Neutraltheory may refer to one of these two related theories the neutraltheory of molecular evolution or the unified neutraltheory of biodiversity . disambig ... more details
Image Neutralmotookimura.jpg thumb right The NeutralTheory of Molecular Evolution is an influential monograph written in 1983 by Japanese people Japanese evolutionary biologist Motoo Kimura . While the neutraltheory of molecular evolution existed since his article in 1968, Citation needed date July 2010 Kimura felt the need to write a monograph with up to date information and evidences showing the importance of his theory in evolution . Content From Lamarck to population genetics Overdevelopment of the synthetic theory and the proposal of the neutraltheory The neutral mutation random drift hypothesis as an evolutionary paradigm Molecular evolutionary rates contrasted with phenotypic evolutionary rates Some features of molecular evolution Definition, types and action of natural selection Molecular structure, selective constraint and the rate of evolution Population genetics at the molecular level Summary and conclusion See also Molecular evolution Molecular clock Population genetics Complete reference cite book author Motoo Kimura Kimura, M. year 1983 title The NeutralTheory of Molecular Evolution publisher Cambridge University Press , Cambridge isbn 0 521 23109 4 External links http home.wxs.nl gkorthof kortho37.htm Review of the book by Gert Korthof DEFAULTSORT NeutralTheory of Molecular Evolution, The Category Books about evolution Category 1983 books Category 1983 in science Category Molecular evolution Category Population genetics ... more details
The neutraltheory of molecular evolution states that the vast majority of evolution ary changes at the DNA ... mutation mutants not affecting fitness . ref Kimura, Motoo. 1983. The neutraltheory of molecular ... 1970s. Neutraltheory is compatible with Charles Darwin Darwin s theory of evolution by natural ... violate neutraltheory s assumptions regarding genetic drift. ref name Hahn cite journal author Hahn ... 1962 , had hinted that perhaps neutral mutation s were widespread, a coherent theory of neutral evolution ... theory is that most evolutionary change is the result of genetic drift acting on neutral allele s. A new ... predates neutraltheory. ref name Zuckerkand62 cite book author Emile Zuckerkandl Zuckerkandl, E. and Linus ... with neutraltheory. Many molecular biology molecular biologists and population genetics population geneticists also contributed to the development of the neutraltheory, which may be viewed as an offshoot of the modern evolutionary synthesis . Neutraltheory does not contradict natural ... . The neutraltheory of molecular evolution predicts that purifying selection is ubiquitous, but that both ... generalisation of the neutraltheory by including the concept of near neutrality , ref name Ohta1992 cite journal author Ohta, T. year 1992 title The nearly neutraltheory of molecular evolution ... of The NeutralTheory Is Dead and Long Live the NeutralTheory will continue to reverberate, sometimes in the title of a single article. As of the early 2000s, the neutraltheory is widely used ... of amino acid changes may be due to selection. ref name Hahn The reliance of neutraltheory on genetic ... theory of molecular evolution nearly neutraltheory , it requires the increase in the diversity ... of alleles that are neutral with increasing population size. Neither neutraltheory nor nearly neutraltheory predicts the observation that genetic diversity depends on the recombination rate in that part ... John H. Gillespie Molecular evolution Nearly neutraltheory of molecular evolution Peter Donnelly Tomoko ... more details
The unified neutraltheory of biodiversity and biogeography here Unified Theory or UNTB is a hypothesis ... author Hubbell, SP year 2001 title The Unified NeutralTheory of Biodiversity and Biogeography MPB ... niche niche theory . Hubbell built on earlier neutral concepts, including Robert MacArthur MacArthur & E.O. Wilson Wilson s theory of island biogeography ref name Hubbell2001 and Steven Jay Gould ... and temporal scales. The Unified Theory and saturation Although not strictly necessary for a neutraltheory, many stochastic models of biodiversity assume a fixed, finite community size. There are unavoidable ... this simplified model for speciation a point mutation , using the terminology of the Neutraltheory ... with two tunable parameters, compared to the neutraltheory s three ref name Nee2003 cite doi 10.1016 ... Ewens s sampling formula Metabolic theory of ecology Neutraltheory of molecular evolution External ..., S.P. year 2001 title The Unified NeutralTheory of Biodiversity and Biogeography publisher Princeton University Press isbn 0 691 02128 7 cite journal author Leigh E.G. Jr year 2007 title Neutraltheory ..., J. R.,Hubbell, S. P., Maritan, A. title Neutraltheory and relative species abundance in ecology ... and relative abundance of species in ecological communities, although like other neutral theories of ecology ... of trophic ally similar species are neutral, or irrelevant to their success. This implies that biodiversity ... or similar resources. ref name Hubbell2001 Under the Unified Theory, complex ecological interactions ... long as all individuals behave in the same way . The Unified Theory also makes predictions that have .... Citation needed date November 2007 The theory predicts the existence of a fundamental biodiversity ... were monodominant. However, because the Unified Theory refers only to communities of trophically ... species abundance? A non neutral explanation for the rarity of rare species might suggest that rarity ... evaluation of the Unified Theory. It is not suitable for testing the theory. For this purpose, the approptiate ... more details
The nearly neutraltheory of molecular evolution is a modification of the neutraltheory of molecular evolution that accounts for slightly advantageous or deleterious mutation s at the molecular level. The nearly neutraltheory was proposed by Tomoko Ohta in 1973 ref name Ohta 1973 Cite journal doi 10.1038 246096a0 volume 246 issue 5428 pages 96 98 last Ohta first Tomoko title Slightly Deleterious Mutant Substitutions in Evolution journal Nature date 1973 11 09 pmid 4585855 ref including only deleterious mutations and expanded in the early 1990s to include both advantageous and deleterious nearly neutral mutations. Unlike in Motoo Kimura s original neutral theory&mdash which dealt only with mutations unaffected by natural selection &mdash the nearly neutraltheory predicts a relationship between population size and the rate of molecular evolution in larger populations, genetic drift , which can bring even slightly deleterious mutations to Fixation population genetics fixation , is a weaker force, so evolution happens more slowly than in smaller populations. Origins of the nearly neutraltheory In the early 1970s, evolutionary biologists found that rates of protein evolution the molecular clock are fairly independent of generation time , while rates of noncoding DNA divergence are inversely proportional to generation time. Noting that population size is generally inversely proportional ... NeutralTheory of Molecular Evolution Perspectives on Molecular Evolution Category Molecular evolution ... while noncoding DNA substitutions are more neutral. In this case, the faster rate of neutral ... John H. Gillespie title Development of Neutral and Nearly Neutral Theories journal Theoretical Population ... of molecular evidence supported the theory that most mutation events at the molecular level are slightly deleterious rather than strictly neutral. Between then and the early 1990s, many studies of molecular ... of Neutral and Nearly Neutral Theories , pp. 135 136 ref References reflist External links http ... more details
selfref For Neutral Point of View on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia NPOV . Wiktionary neutralNeutral and neutrality may mean the following Natural science Neutral element or identity element mathematics , a special type of element of a set with respect to a binary operation on that set, such if applied to, or operated with any element of the set, causes no change to this last element Neutral solution chemistry , a solution which is neither acidic nor basic Neutral particle physics , a particle without electrical charge Neutral vector statistics , a multivariate random variable is neutral if it exhibits a particular type of statistical independence seen when considering the Dirichlet distribution Neutral organisms ecology , organisms are neutral if they obey the Unified neutraltheory of biodiversity ... conflict , and a policy aiming at that juridical stance in case of war Neutral territory , territory ... , not taking side in a controversy Neutral level semiotics , the physical or material creation of esthesic and poietic processes Other Neutral, abbreviated N , in a motor vehicle transmission mechanics transmission , when no gears are selected Neutral point of view NPOV journalism , a stance or tone that is free from bias, see Objectivity journalism Neutral Nation , a group of Native Americans Network neutrality Neutral wire electricity , a conductor that provides a low impedance path to the earth Neutral alignment role playing games , a categorization of the moral and ethical perspective of the player characters, non player characters, monsters, and societies in some games Neutral color , gray Neutral Records , a record label Humanitarian principles Neutrality humanitarian principles , a principle governing humanitarian response Switzerland , a country known for being neutral See also Neutralization disambiguation disambig als Neutral cs Neutralita rozcestn k da Neutral de Neutral eu Neutral argipena fr Neutralit nl Neutraal ja pt Neutro ru simple Neutral fi ... more details
Neutral zone may refer to In sports Neutral zone American football , the region between offensive and defensive sides prior to the snap of the ball on a scrimmage play Neutral zone ice hockey , zone between the blue lines in ice hockey A non competitive segment of a few miles at the beginning of a bicycle racing bicycle race In Star Trek Neutral zone pinball , target in the Star Trek The Next Generation pinball game Neutral zone Star Trek , buffer zone between the territories of two different powers in the fictional Star Trek universe The Neutral Zone TNG episode The Neutral Zone TNG episode , the finale of the first season of Star Trek The Next Generation In geography Saudi Iraqi neutral zone , area of 7,044 km on the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq, abolished 1991 Saudi Kuwaiti neutral zone , area of 5,770 km between the borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait left undefined, abolished 1970 In other fields Deadband Neutral zone control theory , concept in control theory A Overhead lines Neutral Section Phase Break short segment of railway track on which electric trains operate but which lacks the overhead lines that power them. Residual momentum is required for such trains to cross a neutral zone. See also Demilitarized zone No man s land War disambig de Neutrale Zone it Zona neutrale ru ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In genetics , a neutral mutation is a mutation that has no effect on Fitness biology fitness . In other words, it is neutral with respect to natural selection . For example, some mutations in a DNA triplet or codon do not change which amino acid is introduced this is known as a synonymous substitution . Unless the mutation also has a Regulation of gene expression regulatory effect, synonymous substitutions are usually neutral. Some non synonymous mutations, i.e. mutations that do change the amino acid, are also neutral these neutral changes are often to a chemically similar amino acid that works just as well. Such mutations may spread through genetic drift neutral drift . Neutral mutations can accumulate over time due to genetic drift or genetic hitchhiking genetic draft . According to the neutraltheory of molecular evolution , while the majority of mutations are deleterious, the majority of mutations that go on to become fixed as differences between species are neutral. Many or even most mutations to noncoding DNA are neutral. Mutation References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Neutral Mutation Category Mutation Category Evolutionary biology Genetics stub pt Muta o neutral fi Neutraali mutaatio ... more details
Infobox Interval main interval name Neutral second inverse neutral seventh complement neutral seventh ... Haluska, Jan 2003 . The Mathematical Theory of Tone Systems , p.xxiii. ISBN 0824747143. 3 4 tone, undecimal neutral second. ref cents equal temperament 100 or 200 cents 24T equal temperament 150 cents just intonation 165 or 151 Image Neutral second on C.png thumb right Neutral second on C audio Neutral second on C.mid Play . A neutral second or medium second is a musical interval wider than a minor second and narrower than a major second . Three distinct intervals may be termed neutral seconds The intermediate neutral second, called the lesser undecimal neutral second Audio Lesser undecimal neutral second on C.mid play , has a ratio between the higher frequency tone to the lower frequency tone of 12 11 and is about 150.64 cents wide, while the larger one, the greater undecimal neutral second Audio Greater undecimal neutral second on C.mid play , has a ratio of 11 10 between the two tones and is about 165.00 cents wide. The lesser undecimal neutral second may be derived from the Harmonic ... undecimal neutral second may be derived from the Harmonic series music harmonic series as the interval between the tenth and eleventh harmonics. An equal temperament equal tempered neutral second Audio Neutral second on C.mid play is characterized by a difference in 150 Cent music cents between ... half of an equal tempered minor third. Roughly speaking, then, neutral seconds are a quarter tone sharp from minor seconds and a quarter tone flat from major seconds. The equal tempered neutral second ... . Because neutral seconds are essentially a semitone minor second plus a quarter tone, they may be considered three quarter tones. In equal temperament Approximations to the 12 11 and 11 10 neutral .... See also List of musical intervals Microtonal music References reflist Intervals DEFAULTSORT Neutral Second Category Intervals music theory stub fa ... more details
Infobox Interval main interval name Neutral Sixth inverse neutral third complement neutral third other names abbreviation n6 semitones 8 interval class 3 just interval 18 11 ref Haluska, Jan 2003 . The Mathematical Theory of Tone Systems, p.xxiv. ISBN 0824747143. Undecimal neutral sixth. ref or 13 8 ref Haluska 2003 , p.xxiii. Tridecimal neutral sixth. ref cents equal temperament 800 or 900 cents 24T equal temperament 850 cents just intonation 853 or 841 Image Neutral sixth on C.png thumb right Neutral sixth on C audio Neutral sixth on C.mid Play . A neutral sixth is a musical interval wider than a minor sixth Audio Minor sixth on C.mid play but narrower than a major sixth Audio Major sixth on C.mid play . Three distinct intervals may be termed neutral sixths The undecimal neutral sixth has a ratio of 18 11 between the frequencies of the two tones, or about 852.59 cents. Audio Undecimal neutral sixth on C.mid play A tridecimal neutral sixth has a ratio of 13 8 between the frequencies of the two tones, or about 840.53 cents. ref http books.google.com books?id w7yZ1Nzb5awC&pg PR24&lpg PR24&dq 22tridecimal neutral third 22&source web&ots PUosdP9XYk&sig OfjiLTQaFOA8O1SSZYiZwZLeqR4&hl en Jan Haluska, The Mathematical Theory of Tone Systems , CRC 2004 . ref This is the smallest neutral sixth, and occurs infrequently in music, as little music utilizes the 13th harmonic . Audio Tridecimal neutral sixth on C.mid play An equal temperament equal tempered neutral sixth is characterized by a difference ... half of an equal tempered perfect eleventh octave plus fourth . Audio Neutral sixth on C.mid ... to distinguish. Neutral sixths are roughly a quarter tone flat from 12 equal temperament minor sixths ... more closely approximate just intonation, the intervals are closer together. A neutral sixth can be formed by subtracting a neutral second from a minor seventh . Based on its positioning in the harmonic series, the undecimal neutral sixth implies a root chord root one minor seventh above the higher ... more details
Infobox Interval main interval name Neutral seventh inverse neutral second complement neutral second other names abbreviation n7 semitones 10 interval class 1 just interval 11 6 ref Haluska, Jan 2003 . The Mathematical Theory of Tone Systems , p.xxiii. ISBN 0824747143. 21 4 tone, undecimal neutral seventh. ref , 64 35 ref Haluska 2003 , p.?. Septimal neutral seventh. ref , or 24 13 cents equal temperament 1000 or 1100 cents 24T equal temperament 1050 cents just intonation 1049, 1045, or 1061 Image Neutral seventh on C.png thumb right Neutral seventh on C audio Neutral seventh on C.mid Play . A neutral seventh is a musical interval wider than a minor seventh Audio Minor seventh on C.mid play but narrower than a major seventh Audio Major seventh on C.mid play . Four distinct intervals may be termed neutral sevenths A septimal neutral seventh Audio Septimal neutral seventh on C.mid play has a ratio of 64 35 or about 1045 cents. The just undecimal neutral seventh has a ratio of 11 6 between the frequencies of the two tones ref name Cooking Andrew Horner, Lydia Ayres 2002 . Cooking with Csound Woodwind and Brass Recipes , p.131. ISBN 0895795078. ref , or about 1049 cents Audio Undecimal neutral seventh on C.mid play . Alternately, 13 7 ref name Cooking or about 1071.7 cents. A tridecimal neutral seventh Audio Tridecimal neutral seventh on C.mid play has a ratio of 24 13 between the frequencies of the two tones, or about 1061 cents. This is the largest neutral seventh, and occurs infrequently in music, as little music utilizes the 13th harmonic . An equal temperament equal tempered neutral seventh Audio Neutral seventh on C.mid play is characterized by a difference in 1050 Cent ... for most people to distinguish. Neutral sevenths are roughly a quarter tone sharp from ... together. A neutral seventh can be formed by stacking a neutral third together with a perfect fifth . Based on its positioning in the harmonic series, the undecimal neutral third implies a root chord ... more details
refimprove date December 2010 In economics and finance , risk neutral behavior is between risk aversion and risk seeking . If offered either 50 or a 50 chance of each of 100 and nothing, a risk neutral person would have no preference between the two options. In contrast, a risk aversion risk averse person presented with these options would accept some amount less than 50 in preference to the risky option, while a risk seeking person would accept a less than 50 chance of 100 in preference to the sure 50. Theory of the firm In the context of the theory of the firm , a risk neutral firm facing risk about the market price of its product, and caring only about profit, would maximize the expected value of its profit with respect to its choices of labor input usage, output produced, etc. . But a risk averse firm in the same environment would typically take a more cautious approach. ref Sandmo, Agnar. On the theory of the competitive firm under price uncertainty, American Economic Review 61, March 1971, 65 73. ref Portfolio theory In Modern portfolio theory portfolio choice , ref Edwin J. Elton and Martin J. Gruber, Modern portfolio theory, 1950 to date , Journal of Banking and Finance 21, 1997 ... and Quantitative Analysis 7, September 1972, 1851 1872. ref a risk neutral investor able to choose ... the expected return on the overall portfolio. The risk neutral investor s portfolio would have a higher expected return, but also a greater variance of possible returns. The risk neutral utility function ... averse agent, convex function convex for a risk lover, and linear for a risk neutral agent. Thus in the risk neutral case, expected utility of wealth is simply equal to a linear function of expected ... See also Rational pricing Risk neutral valuation Risk neutral valuation Risk neutral measure DEFAULTSORT Risk Neutral Category Risk Category Financial risk Category Economics of uncertainty Category Utility Category Prospect theory de Risikoneutralit t sv Riskneutral ... more details
neutral third. ref , 27 22 ref name Haluska Haluska, Jan 2003 . The Mathematical Theory of Tone Systems , p.xxiii. ISBN 0824747143. Neutral third, Zalzal s wosta. ref , or 16 13 ref Haluska 2003 , p.xxiv. Tridecimal neutral third. ref cents equal temperament 300 or 400 cents 24T equal temperament 350 cents just intonation 347, 355, or 359 Image Neutral third on C.png thumb right Neutral third on C audio Neutral third on C.mid Play . A neutral third is a musical interval wider than a minor ... Theory of Tone Systems , CRC 2004 . ref This is the largest neutral third, and occurs infrequently in music, as little music utilizes the 13th harmonic . An equal temperament equal tempered neutral third Audio Neutral third on C.mid play is characterized by a difference in 350 Cent music cents ...Infobox Interval main interval name Neutral Third inverse neutral sixth complement neutral sixth other ... play . Three distinct intervals may be termed neutral thirds The undecimal neutral third has a ratio ... cents Audio Undecimal neutral third on C.mid play . A tridecimal neutral third Audio Tridecimal neutral ... cents. ref http books.google.com books?id w7yZ1Nzb5awC&pg PR24&lpg PR24&dq 22tridecimal neutral .... Neutral thirds are roughly a quarter tone sharp from 12 equal temperament minor thirds and a quarter ... approximate just intonation, the intervals are closer together. A neutral third can be formed by stacking a neutral second together with a whole tone . Based on its positioning in the harmonic series, the undecimal neutral third implies a root chord root one whole tone below the lower of the two notes. A triad formed by two neutral thirds is neither major nor minor, thus the neutral thirds triad ... tone scale Audio Neutral thirds triad on C.mid Play and 31 tet Audio Neutral thirds triad ... studies of individual infants singing found that neutral thirds regularly arise in their improvisations ..., neutral thirds were found to arise in infants songs after major and minor seconds and thirds, but before ... more details
. Arches Arches also have a neutral axis. If they are made of stone stone is an inelastic medium, and has little strength in tension. Therefore as the loading on the arch changes the neutral axis moves if the neutral axis leaves the stonework, then the arch will fail. This theory also known as the thrust ...Image Beam bending.png thumb Beam with neutral axis x . The neutral axis is an axis in the cross section of a Beam structure beam or shaft along which there are no longitudinal stresses or strains. If the section is symmetric, isotropic and is not curved before a bend occurs, then the neutral axis is at the geometric centroid . All fibers on one side of the neutral axis are in a state of Tension physics tension , while those on the opposite side are in compression physical compression Since the beam is undergoing uniform bending, a plane on the beam remains plane. That is math gamma xy gamma zx tau xy tau xz 0 math Where math gamma math is the shear strain and math tau math is the shear stress There is a compressive negative strain at the top of the beam, and a tensile positive strain at the bottom ... at its neutral axis. br is the bending bend angle Since the bending is uniform and pure, there is therefore at a distance y from the neutral axis with the inherent property of having no strain math ... y from the neutral surface. Denoting math epsilon m math as the maximum strain in the beam at a distance c from the neutral axis , it becomes clear that math epsilon m frac c rho math Therefore ... frac sigma my c dA 0 math Since y denotes the distance from the neutral axis to any point on the face ... the first moment of the cross section about its neutral axis must be zero. Therefore the neutral axis lies on the centroid of the cross section. Note that the neutral axis does not change in length ... stresses in the neutral axis. However, there are shear stresses in the neutral axis, zero in the middle ... below the neutral axis br w width of the beam br I second moment of area of the beam This definition ... more details
, is neutral. In general, variable math X j math is neutral if math X 1, ldots X j 1 math is independent ... element is neutral is completely neutral . If math X X 1, ldots, X K sim operatorname Dir alpha math is drawn from a Dirichlet distribution, then math X math is completely neutral. See also Generalized Dirichlet distribution References reflist Category Theory of probability distributions Category ... more details
each other to some extent of stock price movement. Theory The existence of a delta neutral ...In finance , delta neutral describes a portfolio of related financial securities, in which the portfolio value remains unchanged due to small changes in the value of the underlying security. Such a Portfolio finance portfolio typically contains option finance options and their corresponding underlying securities such that positive and negative The Greeks delta components offset, resulting in the portfolio s value being relatively insensitive to changes in the value of the underlying security. A related term, delta hedging is the process of setting or keeping the The Greeks delta of a Portfolio finance portfolio as close to zero as possible. In practice, maintaining a zero delta is very complex because there are risks associated with re hedging on large movements in the underlying stock s price .... ref http www.quantprinciple.com invest index.php docs quant strategies delta neutral hedging .... ref http www.quantprinciple.com invest index.php docs quant strategies delta neutral hedging strategies ref Therefore, if a position is delta neutral or, instantaneously delta hedged its instantaneous ... to changes in the value of the underlying, a portfolio that is delta neutral is effectively Hedge ... can be made to sum to zero, and the portfolio is then delta neutral. Options market makers , or others, may form a delta neutral portfolio using related options instead of the underlying. The portfolio ... is hard to borrow and therefore cannot be short selling sold short . One example of delta neutral ... be ignored. In practice, maintaining a delta neutral portfolio requires continual recalculation of the position ... Theory & Application for Delta Hedging http www.quantprinciple.com invest index.php docs quant strategies delta neutral hedging strategies Delta Neutral Hedging Strategies Hedge funds DEFAULTSORT Delta Neutral Category Financial markets Category Derivatives finance Category Mathematical finance nl Deltaneutraal ... more details
Neutral monism , in philosophy , is the metaphysics metaphysical view that the mental and the physical are two ways of organizing or describing the same elements, which are themselves neutral, that is, neither physical nor mental. This view denies that the mental and the physical are two fundamentally different things. Rather, neutral monism claims the universe consists of only one kind of stuff, in the form of neutral elements that are in themselves neither mental nor physical. These neutral elements ... or physicalistically they exist on their own. History Some of the first views of the Neutral ... www.ditext.com broad mpn mpn con.htm ref stated the basis of what this theory was to become. Indeed ... under the category of Neutral monism. There are considerably few self proclaimed neutral monists ..., which are accordingly just so many neutral elements that follow upon one another, is your mind ... observes the rock. The neutral elements exist, and our minds are constituted by some subset of them .... All of this, however, is just a matter of grouping the neutral elements in one way or another ... and mathematics and the abstract part of philosophy. They speak of neutral entities as the stuff ... is neutral stuff. . ref Russell 1921 10 11 ref Russell goes on to agree with James and in part with the American ... right, though not wholly, in considering that both mind and matter are composed of a neutral stuff ... , Chalmers carefully considers neutral monism and panpsychism , variants of what he calls Type F Monism ..., neutral monism should be distinguished from dual aspect monism , which holds that all existence ... monism that respects both mind and matter . See also Dialectical monism Double aspect theory Monadology ... 1996 The Conscious Mind In Search of a Fundamental Theory , Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN ... entries neutral monism Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry analytic philosophy philosophy ... monisme ru fi Neutraali monismi sv Neutral monism ... more details
Neutral nation may refer to Neutrality international relations , a nation that has taken a neutral stance in a particular conflict or is a permanently neutral state by policy or law Neutral Nation , an Iroquoian nation of North American native people who lived near the shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie disambig ... more details
A shared neutral is a connection in which a plurality of circuits use the same neutral connection. This is also known as a common neutral , and the circuits and neutral together are sometimes referred to as an Edison circuit . Three phase shared neutral In a three phase circuit, a Neutral is usually shared between all three Phases. Commonly the system Neutral is derived from the star point on feeding ... in an Industrial distribution environment. It is most common to refer to the Neutral as a Neutral phase . Commonly the Neutral is taken to ground or Earthed through the Neutral Earth link, a bond between the Neutral bar and the Earth Bar. It is common on larger systems to monitor any current flowing through the Neutral Earth link and use this as the basis for Neutral Fault protection. This Neutral ... against Earth Neutral and give a voltage reading. In a three phase and neutral system of say 480Volts phase to phase, the phase to Neutral Earth voltage will be 277Volts 480 3 . Without this Neutral .... The Neutral Earth link allows any Phase to Earth fault to develop enough current flow to trip ... of a potential downstream fault to ground and ensuring that the fault loop impedance back to the Neutral ... one neutral, the worst case current draw is one side has zero load and the other has full load, or when ... in the neutral equals that of the other two wires. In a three phase circuit with three balanced loads, the Neutral has zero current in it when the loads are equal, and at most one unit of current ..., rather than the Neutral Phase. It is important to remember that the three Phases are out of phase ... for balanced loads. This can be dangerous the Neutral current can exceed the rating of the 1 ... of the third harmonic are additive, resulting in more current in the shared neutral conductor than in any of the phase conductors. In the absolute worst case, the current in the shared neutral conductor can be triple that in each phase conductor. Some jurisdictions prohibit the use of shared neutral ... more details
About an economic term Dungeons & Dragons related term Alignment Dungeons & Dragons Neutral good Refimprove date May 2009 In economics , neutral goods are goods that have a demand that is not dependent to the income . Examples of neutral goods include prescription medicines for people with medical conditions, such as insulin for diabetics. Although an individual s income may vary their consumption of vital prescription medicines will remain constant. An alternative definition says that, a good is a neutral good if the consumer does not care about its consumption at all. That is, the consumption of that good will not increase the consumer s utility. For example, if a consumer likes texting, but not data package on his phone contract i.e.data package is the neutral good here , then increasing the amount of data allowance will not increase his utility. If an indifference curve is constructed such that Data Allowance is measured on Y axis and Texting is on X axis, the indifference curve will be a vertical line. ref Hal R. Varian, Intermediate Microeconomics A Modern Approach, Seventh Edition, Norton, 2006 ref References reflist Goodtypes DEFAULTSORT Neutral Good Category Goods econ stub ... more details
A neutral territory is a territory not a sovereign state that is not an integral part of any state neither independent, nor dependent on a single state, nor colonized or under protectorate, nor a concession territory concession , and yet is not terra nullius , but is the object of an agreement under international law between at least two parties usually bordering states and or their colonisers et cetera that neither shall establish, at least for the duration of the agreement s validity, effective control over it. When it is a delimited zone bordering at least one of the partners, the term neutral zone applies. This had been the case in the past for Neutral Moresnet , a 19th century neutral zone between the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and later Belgium and Kingdom of Prussia Prussia and later the German Empire . in the colonial era, the neutral zone between Thailand and French Indochina , 25 kilometres wide roughly 15.5 miles on the east bank of the Mekong , was placed under French control but formally remained under Thai sovereignty the Saudi Iraqi neutral zone the Saudi Kuwaiti neutral zone Antarctica In many cases, a neutral zone is also a demilitarized zone . Sources and references http www.worldstatesmen.org WorldStatesmen http www.newadvent.org cathen 07765a.htm Catholic Encyclopaedia Indo china Category Constitutional state types pl Terytorium neutralne ru ... more details
Cyrillic alphabet navbox Heading Cyrillic letter Neutral Yer Neutral Yer Majuscule unicode , Minuscule unicode is used in transcribing documents when it is hard to tell the difference between a and a . It was common in Late Medieval Russian archival materials and scripts. The appearance looks like a Yer with a hook on the top. Category Cyrillic letters Cyrillic alphabet stub ... more details
An investment strategy or Portfolio finance portfolio is considered market neutral if it seeks to entirely avoid some form of market risk , typically by hedge finance hedging . In order to evaluate market neutrality, it is first necessary to specify the risk being avoided. For example, convertible arbitrage attempts to fully hedge fluctuations in the price of the underlying common stock . A portfolio is truly market neutral if it exhibits zero correlation with the unwanted source of risk. ref http www.hedgefund index.com s equitymn.asp Are Market Neutral Hedge Funds Really Market Neutral Equity Market Neutral Related Scholarly Compositions ref Market neutrality is an ideal, which is seldom possible in practice. ref http www.eurekahedge.com news 06 nov Stephen Foerster Equity Market Neutral HF Return Drivers.asp Equity Market Neutral Hedge Fund Return Drivers ref A portfolio which appears to be market neutral may exhibit unexpected correlations as market conditions change. The risk of this occurring is called basis risk . Equity market neutral Equity market neutral is a Hedge fund Strategies hedge fund strategy that seeks to exploit investment opportunities unique to some specific group of stocks while maintaining a neutral exposure to broad groups of stocks defined, for example, by sector, industry, market capitalization, country, or region. The strategy holds long short equity positions, with long positions hedged with short positions in the same and related sectors, so that the equity market neutral investor should be little affected by sector wide events. This places, in essence ... regardless of the strength of the sectors. Equity market neutral strategy occupies a distinct ... January 2005 to April 2009 showed that equity market neutral strategy had the second lowest correlation .... Examples of market neutral strategies Delta neutral Pairs trade References Reflist Hedge funds References Refbegin Refend Reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Market Neutral Category Investment fr Neutre au march ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2009 Infobox record label name Neutral Records image image bg parent founded Late 1970 s founder Glenn Branca defunct 1980 s? distributor genre No Wave br Post punk country United States location New York, New York url Neutral Records is an independent record label . Glenn Branca ran the label during the No Wave and post punk scene in the Lower East Side , New York , in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Among their releases were early records by Swans band Swans and Sonic Youth album the first EP by Sonic Youth as well as Confusion is Sex . Category American independent record labels Category Alternative rock record labels US independent record label stub cs Neutral Records gl Neutral Records ... more details
Since the neutral point of an Mains electricity electrical supply system is often connected to earth ground electrical ground , ground and neutral are closely related. Under certain conditions, a Electrical conduction conductor used to connect to a system neutral is also used for grounding ... of grounding conductors and neutral conductors is carefully defined in electrical regulations. Where a neutral conductor is used also to connect equipment enclosures to earth, care must be taken that the neutral conductor never rise to a high voltage with respect to local ground. Definitions ... does not carry current. Neutral is a circuit conductor that carries current in normal operation ... AC system , the neutral conductor is intended to have similar voltages to each of the other circuit conductors. By this definition, a circuit must have at least three wires for one to serve as a neutral ... neutral point and earth ground is also referred to as the neutral . ref Neutral Conductor in Article .... The requirement to ground the neutral point begins at Article 250.4. ref The National Electrical Code US NEC and Canadian electrical code only define neutral as the first of these. In North American ... the Institution of Engineering and Technology IET definition of a neutral conductor is one connected to the supply system neutral point, which includes both these uses. All neutral wires of the same ... together through the system ground. Neutral conductors are usually insulated for the same voltage as the line ... neutral conductor ref Circuitry Neutral wires are usually connected together at a neutral ... three wire single phase service , the neutral point of the system is at the center tap on the secondary ... service, the neutral point is usually at the common connection on the secondary side of Delta ... result in no neutral point, and no neutral conductors. Wiring colours File Wiring colours.jpg thumb right UK Electrical wiring colours notices. The insulation of a neutral wire is coloured blue in the EU ... more details
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