In physics , a neutron interferometer is an interferometer capable of diffraction diffracting neutron s, allowing the wave like nature of neutrons, and other related phenomena, to be explored. Interferometry inherently depends on the wave nature of the object. As pointed out by de Broglie in his PhD thesis, particles, including neutron s, can behave like waves the so called wave particle duality , now explained in the general framework of quantum mechanics . The wave function s of the individual interferometer paths are created and recombined coherently which needs the application of dynamical theory of diffraction . Neutron interferometers are the counterpart of X ray interferometer s and are used to study quantities or benefits related to thermal neutron thermal neutron radiation . Neutron interferometers are used to determine minute quantum mechanical effects to the neutron wave, such as studies of the Aharonov Bohm effect gravity acting on an elementary particle, the neutron rotation of the earth acting on a quantum system they can be applied for neutron phase imaging tests of the dynamical theory of diffraction Like X ray interferometer s, neutron interferometers are typically made from a single large crystal of silicon , often 10 to 30 or more centimeters in diameter and 20 to 60 cm or more in length. Modern semiconductor technology allows large single crystal silicon boule crystal boules to be easily grown. Since the boule is a single crystal, the atoms in the boule are precisely ... results would not be meaningful. Only recently, a neutron interferometer for cold and ultracold neutrons was designed and successfully run. Neutron optical components in this case comprise three gratings ... setup illuminating a photo neutron refractive polymer. References V. F. Sears, Neutron Optics , Oxford University Press 1998 . H. Rauch and S. A. Werner, Neutron Interferometry , Clarendon Press, Oxford 2000 . Category Interferometers Category Neutron instrumentation Interferometer ... more details
Neutron activation is the process in which neutron radiation induces radioactivity in materials, and occurs when atomic nucleus atomic nuclei capture free neutron s, becoming heavier and entering excited state s. The excited nucleus often decays immediately by emitting particles such as neutrons, proton s, or alpha particle s. The neutron capture , even after any intermediate decay, often results in the formation of an unstable activation product . Such radioactive nuclei can exhibit half life half lives ranging from small fractions of a second to many years. An example of this kind of a nuclear reaction occurs in the production of cobalt 60 within a nuclear reactor nuclide cobalt 59 n nuclide cobalt 60 The cobalt 60 decays by the emission of a beta particle plus gamma ray s into nickel 60. This reaction has a half life of about 5.27 years, and cobalt 60 is a valuable source of nuclear radiation for radiotherapy . In other cases, and depending on the kinetic energy of the neutron, the capture of a neutron can cause nuclear fission the splitting of the atomic nucleus into two smaller nuclei. If the fission requires an input of energy, that comes from the kinetic energy of the neutron. An example of this kind of fission in a light element can occur when the only stable isotope of beryllium ... Nuclide beryllium 9 n 2 Nuclide helium 4 2n energy In other words, the capture of the neutron by beryllium ... neutron flux es, such as within the cores of nuclear reactors, neutron activation contributes to material ... materials are more subject to neutron activation than others, so a suitably chosen low activation ... in a sheet of aluminum foil . The lasting radiation from a nuclear weapon is in part due to the neutron ... s. Neutron activation also has a practical use. Neutron activation analysis is one of the most sensitive ... lifetime may be short, so that its effects soon disappear. In this sense, neutron activation is a non ..., November 19, 2007 Category Radiation Category Neutron Radiation Category Radiation effects nuclear ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Neutron Man 1942 2004 , real name Orlas King, was a popular Ohio State University college football fan for thirty years. Always seated by the marching band, King would burst into his original dances whenever the Ohio State University Marching Band would play the Neutron Dance . Image with unknown copyright status removed Image Photo06.jpg right Biography Early life King grew up in Kettering, Ohio where his father was a tool and die maker. Every year he and his father would travel to Columbus, Ohio , to Ohio Stadium to watch a Buckeyes home football game. Later, King went on to play football on a scholarship at the University of Dayton . Football Games King, along with his wife Debbi, started dancing at Ohio State home football games in 1973. At that time he was known as the B Deck Dancer. He remained the B Deck Dancer until 1984 when the Ohio State Marching Band introduced its rendition of the Pointer Sisters Neutron Dance . The spectators established a connection between the song and King and began to chant, Neutron Man, Neutron Man . From that point forward, the Neutron Man would dance at every Ohio State home football game during the third quarter break. King eventually began to wear his scarlet and gray beret and his very own Ohio State Buckeyes jersey with Neutron Man printed on the back. Contributions Until his death in 2004, King promoted and contributed ... after the marching band and cheerleading tryouts. Spawning from his popularity, a Neutron ... scholarship. The Neutron Man Memorial Fund The Neutron Man Memorial Fund was established by his ...?fundnum 302468 The Neutron Man Memorial Fund http tbdbitl.osu.edu news 2004 orlas king passes.htm ... songs neutron.html The Neutron Man and Ohio State Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Neutron Man ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1942 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 2004 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Neutron Man Category Dayton Flyers football players Neutron Man Category ... more details
Refimprove date April 2010 sprotect small yes File Chart of Nuclides Thermal neutron capture cross sections.png thumb right 370px Chart of nuclides showing thermal neutron capture cross section values Science with neutrons Neutron capture is a kind of nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus collides with one or more neutron s and they merge to form a heavier nucleus. ref name University of Ottawa ... electrostatically . ref name University of Ottawa Department of Physics Neutron capture plays ... by nuclear fusion , but can be formed by neutron capture. ref name University of Ottawa Department of Physics Neutron capture at small neutron flux File Au198.PNG thumb left Decay scheme of sup 198 sup Au At small neutron flux , as in a nuclear reactor , a single neutron is captured by a nucleus ..., the atomic number rises by one. Neutron capture at high neutron flux The r process happens inside stars if the neutron flux density is so high that the atomic nucleus has no time to decay via beta emission in between neutron captures. The mass number therefore rises by a large amount while ... The absorption neutron cross section of an isotope of a chemical element is the effective cross ... of neutron capture. It is usually measured in barn unit barns b . Absorption cross section is often highly dependent on neutron energy . Two of the most commonly specified measures are the cross section for thermal neutron absorption, and resonance integral which considers the contribution of absorption peaks at certain neutron energies specific to a particular nuclide , usually above the thermal range, but encountered as neutron moderation slows the neutron down from an original high energy ... mechanism that helps keep nuclear reactors under control. Uses Neutron activation analysis can be used ... related to mineral exploration and security. Neutron absorbers main Neutron poison expert subject Physics section date October 2011 refimprove section date December 2011 The most prolific neutron absorbers ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2009 File Neuxtrono1.svg thumb An example of Neutron. Neutron is a two player abstract strategy game invented by Robert A. Kraus . The game was first published in the Playroom section of Games & Puzzles 71 in July August 1978. It is a game where each player moves two different pieces in a single turn without the use of dice . Games like Backgammon and Risk allow a player to move two or more different pieces in one turn, however, these games use dice. One other game that uses this concept is the L Game by Edward De Bono , and that game is also a modern invention. There are 15 variants to this game. Neutron and some of its variants are some of the main games featured in Zillions of Games . The game has been solved to some degree. Analysis has shown that the first player wins. It is unknown whether the other variants have been solved or not, and to what degree. Goal The goal of each player is to bring the Neutron to their home rank the first rank on their side of the board . The player can either bring the Neutron to their home rank during their turn, or have the other player bring it over there which only normally happens if forced upon during their turn. The other way to win, is to stalemate the other player, that is, by not allowing the other player complete their turn which consist of moving the Neutron first, and then one of their soldiers except on the first ... has five soldiers. There is also a neutral piece called the Neutron that is played by both players. Rules ... as they can until they are blocked by a piece or find the edge of the board. The Neutron is initially located in the center of the board. The Neutron is played by both players in the game. It moves ... player can only move a soldier. From there on, players must move the Neutron first, and then one of their soldiers ... of the first player s first turn. External links commonscat Neutron Board game http ... games es Neutron juego eo Ne trono ludo fr Neutron jeu zh ... more details
Science with neutrons Neutron backscattering is one of several inelastic neutron scattering techniques. Backscattering from monochromator and analyzer crystals is used to achieve an energy resolution in the order of eV. Neutron backscattering experiments are performed to study atomic or molecular motion on a nanosecond time scale. External links Existing backscattering spectrometers at reactors http www.ill.fr in10 home IN10 at the Institut Laue Langevin http www.ill.fr in13 home IN13 at the Institut Laue Langevin http www.ill.fr in16 home IN16 at the Institut Laue Langevin http www.ncnr.nist.gov instruments hfbs High flux backscattering spectrometer HFBS at NIST http iffwww.iff.kfa juelich.de wuttke doku doku.php?id spheres spheres SPHERES , an instrument of Forschungszentrum J lich at FRM II Inverse geometry spectrometers at spallation sources http www.isis.stfc.ac.uk instruments iris IRIS at ISIS neutron source ISIS at Rutherford Appleton http www.isis.stfc.ac.uk instruments osiris OSIRIS at ISIS neutron source ISIS at Rutherford Appleton http neutrons.ornl.gov instrument systems beamline 02 basis index.shtml BASIS at SNS http spectroscopy.web.psi.ch mars MARS at Paul Scherrer Institute Historic instruments the first backscattering spectrometer was a temporary setup at FRM I B. Alefeld, M. Birr, A. Heidemann, Naturwissenschaften 56, 410 1969 backscattering spectrometer BSS also called PI at the DIDO nuclear reactor DIDO reactor of the Forschungszentrum J lich decommissioned A historical and updated review on neutron backscattering and its applications can be found on http www.ill.eu other sites BS review index.htm WEB site of Neutron Backscattering Spectroscopy and a more recent version of it http ah backscattering.pagesperso orange.fr Literature Heinz Maier Leibnitz Grundlagen f r die Beurteilung von Intensit ts und Genauigkeitsfragen bei Neutronenstreumessungen , Nukleonik 8, 61 1966 . Category Neutron scattering Category Spectroscopy ar ... more details
orphan date February 2008 unreferenced date February 2008 The neutron scanner technology is non intrusive used to minimise the impact of security measures on rapid freight movement. The main advantage of the Scanner over current and potential new scanners is its ability to accurately and rapidly analyse the composition, shape and density of an object in real time without unpacking freight containers. Conventional X ray scanners are good at detecting objects based on their density and shape but not their composition. The Scanner is unique in the way it employs gamma ray s and neutron analysis to build an image and help identify the composition of the object being scanned. tech stub Category Export and import control Category Imaging Category Neutron related techniques ... more details
Neutron tomography is a form of computed tomography involving the production of three dimensional images by the detection of the absorbance of neutrons produced by a neutron source . ref cite pmid 15246387 ref It created a three dimensional image of an object by combining multiple planar images with a known separation. ref http mnrc.ucdavis.edu tomography.html McClellan Nuclear Radiation Center Bot generated title ref It has a resolution of around 200&ndash 500 &mu m. ref cite web url http neutra.web.psi.ch What tomo.html title Neutron Tomography work Paul Scherrer Institut ref Whilst its resolution is lower than that of X ray tomography, it can be useful for specimens containing low contrast between the matrix and object of interest for instance, fossils with a high carbon content, such as plants or vertebrate remains. ref name Sutton2008 Cite doi 10.1098 rspb.2008.0263 ref Neutron tomography can have the unfortunate side effect of leaving imaged samples radioactive if they contain appreciable levels of certain elements. ref name Sutton2008 See also cite doi 10.2138 rmg.2006.63.17 cite journal author Schwarz, D. year 2005 issue 30 url http palaeo electronica.org 2005 2 neutron neutron.pdf author2 Vontobel, P. L., Eberhard, H., Meyer, C. A. & Bongartz, G. title Neutron tomography of internal structures of vertebrate remains a comparison with X ray computed tomography journal Paleontol. Electronica volume 8 format PDF References reflist Category Tomography optics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2011 A neutron reflector is any material that reflects neutron s. This refers to elastic scattering rather than to a specular reflection . The material may be graphite , beryllium , steel , and tungsten carbide , or other materials. A neutron reflector can make an otherwise subcritical mass of fissile material critical, or increase the amount of nuclear fission that a critical mass critical or supercritical mass will undergo. An example of this is the Demon core Demon Core , a subcritical plutonium Pit nuclear weapon pit that went Critical mass critical in two separate fatal incidents when the pit s surface was momentarily surrounded by too much neutron reflective material. Nuclear reactors In a uranium graphite chain reacting pile, the critical mass critical size may be considerably reduced by surrounding the pile with a layer of graphite, since such an envelope reflects many neutrons back into the pile. To obtain a 30 year life span, the SSTAR nuclear reactor design calls for a moveable neutron reflector to be placed over the column of fuel. The reflector s slow downward travel over the column would cause the fuel to be burned from the top of the column to the bottom. A reflector made of a light material like graphite or beryllium will also serve as a neutron moderator reducing neutron kinetic energy, while a heavy material like lead or lead bismuth eutectic will have less effect on neutron velocity. Nuclear weapons A similar envelope can be used to reduce the critical size of a nuclear weapon , but here the envelope has an additional role its very inertia delays the expansion of the reacting material. For this reason such an envelope is often called a nuclear weapon design tamper . The weapon tends to fly to bits as the reaction proceeds and this tends ... weapon. Coincidentally, high density materials are excellent neutron reflectors. This makes .... See also Nuclear weapon design References reflist DEFAULTSORT Neutron Reflector Category Neutron ... more details
Neutron transport is the study of the motions and interactions of neutron s with materials. Nuclear scientists ... of nuclear reactor cores and experimental or industrial neutron Particle beam beams . Neutron transport is a type of radiative transport . Background Neutron transport has roots in the Boltzmann ... scale development until the invention of chain reacting nuclear reactors in the 1940s. As neutron ... in simple geometries. However, as computational power has increased, numerical approaches to neutron transport have become prevalent. Today, with massively parallel computers, neutron transport is still under very active development in academia and research institutions throughout the world. Neutron Transport Equation The neutron transport equation is a balance statement that conserves neutrons. Each term represents a gain or a loss of a neutron, and the balance, in essence, claims that neutrons ... vector solid angle in direction of motion math t math Time math mathbf v E math Neutron velocity vector math psi mathbf r ,E, mathbf hat Omega ,t dr ,dE ,d Omega math Angular neutron flux br Number ... mathbf hat Omega math , at time math t math . Note integrating over all angles yields Neutron flux scalar neutron flux br math phi int 4 pi d Omega varphi math math phi mathbf r ,E,t dr ,dE math Neutron flux Scalar neutron flux br Number of neutrons in a differential volume math dr math about math ... all neutrons produced by delayed neutron precursors math Sigma t mathbf r ,E,t math Macroscopic total ... cross section br Characterizes scattering of a neutron from an incident energy math E math ... neutron precursors math lambda i math Decay constant for precursor i math C i left mathbf r , t right ... hand side is the production of neutrons in this phase space due to delayed neutron precursors i.e., unstable nuclei which undergo neutron decay . The third term on the right hand side is in scattering ... are of primary interest in shielding and dosimetry studies. Types of neutron transport calculations ... more details
Neutron detection is the effective detection of neutron s entering a well positioned detector . There are two key aspects to effective neutron detection hardware and software. Detection hardware refers to the kind of neutron detector used the most common today is the Scintillation counter scintillation ... the number and energies of neutrons striking the detector. Basic physics of neutron detection Signatures by which a neutron may be detected Atomic and subatomic particles are detected by the signature ... are only weakly affected by electric and magnetic fields. Mass The neutron mass of val 1.0086649156 .... Magnetic moment Although neutrons have a neutron magnetic moment magnetic moment of val 1.9130427 ... insensitive to use for neutron detection. Electric dipole moment The neutron is predicted to have only a tiny Neutron electric dipole moment electric dipole moment , which has not yet been detected ... produced by neutron decay are detectable, the decay rate is too low to serve as the basis for a practical detector system. Classic neutron detection options As a result of these properties, detection ... of the neutron energy spectrum. Activation also allows recreation of an historic neutron exposure e.g., forensic recreation of neutron exposures during an criticality accident accidental criticality . ref ... are typically detected indirectly through elastic scattering reactions. Neutron collide with the nucleus .... Since the maximum transfer of energy occurs when the mass of the atom with which the neutron collides is comparable to the neutron mass, hydrogenous ref Materials with a high hydrogen content such as water ... Types of neutron detectors Gas proportional detectors Gaseous ionization detectors Gas proportional ... of a nuclide with high neutron cross section allows the detector to respond to neutrons ... . Since these materials are most likely to react with Thermal neutron Thermal neutrons thermal neutron ... by Neutron moderator moderating materials . Further refinements are usually necessary to isolate ... more details
Science with neutrons Neutron reflectometry is a neutron diffraction technique for measuring the structure ... of reflected radiation as a function of angle or neutron wavelength. The exact shape of the reflectivity ..., density, and roughness of any thin films layered on the substrate. Neutron reflectometry ... vector geometric vector , denoted math q z math , which describes the change in momentum of a neutron ... component. A typical neutron reflectometry plot displays the reflected intensity relative to the incident ... math lambda math is the neutron wavelength , and math theta math is the angle of incidence. The Abeles ... to 1 Metre SI prefixed forms of metre nm 2 to 10 ngstr m . This technique requires a neutron ... . Like all neutron scattering techniques, neutron reflectometry is sensitive to contrast arising ... the technique to differentiate between various isotopes of chemical element elements . Neutron reflectometry measures the neutron scattering length density SLD and can be used to accurately calculate ... operate using the same general principles, neutron measurements are advantageous in a few significant ... birefringence , which complementary neutron measurements can resolve. Dual polarisation interferometry is one optical method which provides analogous results to neutron reflectometry at comparable ... a thickness or birefringence for a uniform layer density. Disadvantages of neutron reflectometry include ... . Partial list of neutron reflectometers http lansce.lanl.gov lujan instruments Asterix index.html ASTERIX at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center in Los Alamos National Laboratory http lansce.lanl.gov lujan instruments SPEAR index.html SPEAR at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center in Los Alamos ... polREF at the ISIS neutron source http www.isis.rl.ac.uk ISIS in Oxfordshire , United Kingdom http ... www.ncnr.nist.gov programs reflect ANDR AND R at the NIST Center for Neutron Research http www.ncnr.nist.gov ... Magnetic at the Spallation Neutron Source http neutrons.ornl.gov ORNL in Oak Ridge, Tennessee ... more details
Neutron is an Italy Italian comic books comic book series and the name of the eponymous main fictional character character created in 1965 in comics 1965 by Guido Crepax . The series eventually became Valentina comics Valentina . Publication history The first Neutron story, La curva di Lesmo was published in the magazine in Linus magazine Linus in May 1965 in comics 1965 . small ref name cartioni cite web last Cartioni Online title Valentina url http www.cartonionline.com personaggi Valentina.htm language Italian ref small The series was centered around the superhero Neutron, and his fiancee Valentina was featured as a supporting character. The following story, I sotterranei published in February 1966, explored the origins of its main character, but subsequently became demoted to a peripheral character, as the series briefly was entitled Neutron Valentina , and eventually Valentina by the end of 1967 in comics 1967 . Fictional character biography Neutron is the alter ego of Philip Rembrandt, an art critic who since his youth has had the ability to paralyse people simply by meeting their gaze. He is revealed to be the descendant of a subterranean race from the city of Komyatan. small ref name mangialibri cite web last Mangialibri title Valentina Corriere della Sera url http mangialibri.com ?q node 183 language Italian ref small As an amateur investigator, Neutron solves some bizarre mysteries, but the few stories untimately served as an introductory prequel for the photographer Valentina Rosselli, who became the main protagonist of stories of a different genre, and one of the most famous European comics characters. The characters Valentina and Philip had a son named Mattia. Sources refbegin http www.dimensionedelta.net jones linus linus it.html Linus publications JB index it icon http www.lfb.it fff fumetto aut c crepax bib.htm Crepax publications Fondazione Fossati it icon refend Footnotes reflist Category Comics characters Italy comics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox short story See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name Neutron Tide author Arthur C. Clarke country United Kingdom language English language English genre Science fiction published in Galaxy Science Fiction publication type publisher media type pub date May, 1970 Neutron Tide is a short story written by Arthur C. Clarke Arthur C. Clarke . It is among his shortest pieces of writing, consisting solely of a 2 page, detailed description of a futuristic scenario in order to use a feghoot pun as a punch line . Plot summary Clarke describes a space battleship flying too close to the gravitational field of a neutron star , and subsequently being torn to bits by the high tidal forces. A military commander revealing this in a meeting says the only identifiable piece of debris was from an engineer s toolkit, resulting in the pun, star mangled spanner a play on The Star Spangled Banner the title of the United States national anthem . Category 1970 short stories Category Short stories by Arthur C. Clarke Category Neutron stars Category Works originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction ... more details
Infobox single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name Neutron Dance Cover Pointer Sisters Neutron Dance single.png Cover size Border Caption Artist Pointer Sisters Album Break Out Pointer Sisters album Break Out A side Neutron Dance B side Telegraph Your Love Released December 30, 1984 Format 7 single Recorded 1983 Genre Dance music Dance , Contemporary R&B R&B , New Wave music New Wave Length 3 53 Label Planet Records Planet Writer Allee Willis , Danny Sembello Producer Richard Perry Audio sample? Certification Last single I m So Excited br 1984 This single Neutron Dance br 1984 Next single Baby Come and Get It br 1985 Neutron Dance is a Dance music dance Contemporary R&B R&B New Wave music New Wave song from the Pointer Sisters . Released from their album Break Out Pointer Sisters album Break Out in 1984, the song hit the United States of America US Top 10, peaking at number six on the Billboard magazine Billboard chart, and was also featured in the Eddie Murphy motion picture Beverly Hills Cop . History It became the group s fourth top ten single in a row from Break Out. A video of the song was in heavy rotation on MTV at the time. Released at the height of the Cold War , the song ... detail.php?id 12921 title Neutron Dance Songfacts publisher Songfacts accessdate 2008 ... Track listings 7 single Neutron Dance 3 53 Telegraph Your Love 4 02 Chart class wikitable align center ... Neutron Dance&cat s hitparade.ch ref align left Dutch Top 40 align center 21 align left Swedish Singles ... dances the neutron dance, while singing some of the song. In The Golden Girls episode You Gotta ... of Neutron Dance for their 1988 album Three Gals, Three Guitars . The song was also a key song .... The Neutron Man , a popular Ohio State University college football fan would burst into his original ... games. A parody of the song was used when promoting The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron Boy Genius . References ... song stub de Neutron Dance fr Neutron Dance ... more details
A neutron bomb or enhanced radiation weapon ERW or weapon of reinforced radiation is a type of thermonuclear weapon designed specifically to release a large portion of its energy as energetic neutron radiation ... source of casualties. The levels of neutron radiation released are able to penetrate through ... books?id GgUFmDMazl0C&pg PA180 ref Detailed description A neutron bomb is a Teller Ulam design fission fusion thermonuclear weapon hydrogen bomb in which the burst of free neutron neutrons generated by a Nuclear ... equivalent is not a measure of a neutron weapon s destructive power. It refers only to the energy released mostly heat and blast , and does not express the lethal effect of neutron radiation on living organisms. Compared to a fission bomb with the identical explosive yield, a neutron bomb would emit ... of the neutron bomb journal Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists date Sep 1978 volume 34 url http books.google.com ... of neutron radiation. In a fission bomb, the radiation pulse energy is approximately 5 of the entire energy released in the neutron bomb it would be closer to 50 . Citation needed date June 2011 A neutron ... 95560 5 page 18 url http books.google.com books?id LT4MSqv9QUIC&pg PA18 ref History Conception of the neutron ... T. Cohen, Neutron Bomb Inventor, Dies at 89 url http www.nytimes.com 2010 12 02 us 02cohen.html? r ... the neutron bomb as a way to strike a cluster of enemy forces while sparing infrastructure and distant ... against his administration s plans to deploy neutron warheads in Europe. President Ronald Reagan restarted ..., Ronald Reagan, changed US policy and gave the order for the production of neutron warheads to start ... to dismantle all of our tactical nuclear weapons, including the Reagan stockpile of neutron bombs. In Cohen s mind, America was brought back to Square One. Without tactical weapons like the neutron ... the United States and Soviet Union, France and China are understood to have tested neutron or enhanced ... in 1967 ref http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi sci tech 395689.stm BBC News Neutron bomb Why clean is deadly ... more details
Infobox short story name Super Neutron title orig translator author Isaac Asimov country United States language English language English series genre Science fiction short story publication type Periodical published in Astonishing Stories publisher media type Print Magazine , Hardcover Hardback & Paperback pub date 1941 english pub date preceded by followed by Super Neutron is a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov , originally published in the September 1941 issue of Astonishing Stories , and included in the 1972 collection The Early Asimov . Asimov originally intended the story to be the first in a series, but was unable to come up with any further story ideas. Plot summary In the year 2144, a group of four friends who call themselves the Honorable Society of Ananias and Sapphira Ananias meet for lunch once a month, during which one of the members tells a story. The story must be a complex and fantastic lie, but one which sounds like the truth. The other three members are free to heckle and attack the supposed veracity of the tale. At the seventeenth meeting, Gilbert Hayes, a guest, requests that he be allowed to tell a story. His tale is that, fifteen years before, as an astronomer , he discovered that a planet with no gravitational field had entered the Solar System from the region of the south celestial pole and remained undiscovered by other astronomers. Hayes compares the planet to a super neutron , and he claims that it is heading for the Sun and will strike in just over an hour, destroying the Sun the way a neutron causes a uranium nucleus to nuclear fission fission . The story Hayes weaves involves complex astronomical observations and theories, and at the end ... that the super neutron has struck the sun, and that the Earth will be destroyed in eight minutes. He ... able to absorb the super neutron without undergoing fission. Out of sheer relief, the members vote ... in Astonishing Stories fr Super Neutron ... more details
Effective neutron multiplication factor reactivity and T is temperature. The relationship shows that math ... expands Water properties Density of water and ice as temperature increases , causing longer neutron ...The temperature coefficient is the relative change of a physical property when the temperature is changed by 1 Kelvin K . In the following formula, let R be the physical property to be measured and T be the temperature at which the property is measured. T sub 0 sub is the reference temperature, and T is the difference between T and T sub 0 sub . Finally, is the linear temperature coefficient ... Delta T math Here has the dimension s of an inverse temperature 1 K or K sup 1 sup . This equation is linear with respect to temperature. For quantities that vary polynomial ly or logarithm ically with temperature, it may be possible to calculate a temperature coefficient that is a useful approximation ... with temperature, such as Arrhenius equation the rate of a chemical reaction , any temperature coefficient would be valid only over a very small temperature range. Different temperature coefficients are specified for various applications, including nuclear, electrical and magnetic. Negative temperature coefficient A negative temperature coefficient NTC occurs when a physical property such as thermal conductivity or electrical conductivity of a material rises with increasing temperature, typically in a defined temperature range. For most materials, conductivity will decrease with increasing temperature. Materials with a negative temperature coefficient have been used in floor heating since 1971. The negative temperature coefficient avoids excessive local heating beneath carpets, bean bag ... temperature K . The constant B is related to the energies required to form and move ... with a value of B that provides good sensitivity to temperature. Such is the importance of the B ... math R r infty e frac B T R 0 e frac B T 0 e frac B T math where math R 0 math is resistance at temperature ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date February 2008 The name Neutron Howitzer was given to a neutron source that was developed after it was discovered in the 1930s that alpha radiation that strikes the Beryllium Atomic nucleus nucleus would release neutron s. The high speed of the alpha is sufficient to overcome the relatively low Coulomb barrier of the Beryllium nucleus, what? date December 2011 which contains only four protons, allowing for Nuclear fusion fusion of the two particles, releasing energetic neutrons. In 1930 Walther Bothe and Herbert Becker physicist Herbert Becker in Germany found that alpha particles striking light elements such as beryllium , boron , or lithium would release a highly penetrating radiation, at first believed to be a gamma radiation although it was more penetrating than any gamma rays known. The next important contribution was reported in 1932 by Ir ne Joliot Curie and Fr d ric Joliot in Paris , who showed that if this unknown radiation fell on paraffin or any other hydrogen containing compound it ejected proton s of very high energy. Finally, in 1932 the physicist James Chadwick in England performed a series of experiments showing that the gamma ray hypothesis was untenable, and suggested that the new radiation consisted of uncharged particles of approximately the mass of the proton. He performed a series of experiments to verify this, these uncharged particles were eventually called neutrons , and Chadwick is credited with this discovery. Any alpha emitting radioisotope will suffice, but usually a high specific activity alpha emitter is chosen, such as Radium Ra 226 . The alpha emitter and the Beryllium are pulverized and mixed together in close intimate contact to insure a high percentage of alpha emitter and beryllium nuclei in close ... a howitzer . Neutron howitzers were used by Otto Hahn , Fritz Strassman and Lise Meitner in 1938 to bombard ... nuclear weapons in 1945. Category Neutron sources Category Neutron related techniques ... more details
A neutron monitor is a ground based Particle detector detector designed to measure the number of high ..., predominantly protons and Helium Nucleus atomic structure nuclei . Most of the time, a neutron monitor ... radiation levels on Earth s surface to the degree that they are readily detected by neutron monitors. They are termed Ground Level Enhancements GLE . The neutron monitor was invented by University ... first J. A. title The cosmic ray nucleonic component The invention and scientific uses of the neutron ... has energy over 500 MeV, some of its secondary byproducts including neutron s will reach ground level where they can be detected by neutron monitors. Measurement strategy Since they were invented by Prof. Simpson in 1948 there have been various types of neutron monitors. Notable are the IGY ... larger NM64 monitors also known as supermonitors . All neutron monitors however employ the same ... with different nuclei. There is almost no interaction between neutron s and electron s. High ... charged particles. With this behavior of neutron interactions in mind, Professor Simpson ingeniously selected the four main components of a neutron monitor Reflector. An outer shell of proton rich material paraffin in the early neutron monitors, polyethylene in the more modern ones. Low energy ... is lead , and by weight it is the major component of a neutron monitor. Fast neutrons that get ... Counter. This is the heart of a neutron monitor. After very slow neutrons are generated by the reflector ... yields 764 keV. What it measures Neutron monitors measure by proxy the intensity of cosmic rays striking ... bibcode 1956PhRv..104..768M ref Neutron monitor arrays In the early days of neutron monitoring, discoveries could be made with a monitor at a single location. However, the scientific yield of neutron ... of multi station international neutron monitor networks journal Space Science Reviews year ... is not any isolated instrument, but rather the array. Networking neutron monitors yields new information ... more details
Temperature range may refer to Atmospheric temperature An aspect of Climate Climate classification climate classification Diurnal temperature variation Operating temperatureTemperature Thermoregulation Disambiguation ... more details
wiktionarypar melting temperature Melting temperature may refer to Melting point , the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid state. DNA melting temperature , the temperature at which a DNA double helix dissociates into single strands. disambig ... more details
wiktionarypar temperatureTemperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold. Closely related are Thermodynamic temperature Color temperature Effective temperature Normal human body temperature The term may also refer to Noise temperature , a measure of the noise of an electronic component. Temperature meat , or doneness, a description of how thoroughly cooked a cut of meat is Temperature song Temperature song , a song by Sean Paul Temperature Zion I song Temperature Zion I song Temperature , a song by Blaque from Blaque Out Temperature , a song by Little Walter Albums Little Walter See also Lookfrom Temperature disambig ca Temperatura desambiguaci de Temperatur Begriffskl rung la Temperatura discretiva lt Temperat ra reik m s pl Temperatura ujednoznacznienie ... more details
Temperature Rising may refer to Temperature Rising album Temperature Rising , a studio album by Thai singer Tata Young Temperatures Rising , an American television situation comedy Temperature s Rising , an album by rock group Loverboy Temperature s Rising Mobb Deep song Temperature s Rising a single by Mobb Deep off of the 1995 album The Infamous disambig ... more details
NOTE TO EDITORS Absolute zero is NOT the temperature at which a substance contains zero heat energy and is not always ... properties System properties Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature and is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics . Thermodynamic temperature is an absolute Scale of temperature scale because it is the measure of the fundamental property underlying temperature its null or zero point, absolute zero , is the temperature at which the particle constituents ... , Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh 1880 , p. 39 ref At its simplest, temperature arises from the kinetic ... contributes to the substance s temperature. Overview NOTE TO EDITORS This section is internally linked from elsewhere within the article. Do not rename without correcting referencing links. Temperature ... temperature of any bulk quantity of matter is the measure of the average kinetic energy of a certain ... in solids. Thermodynamic temperature s null mathematics null point, absolute zero, is the temperature ... not fully achieve a state of zero temperature. However, even if scientists could remove all kinetic ... zero of temperature . ZPE is the result of all pervasive energy fields in the vacuum between ... T 0 is not a state of zero molecular motion, it is the point of zero temperature and, in accordance ... is at a temperature greater than T 0, heat will flow inward, and if the surrounding environment ... Thermodynamic temperature Heat energy at absolute zero Heat energy at absolute zero , below . Throughout ... temperature is measured in kelvin s symbol K . Many engineering fields in the United States U.S. however, measure thermodynamic temperature using the Rankine scale . By http www1.bipm.org ... temperature, is defined as being precisely 0 K and 273.15 Celsius C . The triple point ... to represent the thermodynamic temperature as closely as possible throughout its range ... thermometers . The relationship of temperature, motions, conduction, and heat energy Image Translational ... more details
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