The netreproductionrate NRR is the average number of daughters that would be born to a female or a group of females if she passed through her lifetime conforming to the age specific fertility and mortality rates of a given year. This rate is similar to the gross reproductionrate but takes into account that some females will die before completing their childbearing years. An NRR of one means that each generation of mothers is having exactly enough daughters to replace themselves in the population. ref http www.planetwire.org details 62 Retrieved on August 28, 2007. ref ref cite book last Dharmalingham first A. title The methods and materials of demography editor David Swanson, Jacob S. Siegel, Henry S. Shryock publisher Emerald Group Publishing date 2004 edition 2 pages 819 chapter Reproductivity isbn 0126419558 url http books.google.co.uk books?id sM1730o a34C&pg PA431&lpg PA431&dq 22Net reproductionrate 22&source bl&ots UxIZRd8BB9&sig EnXzMBbVLCMM0rG31HEtOp Couw&hl en&ei i7HKSqHmNtmrjAeG2fWoCA&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 9 v onepage&q 22Net 20reproduction 20rate 22&f false ref The NRR is particularly relevant where sex ratios at birth are significantly affected by the use of reproductive technologies, or where life expectancy is low. See also Total fertility rate sub replacement fertility Replacement level fertility References Reflist External links http data.un.org Data.aspx?d PopDiv&f variableID 3A48 Netreproductionrate daughters per woman , UNdata . Category Population Category Demography Category Human geography Category Fertility Category Demographic economics statistics stub de Nettoreproduktionsrate fr taux net de reproduction ... more details
The gross reproductionrate GRR is the average number of daughters that would be born to a woman or a group of women if she survived at least to the age of 45 and conformed to the age specific fertility rate of a given year. It is often regarded as the extent to which the generation of daughters replaces the preceding generation of females. This rate is similar to the netreproductionrate but it ignores the fact that some women will die before completing their childbearing years. ref http www.hip.on.ca search 157.html Retrieved on August 28, 2007. ref See also total fertility rate and sub replacement fertility replacement level fertility . The GRR is particularly relevant where sex ratios are significantly affected by the use of reproductive technologies. References Reflist statistics stub Category Human geography Category Fertility Category Demographic economics Category Population statistics Category Demographics ... more details
. see also NetReproductionRate Refimprove date March 2012 Net Run Rate NRR is a statistical method ... difference in association football . The net run rate in a single game is the run rate per over that a team scores, minus the run rate per over that is scored against them. Step by step explanation A team s run rate RR is their total number of runs divided by overs faced. As an Over cricket ... the net run rate, despite being normally written in cricket s notation as .1 of an over. So if a team ... teams in a league table, as the following formula shows math mbox net run rate frac mbox total runs ... played as in the game in scenario one, the new net run rate for team A would be math frac 287 265 ... quota of overs. Thus, the net run rate will always be zero for both teams. 7. Interrupted games ..., those revised targets are used to calculate the net run rate. For example, in a 50 over World Cup ... Africa s net run rate in the 1999 World Cup. South Africa s listing in the Group A points table ... 150 or 3.107 rpo. NET RR The net run rate is, therefore, pre 4.602 Run rate for 3.107 Run rate against ... net run rate calculation how to calculate nrr Category Cricket terminology de Net Run Rate ... score off 47.5 overs, their RR would be math frac 250 47 frac 5 6 approx 5.226 math The concept of net run rate involves taking the opponents final run rate away from the team s run rate. The only complication ... the NRR is not the average of the NRRs of all the matches played. It is calculated considering the rate ... P W L NR T Pts Net RR For Against 3 3 0 0 0 6 1.495 678 147.2 466 150 The columns we are looking at here are the last three Net RR , For and Against . The figure in the Net RR column is achieved by subtracting ... in a total of 147 overs and 2 balls actually 147.333 overs , a rate of 678 147.333 or 4.602 rpo. AGAINST ... all out before their allotted 50 overs expired, the run rate is calculated as if they had scored their runs over the full 50 overs. Therefore, the run rate scored against Pakistan across the first ... more details
chachachakolimanista unreferenced date October 2009 Image Net migration rate world.PNG right 300px thumb Net migration rates for 2008. Legend legend RoyalBlue positive legend Chocolate negative legend LimeGreen stable legend DarkGray no data Net migration rate is the difference of immigrant s and emigrant s of an area in a period of time, divided usually per 1,000 inhabitants considered on midterm population . A positive value represents more people entering the country than leaving it, while a negative value mean more people leaving than entering it. Example On January 1, 2000 country A has a population of 1,000,000 inhabitants. From that date to January 1, 2001, 200,000 people immigrated to A , and 100,000 people left the country. At the same time, there were 100,000 babies born, and nobody died. Therefore, the population of A On January 1, 2001 is 1,200,000. We consider that on July 1, 2000 the middle of our time term there were 1,100,000 inhabitants. And since 100,000 left and 200,000 came, the migration difference is 100,000. math 100,000 div 1,100,000 0.09091 math But this value is per inhabitant, and we want a per 1,000 persons value math 0.09091 times 1,000 90.91 math This number gives us a comparable idea of the impact of migration on the country s population. See also Demography Human migration List of countries by net migration rate Population dynamics Migration Efficiency External links http www.nationmaster.com red graph T imm net mig rat&int 1 World Net migration rate Map http www.planetwire.org glossarylist N Planet Wire Glossary of Terms http www.census.gov ipc www wp96glos.html Census Bureau Glossary Category Population Migration rate, net Category Demography Category Human migration Socio stub ca Taxa neta de migraci et R ndeiive es Saldo migratorio eu Migrazio saldo fr Solde migratoire gl Saldo migratorio it Tasso netto di migrazione lt Migracijos indeksas oc Saldo migrat ri pl Saldo migracji ru sv Nettoflyttning uk ... more details
Out of date date July 2011 This is a list of countries by net migration rate based on The World Factbook https www.cia.gov library publications the world factbook rankorder 2112rank.html . class sortable wikitable bgcolor ececec valign top Rank Country Migrants per br 1,000 population Date of br information 2 flag United Arab Emirates 22.98 2012 est. 170 flag Afghanistan 2.51 2012 est. flag Cayman Islands 15.37 2012 est. 3 flag Kuwait 0.00 2012 est. flag Macau 3.46 2012 est. flag Anguilla 12.97 2012 est. 4 flag San Marino 8.96 2012 est. flag Aruba 9.29 2012 est. flag Turks and Caicos Islands 17.27 2012 est. 5 flag Luxembourg 8.15 2012 est. flag British Virgin Islands 18.56 2012 est. 6 flag Monaco 1.02 2012 est. 7 flag Andorra 0.00 2012 est. flag Northern Mariana Islands 41.32 2012 est. 8 flag Australia 5.93 2012 est. 9 flag Jordan 33.42 2012 est. 10 flag Singapore 15.62 2012 est. 11 flag Canada 5.65 2012 est. flag Isle of Man 7.41 2012 est. 12 flag Liberia 0.00 2012 est. 13 flag Botswana 4.75 2012 est. 14 flag Ireland 1.69 2012 est. 15 flag Liechtenstein 3.98 2012 est. flag Hong Kong 3.90 2012 est. 16 flag United States 3.62 2012 est. 17 flag Burundi 0.18 2012 est. flag Guernsey 2.59 2012 est. 18 flag Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.00 2012 est. 19 flag Portugal 2.90 2012 est. flag French Polynesia 0.94 2012 est. flag Jersey 4.70 2012 est. 20 flag Brunei 2.55 2012 est. 21 flag Denmark 2.36 2012 est. 22 flag Netherlands 2.02 2012 est. 23 flag New Zealand 2.26 2012 est. 24 flag Antigua and Barbuda 2.29 2012 est. 25 flag Israel 1.94 2012 est. 26 flag Greece 2.32 2012 est. flag Bermuda 2.04 2012 est. 27 flag Germany 0.71 2012 est. 28 flag Rwanda 1.00 2012 est. 29 flag United Kingdom 2.59 2012 est. 30 flag Italy 4.67 2012 est. 31 flag Malta 2.00 2012 est. 32 flag Austria 1.79 2012 est. 33 flag Switzerland 1.27 2012 est. 34 flag Norway 1.69 2012 est. 35 flag Sweden 1.65 2012 est. 36 .... Notes reflist CIA World Factbook Population country lists DEFAULTSORT Net migration rate Category ... more details
process. Reproduction or procreation is the biological process by which new offspring individual organism s are produced from their parents . Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. The known methods of reproduction are broadly grouped into two main types Sexual reproduction sexual and asexual reproduction asexual . In asexual reproduction, an individual can reproduce without involvement with another individual ... reproduction. Asexual reproduction is not, however, limited to unicellular organism single celled organisms ... is thought to reproduce entirely by asexual means. Sexual reproduction typically requires the involvement of two individuals or gamete s, one each from opposite type of sex . Asexual reproduction Main Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is the process by which an organism creates a genetically ... , may also reproduce sexually. For instance, most plants are capable of vegetative reproductionreproduction without seeds or spores but can also reproduce sexually. Likewise, bacteria may exchange genetic information by bacterial conjugation conjugation . Other ways of asexual reproduction include parthenogenesis , Fragmentation reproduction fragmentation and spore formation that involves ... also used to describe reproduction modes in hermaphroditic species which can self fertilize. Sexual reproduction Main Sexual reproduction See Human reproduction File Hoverflies mating midair.jpg thumb 250px Hoverfly Hoverflies mating in midair flight Sexual reproduction is a biological process by which ... maintains the sexual reproduction during its evolution despite the fact that the haploid stage does not benefit from heterosis at all. This may be an example that the sexual reproduction has a bigger ... Main Allogamy Allogamy is a term used in the field of biological reproduction describing the fertilization ... center Same sex reproduction In recent decades, developmental biologists have been researching ... more details
In telecommunication , the term reproduction speed has the following meanings In Fax facsimile systems, the rate at which recorded Copying copy is produced. The reproduction speed is usually expressed a as the area of recorded copy produced per unit time , such as square meters per second or b as the number of pages per minute. In duplicating equipment, the rate at which copies are made. The reproduction speed is usually expressed in pages per minute. References FS1037C MS188 Category Telecommunications telecomm term stub ... more details
.NET may refer to .NET Framework , a software framework by Microsoft .net , a top level domain .net magazine .net magazine .NET Passport, an old name for Windows Live ID .NET Messenger Service See also NET disambiguation DEFAULTSORT .net Disambig fa .net sv .net tr .NET ... more details
Marxism In Marxian economics , economic reproduction refers to recurrent or cyclical processes by which ... Economic reproduction involves physical production and distribution of goods and services, the trade ..., money and commodities in the second volume of Das Kapital , to show how the reproduction process ... between simple reproduction and expanded or enlarged reproduction . ref Karl Marx , Capital, Volume ... economic theory to contracted reproduction , meaning production on a smaller and smaller scale, in which ... Reproduction and growth of the national income , p. 331. See also Joseph Tainter et al., The Collapse of Complex Societies . Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1990. ref Reproduction in this case continues ... activity, economic reproduction contrasts with equilibrium economics, because economic reproduction ... result, the yield of capital upon investment. In Marx s view, economic reproduction ... Press, 2003. ref the reproduction and growth of the total population, including procreation and childrearing ... Capitalism . Women s Press, 1980. ref the reproduction, enforcement and maintenance of social relations ... and reproduction of trading and distribution relations the systems, institutions and organizations ... is that these reproduction processes are accomplished primarily via the intermediary of commercial trade they are mediated by the market. Reproduction on a larger and larger scale becomes conditional ... collective conditions for the reproduction and maintenance of society which individuals and private ... State . Cambridge Polity 2002. ref Ecologists would nowadays probably add as a reproduction ... policies, environmental policies etc. Economic reproduction in capitalism According to Marx, in a capitalist society economic reproduction is conditional on capital accumulation . ref Karl Marx , Capital ..., chapter 21. ref If workers fail to produce more capital, economic reproduction begins to break down. Therefore, economic reproduction in capitalist society is necessarily expanded reproduction and requires ... more details
Wiktionary NETnet .NET .netnetNET or Net may refer to Net device , fibers woven in a grid like structure Net textile , any textile in which the warp and weft yarns are looped or knotted at their intersections New Jersey Nets , a basketball team The Net 1995 film The Net 1995 film , a film starring Sandra Bullock Cricket nets a safe netted environment for practicing cricket Fishing net , a net used ... of an electronic design In business and finance as an antonym of Gross economics gross Net economics , the amount remaining after deductions Net worth , total assets minus total liabilities Net metering , electricity policy Net flux , proportional amount to the concentration difference across a membrane, the surface area of the membrane, and the membrane permeability constant Net 30 , form of trade credit Net profit , gross profit minus overhead and interest Net weight , weight of a product, not counting packaging Net pay , salary after deductions NET as an acronym may refer to In broadcast ... NET S.A. , Cable television operator in Latin America New Hellenic Television , Greece Never Ending ... news programme NET Television Malta , a Maltese television station Nihon Educational Television ... transporter Non equilibrium thermodynamics , branch of study In mathematics Net mathematics , a generalization of a sequence similar to a filter Net polyhedron , an arrangement of polygons that can be folded up to form a polyhedron E net probability theory net s in E net probability theory probability theory , E net computational geometry computational geometry , and E net metric spaces metric spaces . Net, a linear system of divisors of dimension 2 Local net of operator algebras ... target , detection system NET Act , No Electronic Theft Act in the United States .net or .NET may refer to .net , an Internet top level domain .net magazine .net magazine , British monthly periodical .NET Framework , software framework for Microsoft Windows .NET Messenger Service , instant messaging ... more details
The Net may be Das Netz English The Net , an independent film directed by Lutz Dammbeck Movement for Democracy The Net , an Italian political party led by Leoluca Orlando The Net, slang for the Internet The Net 1953 film The Net 1953 film , a 1953 film starring James Donald The Net 1975 film The Net 1975 film , a 1975 film starring Klaus Kinski The Net 1995 film The Net 1995 film , a 1995 film starring Sandra Bullock The Net TV series The Net TV series , a 1998 television drama series based on the 1995 film of the same name The Net 2.0 , a 2006 direct to video sequel The Net album The Net album , a 1983 album by the Little River Band The Net BBC TV series The Net BBC TV series , a BBC TV series focusing on emerging technologies The Net substance , an alloy of copper and antimony Oakland Alameda County Coliseum previously Network Associates Coliseum, or the Net , a multi purpose stadium, located in Oakland, California, United States See also NET disambiguation disambiguation de Das Netz es La Red ... more details
Two other uses the top level domain the Microsoft technology .NET Framework Infobox Top level domain name .net background FC0 image introduced 1985 type Generic top level domain status Active registry Verisign sponsor None intendeduse Network infrastructure actualuse ISPs miscellaneous sites used sometimes when desired name is not available in .com restrictions None structure Registrations at second level permitted RFC 1591 http www.icann.org tlds agreements netnet registry agreement 01jul05.pdf ICANN registry agreement disputepolicy UDRP website http verisigninc.com en US products and services domain name services registry services net domain names index.xhtml VeriSign NET Registry dnssec yes The domain name net is a generic top level domain gTLD used in the Domain Name System of the Internet . The name is derived from network , indicating its originally intended purpose was for organizations ... com tt . tt net tt is one of the original top level domains ref RFC 920, Domain Requirements , J. Postel ... 2011 Added by DASHBot ref Verisign , the operator of tt net tt after acquiring Network Solutions , held .... Verisign regained the contract bid, and secured its control over the tt net tt registry for another ... 2011 06 23 icann approves the renewal of net contract with verisign title .net Contract ... whois information for tt net tt http www.verisigninc.com en US products and services domain name services find registrar index.xhtml List of tt net tt accredited registrars http www.verisigninc.com en US products and services domain name services whois index.xhtml tt net tt WhoIS GTLD DEFAULTSORT NET ... members Category 1985 introductions ar .net be x old .net bg .net bs .net ca .net cs .net da .net es .net eu .net fa .net fr .net nom de domaine ko .net hy .net it .net hu .net mzn .net ms .net nl .net ja .net ce .net no .net toppniv domene pl .net pt .net ro .net ru .net sah .net sk .net sr .net fi .net verkkotunnus sv .net tr .net ur Net. vi .net fiu vro .net zh .net ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Digital reproduction is one form of data reproduction which is based on the digital data model. The advantage of digital reproduction of data over analogue reproduction is its lossless quality. Reproducing analogue data is inherently lossy , because every electronic component involved in any analogue reproduction process can introduce noise to the final result. Compare analogue processing to digital processing . DEFAULTSORT Digital Reproduction Category Digital technology Tech stub ... more details
reproduction may have short term benefits when rapid population growth is important or in stable environments, while sexual reproduction offers a net advantage by allowing more rapid generation ...Image caduco.jpg thumb 400px Asexual reproduction in Marchantiophyta liverworts a dehiscence botany caducous leaf phylloid germinating Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only it is reproduction which does ... which is reproduction without the fusion of gamete s. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction ... likened to sexual reproduction . ref name Narra cite journal author Narra HP, Ochman H title ... 16950097 doi 10.1016 j.cub.2006.08.024 issue 17 ref A complete lack of sexual reproduction is relatively ... author Dawson KJ title The Advantage of Asexual Reproduction When is it Two fold? journal Journal ... Engelst dter cite journal author Engelst dter J title Constraints on the evolution of asexual reproduction ... doi 10.1002 bies.20833 ref may underlie why few animals have relinquished sexual reproduction completely ... asexually through binary fission most of these are also capable of sexual reproduction. In multiple ... web url http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 498542 reproduction 76146 Multiple fission title Cell reproduction publisher Encyclop dia Britannica ref ref name fap cite book author Britannica Educational ... reproduction Main Vegetative reproduction Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction ... Reproduction publisher Ucmp.berkeley.edu date accessdate 2010 08 13 ref Examples of vegetative reproduction include the formation of miniaturized plants called plantlets on specialized leaves for example ... generations or phases of the life cycle, referred to as alternation of generations . Since sexual reproduction ... in plant sporophyte s and algae might be considered a form of asexual reproduction agamogenesis despite ... and fertilization are necessary to complete sexual reproduction in the plant life cycle. Fungi ... more details
Wiktionarypar reproductionReproduction may mean Reproduction , the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced Asexual reproduction , where an organism creates a copy of itself there is no genetic contribution from another organism Sexual reproduction , where two organisms contribute genetic material in the creation of a new individual organism Self replication , mechanical, memetic and other form of self replication Reproduction economics , in Marxian economics, recurrent or cyclical processes by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re created Reproduction album , a 1979 album by British electronic band The Human League Reproductions album , a 2007 album by singer Charlotte Martin Reproducibility Sound reproduction , audio recording and replay Reproduction Auto parts , remanufacturing of obsolete automotive spares See also Copy disambiguation disambig es Reproducci n desambiguaci n fr Reproduction gl Reproduci n hom nimos nl Reproductie pt Reprodu o desambigua o ro Reproducere dezambiguizare sq Riprodhimi simple Reproduction disambiguation sk Reprodukcia sv Reproduktion ... more details
Wiktionarypar rateRate or rates may refer to Rate mathematics , a specific kind of ratio, in which two measurements are related to each other Rate of travel, or velocity Naval rating or rate, terms used to designate specialty or seniority of enlisted naval personnel. Rate of a ship , a term indicating a sail ship s firepower in the British Royal Navy Bit rate , number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time Rates , a Portuguese parish and town located in the municipality of P voa de Varzim In science and finance Rate function , a function used to quantify the probabilities of a rare event Rates tax , a type of taxation system used to fund local government Reaction rate in Chemistry Exchange rate , specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other In human growth Birth rate , the natality or childbirths per 1,000 people per year Mortality rate , a measure of the number of deaths in some population As an initialism Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth , a project of creation geophysics See also lookfrom intitle Rating disambiguation disambig da Rate fr Rate homonymie wa Rate ... more details
Social reproduction is a sociological term referring to processes which sustain or perpetuate characteristics of a given social structure or tradition over a period of time. See also Cultural reproduction Uncategorized date April 2012 es Reproducci n social ... more details
Biology of Reproduction is a peer reviewed academic journal , and the official journal of the Society for the Study of Reproduction . It is published with the assistance of HighWire Press . External links official http www.biolreprod.org ISSN 0006 3363 eISSN 1529 7268 Category Developmental biology journals biology journal stub ... more details
Infobox Film name Into the Net image image size caption director George B. Seitz producer Malcolm Strauss writer Richard E. Enright br Frank Leon Smith narrator starring Edna Murphy br Jack Mulhall music cinematography editing distributor Path Path Exchange released 3 August 1924 runtime 10 episodes country Film US language Silent film Silent br English language English intertitles budget preceded by followed by Into the Net is a 1924 film serial directed by George B. Seitz . The film is now considered to be lost film lost . ref name silentera cite web url http www.silentera.com PSFL data I IntotheNet1924.html title Progressive Silent Film List Into the Net accessdate 2010 01 24 work Silent Era ref Cast Edna Murphy Natalie Van Cleef Jack Mulhall Bob Clayton Constance Bennett Madge Clayton Bradley Barker Bert Moore Frank Lackteen Dr. Vining Frances Landau Mrs. Fawcette Harry Semels Ivan Invanovitch Tom Goodwin Inspector Cabot Paul Porter The Emperor Tom Blake See also List of film serials List of film serials by studio References reflist External links imdb title id 0015015 title Into the Net Path serials George B. Seitz Category 1924 films Category American films Category American silent serial films Category Black and white films Category Path film serials Category Films directed by George B. Seitz Category Lost films silent film stub pt Into the Net ... more details
Italic title Infobox Journal title Reproduction formernames Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Reviews of Reproduction cover editor discipline Reproductive medicine abbreviation Reproduction publisher BioScientifica on behalf of the Society for Reproduction and Fertility country United Kingdom frequency Monthly history 1960 present openaccess license impact 3.073 impact year 2008 website http www.reproduction online.org link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC 45662873 LCCN 2001245725 CODEN RCUKBS ISSN 1470 1626 eISSN 1741 7899 Reproduction is a Peer review peer reviewed medical journal covering reproductive biology . Its focus is on cell biology cellular and molecular biology of reproduction, including the development of gamete s and early embryo s in all species developmental processes such as cellular differentiation cell differentiation , morphogenesis and related regulatory mechanisms in normal and disease models assisted reproductive technology assisted reproductive technologies in model systems and in a clinical environment and reproductive endocrinology and infertility reproductive endocrinology , reproductive immunology immunology , and reproductive endocrinology and infertility physiology . Emerging topics including cloning , the biology of embryonic stem cell embryonic stem cells , environmental effects on reproductive potential and health, and epigenetics epigenetic effects on reproductive and developmental processes are also covered. History The journal was established in 1960 as the official journal of the Society for Reproduction and Fertility under the name Journal of Reproduction and Fertility ISSN 0022 4251 . It obtained its current name in 2001 when it was merged with Reviews of Reproduction , a journal that was published by the Society for Reproduction and Fertility from 1996 2000 ISSN 1359 6004 . ref name about cite web url http www.reproduction online.org misc about.shtml title Reproduction About Reproduction format work accessdate ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Main Reproductive technology Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism . Examples include artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage embryo cleavage . Cutting plants stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. See Also Male Pregnancy Artificial Uterus In Vitro Fertilization Fertilization Pregnancy DEFAULTSORT Artificial Reproduction Category Reproduction Biology stub ar zh ... more details
Reproduction fees are charged by image collections for the right to reproduce images in publications. This is not the same as a copyright fee, but is charged separately, as is the cost of the provision of the image. It can be charged where an image is out of copyright, and reflects the possession of the image by a collection. Image collection charges vary according to the media books, magazines, TV, Internet etc. , and print run. Some charge a lower fee for not for profit publications. In the case of the Web, none appear to grant use in perpetuity, but for small blocks of time &mdash 3 months, 6 months, etc. Some institutions employ specialist firms to administer their copyrights and reproduction fees. In recent years the money asked per image can be so great as to make the publication of limited market topics un viable, by the time the other production costs are factored in. This is likely to have a deleterious effect on the future health of specialist academic publishing world wide. The expansion of public domain image resources appear to be the way of overcoming this problem. On the other hand the fees can help a collection to balance its finances. See also The court case Bridgeman Art Library Ltd. v. Corel Corporation established that exact photographic copies of public domain works of art are not copyright able under United States law . External links Elaine M. Stainton http www.indiana.edu aah vol2 iss1.html Photo Reproduction Fees and Designations Three Modest Proposals concerning fine art reproduction fees Category Stock photography ... more details
Cleanup date April 2008 Cultural reproduction is the transmission of existing cultural values and norms ... University of Canterbury New Zealand, 1997 ref Cultural reproduction refers to the mechanisms by which continuity of cultural experience is sustained across time. Cultural reproduction often results in social reproduction, or the process of transferring aspects of society such as class from generation ... are among the main mechanisms of cultural reproduction, and do not operate solely through what is taught ..., 1997 ref Reproduction as it is applied to culture, is the process by which aspects of culture are passed ... taking with them certain cultural norms and traditions. For centuries cultural reproduction has occurred ... a process known as socialization . Methods of Cultural Reproduction The method through which cultural reproduction is perpetuated varies by the socializing agent s relative location, awareness, and intention ... forces of cultural reproduction. ref name ReferenceB Gray, Ann, and Jim McGuigan, eds. Studying Culture ... Education as an agent of cultural reproduction Bourdieu s theory of cultural reproduction ref Bourdieu,Pierre and Jean Claude Passeron, 1990 Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, Sage ... reproduction entails three fundamental propositions 1 parental cultural capital is inherited by children ... are a major mechanism of social reproduction in advanced capitalist societies. The concept of education as an agent of cultural reproduction is argued to be less directly explained by the material ... I. Butler and Karen L. Robson, Reassessing the Role of Education in Social Reproduction The Impact of School ... consensus as the exact role of education within cultural reproduction and further to what degree ... and opportunities. ref Reproduction The Role of Cultural Factors and Educational Mediators, Kathleen ... force. Further it establishes an acceptance to the reproduction of submissive attitude to the established ... the same system upon each successive generation. History The concept of cultural reproduction ... more details
In the theory of photography , tone reproduction is the mapping of scene luminance and color to print reflectance or display device display luminance , ref cite book title Imaging Processes and Materials author John Sturge, Vivian Walworth, and Allan Shepp publisher John Wiley and Sons year 1989 isbn 0471290858 url http books.google.com ?id dwv4w0OE QIC&pg RA1 PA449&dq 22tone reproduction curve 22 luminance reflectance ref with the aim of subjectively properly reproducing brightness and brightness ... Reproduction, with a Graphic Method for the Solution of Problems author L. A. Jones volume 190 issue ... books.google.com ?id t UGAAAAYAAJ&pg PA39&dq photography tone reproduction doi 10.1016 S0016 0032 20 92118 X ref The reproduction of color scenes in black and white tones is one of the long time concerns ... ?id C s6AAAAMAAJ&pg PA183&dq tone rendering print ref A tone reproduction curve is often ... reproduction, and between accurate and preferred tone reproduction, have long been recognized. Many ... form the overall tone reproduction curve the Jones diagram was developed as a way to illustrate ... Reproduction of Tone author L. A. Jones journal Journal of the Optical Society of America ...&pg PA232&dq photographic reproduction of tone brightness tone reflecting illumination tones ref ref ... http books.google.com ?id BRYa6Qpsw48C&pg PA236&dq objective subjective luminance tone reproduction ... reproduction curve. The exposure of the paper is sometimes modified in the darkroom by dodging and or burning in , further complicating the overall tone reproduction, usually helping to map a wider ... sensor s tend to be nearly linear, but these nonlinear tone reproduction characteristics are emulated ..., a tone reproduction curve is applied to a desired output referred luminance value, for example ... 22tone reproduction curve 22 22dot gain 22 ref Dot based printing methods have a finite native dot size ... substrate . A tone reproduction curve is applied to the electronic image prior to printing, so that the reflectance ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Reproduction Type Album Artist The Human League Cover Human League Reproduction.jpg Released October 1979 Recorded Workshop Studio, Sheffield, 1979 Genre Electronic music Electronic br New Wave music New Wave br Industrial music Industrial Length 43 10 Label Virgin Records Virgin Producer Colin Thurston Last album This album Reproduction br 1979 Next album Holiday 80 br 1980 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 3 5 ref cite web url Allmusic class album id r9613 pure url yes title Reproduction Human League publisher Allmusic ref Reproduction is the debut album released by British synthpop band The Human League . The album was released in October 1979 through Virgin Records . Reproduction contains nine tracks of electronic music synthpop with some elements of industrial music , and was recorded during six weeks at The Human League s studio in Sheffield . The recordings were produced by Colin Thurston , who had previously worked on some key new wave recordings such as Iggy Pop s Lust for Life song Lust for Life and the first Magazine band Magazine album, and would go on to produce numerous hit albums of the 1980s, most notably for Duran Duran . The album was a commercial failure upon its initial release in October 1979, but it was re issued and charted almost two years later in August 1981, earning a Silver disc by the end of the year and peaking at no.34 in early 1982. The album spent a total of 23 weeks on the album chart and was later certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry BPI in 1988. The only single released from the album was Empire State Human which initially failed to chart, but was re released in June ... release of Reproduction , but was added as an extra track on all CD issues from the late 1980s ... web url http www.chartstats.com release.php?release 39677 title The Human League Reproduction publisher ... Thurston Category Virgin Records albums ca Reproduction sv Reproduction ... more details
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