrary number of elements can be stored in it. See also Query optimizer External links http blogs.ittoolbox.com oracle guide archives oracle collections a definition in plain english part 2 6003 Oracle Collections A Definition in Plain English Part 2 http www.oraclepressonline.com toc.jsp?bookid 8172&prevbkid &nextbkid Oracle Database 10g SQL Oracle Press Category Database management systems Category SQL Category Relational database management systems ... more details
In numerical analysis , nested dissection is a Divide and conquer algorithm divide and conquer heuristic for the solution of sparse matrix sparse symmetric matrix symmetric System of linear equations systems of linear equations based on graph partitioning . Nested dissection was introduced by harvtxt George 1973 the name was suggested by Garrett Birkhoff . ref harvtxt George 1973 . ref Nested dissection consists of the following steps Form an undirected graph in which the vertices represent rows and columns of the system of linear equations, and an edge represents a nonzero entry in the sparse matrix representing the system. Recursion Recursively partition the graph into Glossary of graph theory Subgraphs subgraphs using planar separator theorem separators , small subsets of vertices the removal of which allows the graph to be partitioned into subgraphs with at most a constant fraction of the number of vertices. Perform Cholesky decomposition a variant of Gaussian elimination for symmetric matrices , ordering the elimination of the variables by the recursive structure of the partition each of the two subgraphs formed by removing the separator is eliminated first, and then the separator vertices are eliminated. As a consequence of this algorithm, the fill in the set of nonzero matrix entries created in the Cholesky decomposition that are not part of the input matrix structure is limited to at most the square of the separator size at each level of the recursive partition. In particular ... Rose Tarjan 1979 harvtxt Gilbert Tarjan 1986 . ref For arbitrary graphs there is a nested dissection ... Journal on Numerical Analysis pages 345 363 title Nested dissection of a regular finite element mesh ... 3 issue 6 journal Information Processing Letters pages 325 328 title Some nested dissection order ... BF01396660 issue 4 journal Numerische Mathematik pages 377 404 title The analysis of a nested dissection ... 0716027 journal SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis pages 346 358 title Generalized nested dissection ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 expert date August 2007 A nested quotation is a quotation that is encapsulation encapsulated inside another quotation, forming a hierarchy with multiple levels. When focusing on a certain quotation, one must interpret it within its scope . Nested quotation can be used in literature as in nested narration , speech, and computer science as in meta statements that refer to other statements as string computer science strings . Nested quotation can be very confusing until evaluated carefully and until each quotation level is put into perspective. Convention Normally, hierarchical quotation sublevels alternate between using the quotation delimiter nowiki double quote and nowiki single quote . This is normally true, regardless of the quotation style whether the start and end quote symbols are uniform straight quotes or different smart quotes, with the quote symbols at the beginning and end pointing inwards in their respective directions towards the quote text . For straight quotes normally used in plaintext , the alternation between single and double quotes is necessary ... to nested parentheses , since the delimiters are unique and it is clear where a quote opens ..., a good example of a story that uses nested quotes throughout the entirety of its narration, is Heart ... quotes, in turn, quotes the person he is talking about, leading to a 2nd level nested quote. Example in JavaScript programming Nested quotes often become an issue using the eval keyword. The eval ... alert window is popped up to the user. Nested strings level 2 Suppose we had to make a quote ... alert Nor is it required here alert But now I do or it won t work pre Nested strings level 3 and beyond Furthermore unlike in the literature example , the third level nested quote must be escaped in order ... a 2 n 1 rule for successively nested symbols. See also Story within a story Play within a play DEFAULTSORT Nested Quotation Category Computer programming Category Syntax Category English grammar ... more details
In algebra , a nested radical is a radical expression that contains another radical expression. Examples include math sqrt 5 2 sqrt 5 math which arises in discussing the pentagon regular pentagon math sqrt 5 2 sqrt 6 , math or more complicated ones such as math sqrt 3 2 sqrt 3 sqrt 3 4 . math Denesting nested radicals Some nested radicals can be rewritten in a form that is not nested. For example, math sqrt 3 2 sqrt 2 1 sqrt 2 ,, math math sqrt 3 sqrt 3 2 1 frac 1 sqrt 3 2 sqrt 3 4 sqrt 3 9 ,. math Rewriting a nested radical in this way is called denesting . This process is generally considered a difficult problem, although a special class of nested radical can be denested by assuming it denests into a sum of two Nth root Working with surds surd s math sqrt a b sqrt c sqrt d sqrt e , math Squaring both sides math a b sqrt c d e 2 sqrt de math This can be solved by using the quadratic formula and setting rational and irrational parts on both sides of the equation equal to each other. The solutions ... a 2 b 2c 2 , math However, this approach works for nested radicals of the form math sqrt a b sqrt c math if and only if math sqrt a 2 b 2c math is an integer , in which case the nested radical can be denested into a sum of surds. In some cases, higher power radicals may be needed to denest the nested ... for deciding which nested radicals can be denested. ref S. Landau, Simplification of Nested ..., and x 2 math 3 sqrt 1 2 sqrt 1 3 sqrt 1 cdots . , math Infinitely nested radicals Square roots Under certain conditions infinitely nested square roots such as math x sqrt 2 sqrt 2 sqrt ... 2 x. , math Cube roots In certain cases, infinitely nested cube roots such as math x sqrt 3 6 sqrt 3 ... References and external links reflist Susan Landau , How to Tangle with a Nested Radical. Mathematical ...&rep rep1&type pdf Simplifcation of Nested Radicals , by Susan Landau http www.almaden.ibm.com ... SquareRoot title Square Root mathworld urlname NestedRadical title Nested Radical Category Algebra ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File Illustration nested intervals.svg thumb 400px right In mathematics , a sequence of nested intervals is understood as a collection of sets of real numbers I sub n sub such that each set I sub n sub is an interval of the real line , for n 1, 2, 3, ... , and that further I sub n 1 sub is a subset of I sub n sub for all n . In other words, the intervals diminish, with the left hand end moving only towards the right, and the right hand end only to the left. The main question to be posed is the nature of the intersection set theory intersection of all the I sub n sub . Without any further information, all that can be said is that the intersection J of all the I sub n sub , i.e. the set of all points common to the intervals, is either the empty set , a point, or some interval. The possibility of an empty intersection can be illustrated by the intersection when I sub n sub is the open interval 0, 2 sup &minus n sup . Here the intersection is empty, because no number x is both 0 and less than every fraction 2 sup &minus n sup . The situation is different for closed interval s. The nested intervals theorem states that if each I sub n sub is a closed and bounded interval, say I sub n sub a sub n sub , b sub n sub with a sub n sub b sub n sub then under the assumption of nesting, the intersection of the I sub n sub is not empty. It may be a singleton set c , or another closed interval a , b . More explicitly, the requirement of nesting means that a sub n sub a sub n 1 sub and b sub n sub b sub n 1 sub . One can consider the complement of each interval, written as math infty,a n cup b n, infty math . By De Morgan s laws , the complement of the intersection ... between them. This shows that the intersection of even an uncountable number of nested, closed ... nested closed disk s in the plane must have a common intersection. This result was shown by Hermann ... s Intersection Theorem DEFAULTSORT Nested Intervals Category Sets of real numbers Category Theorems ... more details
Context sensitive is an adjective meaning depending on context or depending on circumstances . It may refer to Context sensitive grammar Context sensitive languageContext sensitive help Context sensitive user interface in computing Disambiguation ... more details
Infobox software name Context Framework logo screenshot caption latest release version 0.8.5 latest release date March 17, 2012 operating system Cross platform programming language Java programming language Java genre Application framework Application Framework license Apache License 2.0 website http www.contextfw.net contextfw.net The Context Framework is an open source component based web software framework framework for the Java programming language Java platform and it has similarities with Apache Wicket and http www.liftweb.com Lift . Design The goal of Context is to create a flexible and lightweight framework based on XSLT templating language. All pages are a tree of components including the page component ifself and during rendering they form a single DOM tree that is transformed into XHTML. The choice creates a sharp separation between logical representation and physical representation and only very little logic is possible to present on XSLT templates. Second aspect is that all interaction and page updates are javascript based. For instance traditional form submits are not encouraged, however they are possible if needed. Third, the component model is designed in such way that each component is able to update their content independently from other components. This enables complex interaction between page components. Pages themselves are normally made of multiple views that are nested. With this approach the outer views can concentrate to general content such as HTML decrations or menus. Outer views also generate a natural perimeter for authentication so that only authenticated users are allowed to access inner views. Framework is also highly stateful, where each page ... stateful, creating new pages is lightweight operation thus making Context suitable for small sites or large web applications. Context support full live class reloading to pages and their components ... 0.8.5 Context has a native support for Cloud based environments. Normally stateful web applications ... more details
In the philosophy of language , the context principle is a form of semantic holism holding that a philosopher should never ... ask for the meaning of a word in isolation, but only in the context of a proposition Frege 1884 1980 x . It is one of Gottlob Frege s three fundamental principles for philosophical analysis, first discussed in his Introduction to the Foundations of Arithmetic Grundlagen der Arithmetik , 1884 . Frege argued that many philosophical errors, especially those related to psychologism in the philosophy of logic and philosophy of mathematics , could be avoided by adhering carefully to the context principle. The view of meaning expressed by the context principle is sometimes called contextualism , but should not be confused with the common contemporary use of the term contextualism in epistemology or ethics. The contrasting view, that the meanings of words or expressions can be or must be determined prior to, and independently of, the meanings of the propositions in which they occur, is often referred to as compositionalism. The context principle also figures prominently in the work of other Analytic philosophy Analytic philosophers who saw themselves as continuing Frege s work, such as Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein . Formulations of the Context Principle Gottlob Frege, Introduction to The Foundations of Arithmetic 1884 1980 In the enquiry that follows, I have kept to three fundamental principles always to separate sharply the psychological from the logical, the subjective from the objective never to ask for the meaning of a word in isolation, but only in the context of a proposition never to lose sight of the distinction between concept and object. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico Philosophicus 1921 1922 3.3 Only the proposition has sense only in the context of a proposition has a name meaning. ... 3.314 An expression has meaning only in a proposition ... Paul Ltd. ISBN 0 415 05186 X. Category Philosophy of language philo stub es Principio de contexto ... more details
In computer science, a task context process computing process , thread computer science thread ... is the minimal set of data used by this task that must be saved to allow a task interrupt ion at a given date, and a continuation of this task at the point it has been interrupted and at an arbitrary future date. The concept of context assumes significance in the case of interruptible tasks, wherein upon being interrupted the processor saves the context and proceeds to serve the Interrupt service routine . Thus the smaller the context the smaller is the latency. These data are located in Processor registers Memory used by the task On some Operating systems , control registers used by the system to manage the task The storage memory files is not concerned by the task context in the case of a context switch even if this can be stored for some uses checkpointing . Context types In some computer languages like C , there is also the concept of safe secure context . For instance, if an Array data type array is needed inside a struct C programming language structure , it can be added to it since version 2.0, but only in an unsafe unsecure context. ref http en.wikibooks.org wiki C Sharp Programming Classes Structures Structures in C 2.0 ref Here is an example code source lang CSharp struct ParameterRepresentation char target char taskStart char taskType fixed byte traceValues m MAX BYTES source The http en.wikibooks.org wiki C Sharp Programming Keywords fixed fixed keyword prevents the Garbage collector computing garbage collector from relocating this variable. The access to an array is like in C , i.e. using pointer arithmetic, where individual elements of the array can be accessed ... article view 04099921013 1431 Context and Adaptivity in Pervasive Computing Environments Links with Software ... cube network.eu km terms c contextContext S Cube Knowledge Model Categories DEFAULTSORT Context ... d ex cution pt Contexto computa o simple Context computing ... more details
confusing date May 2009 expert subject date February 2011 An opaque context is a linguistic context in which it is not always possible to substitute co referential expressions usually grammatically singular terms salva veritate . In other words, substitution of co referential expressions into an opaque context does not always preserve truth. For example, Lois believes x is a hero is an opaque context because Louis believes Superman is a hero is true while Lois believes Clark Kent is a hero is false, even though Superman and Clark Kent are co referential expressions. The term is used in Philosophy philosophical Theory of reference theories of reference , and is to be contrasted with transparent context . In rough outline Opacity Mary believes that Cicero is a great orator gives rise to an opaque context although Cicero was also called Tully , we can t simply substitute Tully for Cicero in this context Mary believes that Tully is a great orator and guarantee the same truth value, for Mary might not know that the names Tully and Cicero refer to one and the same thing. Of course, if Mary does believe that Cicero is a great orator, then there is a sense in which Mary believes that Tully is a great orator, even if she does not know that Tully and Cicero corefer . It is the sense forced on us by direct reference theories of proper names, i.e. those that maintain that the meaning of a proper ... context there is no problem substituting Tully for Cicero here Tully was a Roman orator . Both sentences ... something different from the original. Similar usage of the term applies for artificial language s such as programming language s and logic s. The Cicero Tully example above can be easily adapted ... mathematics variable math x math on a language math L math with domain math M math . Define a math ... context, or is referentially opaque , because math LengthIsSix Cicero math is true while math LengthIsSix ... Category Philosophy of language fr Contexte opaque ... more details
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