a remnant of an ancient NorthSlavic branch. Constructed NorthSlaviclanguages There is also a group of artistic language s forming a fictional NorthSlavic branch of the Slaviclanguages . The authors of these languages were inspired by the existence of West, East and South Slaviclanguages and the absence of a known NorthSlavic group. Most of these languages therefore have an experimental ... elements in common. The best known examples of constructed NorthSlaviclanguages are Sevorian ... in South Slavic Arne Hult, On the verbal morphology of the South Slaviclanguages in comparison with the NorthSlaviclanguages, especially Russian , Papers from First Conference on Formal Approaches to South SlavicLanguages . Plovdiv October 1995. Dragvoll, University of Trondheim, Linguistics Department ... in NorthSlavic. sten Dahl ed. , Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe . Berlin Mouton de ... Slavs as a collective term for Western and Eastern Slavs in an old ethnic map The term NorthSlaviclanguages or, North Slavonic languages has three meanings. North versus South Slavic It is sometimes used to combine the West Slaviclanguages West Slavic and the East Slaviclanguages into one group, as opposed to the South Slaviclanguages much like South Germanic combining the West and East Germanic branches . The Southern group was separated from the rest of the Slavic dialects by the Hungarian people Hungarian invasion of the 9th century. An extinct branch of Slavic Citation needed date June 2010 Some Slavists Who date June 2010 believe that a separate, now extinct, branch of NorthSlaviclanguages once existed, different from both West and East Slavic. The dialect formerly spoken in the vicinity of Novgorod the so called Old Novgorod dialect contains several Proto Slavic language Proto ..., 1978, On the History of the Velar Phonemes in NorthSlavic in Russian with English synopsis ... artificially constructed language Category Artistic languages Category Slaviclanguages cs Severoslovansk ... more details
speculate that a NorthSlaviclanguagesNorthSlavic branch has existed as well. The Old Novgorod ... familycolor Indo European fam2 Balto Slaviclanguages Balto Slavic protoname Proto Slavic child1 East Slaviclanguages East Slavic child2 South Slaviclanguages South Slavic child3 West Slaviclanguages West Slavic map Slavic europe.svg mapcaption legend 008000 Countries where an East Slavic ... iso5 sla The Slaviclanguages also called Slavonic languages , a group of closely related language s of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo European languages , have speakers in most of Eastern ... Image Balto slavic languages1997.png thumb 250px Balto Slaviclanguages by number of speakers ... Slaviclanguages on the basis of geographical distribution into three main branches, some of which feature subbranches Style vertical align top East Slaviclanguages Eastern Slavic branch Old East Slavic ... West Slaviclanguages West Slavic branch Czech & Slovak Czech language Czech Slovak language Slovak ... top South Slaviclanguages South Slavic branch Eastern Group Old Church Slavonic small extinct small ... Slavic is also used sometimes to combine the West and East Slaviclanguages into one group, in opposition to the South Slaviclanguages, due to traits the West and East Slavic branches share with each other that they do not with the South Slaviclanguages. The most obvious differences between the West and East Slavic branches are in orthography of standard languages West Slaviclanguages are written ... Roman Catholic , whereas the East Slaviclanguages are written in Cyrillic script Cyrillic ... , despite both being South Slavic. The tripartite division of the Slaviclanguages does not take into account ... not stand out when comparing Slavic literary i.e., standard languages. For example, Slovak West Slavic ... than to the Croatian standard language itself. Although the Slaviclanguages split from a common ... between the various Slavic dialects and languages to make communication between speakers of different ... more details
Infobox language family name East Slavic map Slavic europe.svg mapcaption legend 008000 Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language region Eastern Europe familycolor Indo European fam2 Balto Slaviclanguages Balto Slavic fam3 SlaviclanguagesSlavic child1 Belarusian language Belarusian ... small either a separate language or a dialect of Ukrainian small child5 Old East Slavic language Old East Slavic child6 Ruthenian language Ruthenian iso5 zle The East Slaviclanguages constitute one of three regional subgroups of Slaviclanguages , currently spoken in Eastern Europe . It is the group with the largest numbers of speakers, far out numbering the West Slaviclanguages Western and South Slaviclanguages Southern Slavic groups. Current East Slaviclanguages are Belarusian language ... of Carpathian Rus Genetic Aspects ref The East Slaviclanguages descend from a proto language common predecessor , the language of the medieval Kievan Rus 9th to 13th centuries . All these languages use the Cyrillic script , but with particular modifications. Classification File East SlavicLanguages Tree en.png 650px Differentiation The East Slavic territory shows definitely a linguistic ... of Slaviclanguages in Eastern Europe in the mid 1920 s When the common Old East Slavic language ... Slaviclanguages is of course a history of written Writing text s. We do not know how the writers of the preserved ... the common languages of Eastern Slavic countries . In the course of the 20th century, Great Russian ... ref harv Slaviclanguages commons category East Slaviclanguages DEFAULTSORT East SlavicLanguages Category East Slaviclanguages af Oos Slawiese tale ast Eslavu Oriental be x old ... dialect, which shares features from the both languages. East Polesian is a transitional step between ... a line between two languages. Central Russian Central or Middle Russian with its Moscow sub dialect , the transitional step between the North and the South, became a base for the Russian literary ... more details
studies References reflist Slaviclanguages commons category West Slaviclanguages DEFAULTSORT West SlavicLanguages Category West Slaviclanguages ie lang stub af Wes Slawiese tale ast Eslavu ...Infobox language family name West Slavic map Slavic europe.svg mapcaption legend 7cdc87 Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language region Eastern Europe familycolor Indo European fam2 Balto Slaviclanguages Balto Slavic fam3 SlaviclanguagesSlavic child1 Czech Slovak languages Czech Slovak child2 Lechitic languages Lechitic child3 Sorbian languages Sorbian iso5 zlw The West Slaviclanguages are a subdivision of the SlaviclanguagesSlavic language group that includes Czech language Czech , Polish language Polish , Slovak language Slovak , Kashubian language Kashubian and Sorbian language Sorbian . File Zapadoslovanske.jpg thumb Groups and dialects Classification Indo European languages Indo European Balto Slaviclanguages Balto SlavicSlaviclanguagesSlavic West Slavic Czech Slovak languages Czech language Czech Knaanic language Knaanic Judaeo Czech Slovak language Slovak Lechitic languages Lechitic Polish language Polish Pomeranian language Pomeranian Kashubian language Kashubian Slovincian language Slovincian Polabian language Polabian Silesian language Silesian Sorbian languages Sorbian Upper Sorbian language Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian language Lower Sorbian Distinctive features Some distinctive features of the West Slaviclanguages, as from when they split from the East Slaviclanguages East Slavic and South Slaviclanguages South Slavic branches around the 3rd to 6th centuries AD, are as follows ref Zenon Klemensiewicz, Historia j zyka polskiego , 7th edition, Wydawnictwo naukowe PWN, Warsaw 1999. ISBN 83 01 12760 0 ref development of proto Slavic tj , dj into palatalized ts , d z , as in modern Polish Czech noc night compare Russian retention of the groups kv , gv as in Polish gwiazda star compare Russian retention of tl , dl , as in Czech ... more details
Indo European fam2 Balto Slaviclanguages Balto Slavic fam3 SlaviclanguagesSlavic child1 Eastern South Slavic child2 Western South Slavic iso5 zls South Slaviclanguages sidebar The South Slaviclanguages comprise one of three branches of the Slaviclanguages . There are approximately 30 million ... two Slavic branches West Slaviclanguages West and East Slaviclanguages East by a belt of German language ... language Church Slavonic traditions. Classification The South Slaviclanguages constitute a dialect .... ref cite book author Roland Sussex title The Slaviclanguages pages 43 44 location Cambridge ... languages in Europe alt Map of Europe indicating where Slaviclanguages are spoken The Slaviclanguages are part of the Balto Slavic group, which belongs to the Indo European languages Indo European language family. The South Slaviclanguages have been considered a Genetic linguistics genetic ... Slaviclanguages are shared with the Eastern Slavic group, but not the Western Slavic. These include ..., however, and are shared with some languages of the Eastern and Western Slavic language groups ..., the classifications are arbitrary to some degree. Dialectal classification South Slaviclanguages ... Slaviclanguages Bulgarian dialects Eastern Bulgarian dialects Western Bulgarian dialects includes ... see also Dialects of Macedonian language Transitional South Slaviclanguages Torlakian dialect ... the Central and Eastern groups of South Slaviclanguages. Torlakian is thought to fit into the Balkan ... rather than genetic relation. Western group of South Slaviclanguages History Each of these primary ... and dialects of the western group of South Slaviclanguages table class wikitable Dialect Sub Dialect ... to the verb to be , which is used as the auxiliary in all other Slaviclanguages see also Macedonian ... 150 840 7 language Croatian citation title The Slaviclanguages first1 Roland last1 Sussex author1 ... and Croatian http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 373 16 South SlaviclanguagesSlaviclanguages ... more details
SlaviclanguagesSlavic child2 Baltic languages Baltic The Balto Slavic language group traditionally comprises Baltic languages Baltic and Slaviclanguages , belonging to the Indo European languages Indo European family of languages. Baltic and Slaviclanguages share several linguistic traits not found ... classify Baltic and Slaviclanguages into a single branch, even though some details of the nature ... Slavica page 5 quote Though Prussian is undoubtedly closer to the East Baltic languages than to Slavic ... by means of well defined sound law s, and out of which modern Slavic and Baltic languages descended ... ancestral to Proto Slavic language, out of which all other Slaviclanguages descended. ref name enc Harvcoltxt Young 2006 ref Historical dispute The nature of the relationship of the Balto Slaviclanguages ... among Baltic and Slaviclanguages were a result of an intensive language contact, i.e., that they were ... Baltic and Slaviclanguages are a result of not only genetic relationship, but also of later language ... still reject a genetic relationship, most scholars accept that Baltic and Slaviclanguages experienced ... Baltic and Slaviclanguages were originally one language and so form one group . ref Harvcoltxt ... a genetic relationship between the Baltic and Slaviclanguages and dating the split of the family ... The Balto Slaviclanguages are most often divided into Baltic and Slavic branches. ref James .... H. 1958, On the Relations between Slavic and Baltic Languages , 4th International Congress of Slavic ... and the areas of the Danubian basin, ref Slaviclanguages were spoken till the year 800 all ... December 2010 The close relationship of the Baltic and Slaviclanguages is indicated by a series ... innovation. Citation needed date June 2010 Baltic and Slaviclanguages also show some correspondence in vocabulary about 100 words are shared by Baltic and Slaviclanguages, either being a common innovation ... languages and dialects descended. See also Baltic languagesSlaviclanguages Proto Slavic Corded ... more details
main Proto Slavic language Wiktionary Appendix Swadesh lists for Slaviclanguages Once it split off from Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European , the proto Slavic period probably encompassed ... ref Proto Slavic and its development into today s Slaviclanguages have been reconstructed using the comparative ... there is no phonetic data. Table class wikitable SlavicLanguages align center rowspan 2 Translation rowspan 2 Late Proto Slavic colspan 2 Russian language Russian colspan 2 Bulgarian language Bulgarian ... character of the palatalizations was uniform throughout Common Slavic and that West Slaviclanguages ... See also Wiktionary Appendix Swadesh lists for Slaviclanguages DEFAULTSORT Swadesh List Of SlavicLanguages Category Language phonologies Category Slaviclanguages Category Slavic words and phrases ... only several centuries of rapid change occurred before the breakup of Slavic linguistic unity. Slavic ... the evolution of languages via comparison. It contains a set of 207 basic words which can be found ... center I Unicode j az , j Proto Slavic IPA ja Russian IPA as Bulgarian j IPA ja Czech ja IPA ja Polish IPA jas Macedonian align center thou Unicode ty Proto Slavic IPA t Russian IPA ... Proto Slavic IPA on Russian IPA t j Bulgarian on IPA on Czech on IPA n Polish IPA t j Macedonian align center we Unicode my Proto Slavic IPA m Russian IPA ni Bulgarian my IPA m Czech my IPA m Polish IPA ni Macedonian align center ye Unicode vy Proto Slavic IPA v Russian ... align center they Unicode oni, ony, ona Proto Slavic IPA n i Russian IPA t Bulgarian ... this Unicode t Proto Slavic IPA t Russian IPA to va Bulgarian toto IPA toto Czech to IPA t Polish IPA va Macedonian align center that Unicode t Proto Slavic IPA to Russian ... center here Proto Slavic , IPA z d es , tut Russian IPA tuk Bulgarian zde IPA zd ... Slavic IPA tam Russian IPA tam Bulgarian tam IPA tam Czech tam IPA tam Polish IPA tamu ... more details
The history of all Bible translations into Slaviclanguages begins with Bible translations into Church Slavonic . Other languages include East Slavic Old Belarusian File Bible skorina.gif thumb 120px right Bible, published by Francysk Skaryna An effort to produce a version in the vernacular was made by Francysk Skaryna d. after 1535 , a native of Polatsk in Belarus . He published at Prague , 1517 19, twenty two Old Testament books in Old Belarusian language , in the preparation of which he was greatly influenced by the Bohemian Bible of 1506 . Other efforts were made during the 16th and 17th centuries, but the Church Slavonic predominated in all these efforts. For further reference go to http www.pravapis.org art skaryna1.asp Russian main Bible translations into Russian See Russian Synodal Bible See also Archangel Gospel , Russian. And the The Four Gospels Chetveroevangelie Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander by Pyotr Mstislavets 1574 1575 Ukrainian main Bible translations into Ukrainian The known history of the Bible translation into Ukrainian began in 16th century with Peresopnytsia Gospels , which included only four Gospels of the New Testament . South Slavic Bulgarian main Bible translations into Bulgarian The Bulgarian Orthodox church continued to use the Old Church Slavonic until the 1940s. In 1835 the British and Foreign Bible Society contracted a Bulgarian monk, Neofit Rilski , who started on a new translation which, in later editions, remains the standard version today. Macedonian main Bible translations into Macedonian Early history of Macedonian translations are closely linked with translations into Bulgarian dialects Bulgarian dialects from 1852. The whole ... Slavic Bible PDF Russia Category Bible translations by language Slavic Category Slaviclanguages ... also unique in the European literature. West Slavic Polish main Bible translations into Polish Bible ... translation from the original languages Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek and remains in wide use. Among ... more details
original research date June 2011 Unreferenced date May 2011 In Slaviclanguages , only one nearly universal type of aspectual opposition forms two grammatical aspects perfective aspect perfective and imperfective aspect imperfective in contrast with English, which has several aspectual oppositions perfect vs. neutral progressive vs. nonprogressive and in the past tense, habitual used to ... vs. neutral . The aspectual distinctions exist on the lexical level speakers have no unique method of forming a perfective verb from a given imperfective one or conversely . Perfective verbs are most often formed by means of prefixes, changes in the root linguistics root , or using a completely different root suppletion . Note, however, that possessing a prefix does not necessarily mean that a verb is perfective. Contrast between a perfective and an imperfective verb may be also indicated by stress, e.g. Russian perfective , imperfective to strew, shower, heap upon something . With a few exceptions each Slavic verb is either perfective or imperfective. Most verbs form strict pairs of one perfective and one imperfective verb with generally the same meaning. However, each Slavic language contains a number of bi aspectual verbs, which may be used as both imperfective and perfective. They are mainly borrowings from non Slaviclanguages, but some native verbs also belong to this group. As opposed to them, mono aspectual verbs are mainly native. There are mono aspectual imperfective verbs without perfective equivalents among others, verbs with the meaning to be and to have as well ... time . Most simple Polish verbs are imperfective as in other Slaviclanguages , ex ... verbs such a list is similar in other Slaviclanguages . The example is an imperfective and a perfective ... and ongoing activities. Category Slaviclanguages Category Grammatical aspects .... Aspect in Slavic is a superior category in relation to Grammatical tense tense or Grammatical ... more details
The American Association of Teachers of Slavic and Eastern European Languages AATSEEL is an academic organization founded in 1941. ref name aatseel site http www.aatseel.org about About AATSEEL . ref AATSEEL holds an annual conference each December and publishes the Slavic and East European Journal SEEJ , a peer reviewed journal of Slavic studies . AATSEEL is currently run by Princeton University professor Caryl Emerson, who will serve until the end of 2010 when University of Pittsburgh professor Nancy Condee will become President ref http www.aatseel.org executive council ref See also American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies AAASS American Council of Teachers of Russian ACTR External links http www.aatseel.org AATSEEL official site References Reflist DEFAULTSORT American Association Of Teachers Of Slavic And Eastern European Languages Category Academic organizations Category Linguistics organizations US org stub ... more details
Wiktionary Slav , Slavic or Slavonic may refer to Slavic peoples SlaviclanguagesSlavic mythology Slavic names Slavic surnames the Church Slavonic language , and its earliest form, the Old Church Slavonic language Slav village , a former Israeli settlement in the Gaza Strip The Slav Defense , a chess opening See also Slavonia , a region in eastern Croatia Slavyansky Disambig Category Slavic de Slawisch es Eslavo fa fr Slave gl Slave it Slavo he hu Szl vok no Slavisk ... more details
Infobox language family name North Omotic region Ethiopia familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Omotic languages Omotic child1 Dizoid languages Dizoid child2 Gonga languages Gonga child3 Ometo languages Ometo child4 Bench language Bench child5 Yem language Yem child6 Mao languages Mao The North Omotic or Nomotic languages belong to the Afro Asiatic languages Afro Asiatic family and are spoken in Ethiopia . ref Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World . 15th edition. Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics. ref Notes Reflist References http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 91900 Ethnologue entry for North Omotic languages Category North Omotic languages Category Languages of Ethiopia AfroAsiatic lang stub hr Sjevernoomotski jezici ... more details
see also Bomberai languages Infobox language family name North Bomberai region Indonesia familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian MP fam3 Nuclear Malayo Polynesian languages Nuclear MP fam4 Central Eastern Malayo Polynesian languages Central Eastern fam5 child1 The North Bomberai languages are a small group of Austronesian languages geographically Central Eastern Malayo Polynesian languages spoken by a thousand people off the coast of the Bomberai Peninsula . The languages are Arguni language Arguni , Onin language Onin , Sekar language Sekar , Uruangnirin language Uruangnirin . Category Languages of Indonesia Category Central Malayo Polynesian languages au lang stub ... more details
proposed, none of these has received mainstream acceptance child1 Northwest Caucasian languages Northwest Caucasian child2 Northeast Caucasian languages Northeast or Alarodian languages Alarodian iso5 ccn map Caucasic languages.svg mapcaption North Caucasian languages Col begin Col 2 West Caucasian ... Lezgic and Khinalug Col end North Caucasian languages sometimes called simply Caucasic as opposed to Kartvelian languages Kartvelian , and to avoid confusion with the concept of Caucasian race is a blanket term for two language Language family phyla spoken chiefly in the north Caucasus and Turkey the Northwest Caucasian languages Northwest Caucasian family Pontic, Abkhaz Adyghe, Circassian, West Caucasian and the Northeast Caucasian languages Northeast Caucasian family Caspian, Nakh Dagestanian, East Caucasian the latter includes the former North central Caucasian languagesNorth central ... 34 to 38 distinct living or extinct North Caucasian languages. ref name Ethnologue http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 214 16 Ethnologue report on the North Caucasian group ref Internal classification Among the linguists who support the North Caucasian hypothesis, the main ..., C Colarusso small Criticism Not all scholars accept the unity of the North Caucasian languages, and some ... Non SlavicLanguages NSL Conference, Chicago, 8 10 May 1997. ref See also Den Caucasian languages ...Infobox language family name North Caucasian altname Caucasic region Caucasus familycolor Caucasian family ..., S., and S. Starostin. 1994 North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary . Moscow Asterisk Press. http starling.rinet.ru ... Dido Lak Dargwa Lezgic align right border 0 Image North Caucasian Family Tree according to Nikolayev & Starostin.png thumb center 300px North Caucasian Family Tree NCED Nikolayev & Starostin 1994 border 0 Image North Caucasian Family Tree according to Starostin glottochronology .png thumb center 300px ... Caucasian languages are characterised by great morphological complexity in the noun . For example ... more details
Subclass PG Slavic, Baltic and Albanian is a subclass in the Library of Congress classification system, under the more general heading Library of Congress Classification Class P Language and Literature Class P Language and Literature . This article describes the ranges of call numbers within subclass PG. In this classification system, the numerical part of a book s call number places it within the subject hierarchy described below for example, the 1999 Slovo edition of Leo Tolstoy s Anna Karenina has the call number PG 3365 .A6 1999 , placing it in the category of Tolstoi PG 3365 3417 , in 1800 1870 PG 3320 3447 , in Individual authors and works PG 3300 3493 , in Russian literature PG 2900 3698 . Contents PG 1 9665.............Slavic. Baltic. Albanian 1 7948............ SlaviclanguagesSlavic 1 499............Slavic philology and languages General 500 585..........Slavic literature General 601 716..........Church Slavic 771 799..........Bulgarian Church Slavic 801 1146......... Bulgarian language Bulgarian 1151 1199........ Macedonian language Macedonian 1201 1696........ Serbo Croatian language Serbo Croatian 1801 1962........ Slovenian language Slovenian 2001 2826........ Russian language 2830 2847........ Belarusian language Belarusian 2900 3698........ Russian literature 2900 3190.......History and criticism 2900 2998......General 3001 3026......Special periods 3041 3065......Poetry 3071 3089......Drama 3091 3099......Prose 3100 3155......Folk literature including texts 3199 3299.......Collections 3199 3205......General 3211 3219......Translations 3223 3228......Special periods 3230 3238......Poetry 3240 3255......Drama 3260 3299......Prose 3300 3490.......Individual authors and works 3300 3308......Early to 1700 3310 3319......18th century 3312.......... Gavril Romanovich ... Sorbian Wendic 6001 7446........ Polish language Polish 7900 7925........Other Slavic dialects 8001 9146......... Baltic languages Baltic 8201 8208........ Old Prussian language Old Prussian 8501 8772 ... more details
Infobox language family name North Sarawakan altname region Northern Sarawak , Borneo familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Indo Melanesian languages Indo Melanesian fam4 Bornean languages Bornean ? child1 Kayan Murik languages Kayan Murik incl. Kenyah languages Kenyah child2 Melanau Bintulu languages Melanau Bintulu child3 Kelabitic languages Kelabitic child4 Berawan Lower Baram languages Berawan Lower Baram The North Sarawakan languages consist of several groups Austronesian languages spoken in the northeastern part of the province of Sarawak , Borneo . A 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database found full support for the unity of the North Sarawakan languages. Blust 1991 , cited in Adelaar & Himmelmann 2005 , had specifically excluded the Kayan languages Kayan Kayan Murik languages, though including the neighboring Kenyah languages . However, the 2008 study found Kenyah to fall within Kayan Murik, and that all were North Sarawakan North Sarawakan languages Kayan Murik languages Kayan Murik incl. Kenyah languages Kenyah Melanau Bintulu languages Melanau Bintulu Berawan Kelabitic 90 support Kelabitic languages Kelabitic Berawan Lower Baram languages Berawan Lower Baram In addition, the Punan Nibong languages , not addressed by Adelaar & Himmelmann or the 2008 study, are suggested by Ethnologue 15 to be closest to Kenyah. References K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005. http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian research.php Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database Category Bornean languages au lang stub fr Langues sarawak du Nord mk ... more details
probability. Central Vanuatu languages Central Vanuatu Paama Ambrym Orkon language Orkon Paama language Paamese and Southeast Ambrym language Southeast Ambrym East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu reduced Santo Malekula languages Santo Malekula The Paama Ambrym languages have been separated from the East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu branch. The Epi languages were not covered by the 2008 analysis, but are traditionally classified with the North Vanuatu languages. The results of this analysis, which .... 2009. Leo Tuai A comparative lexical study of North and Central Vanuatu languages. Canberra ACT ... . Lynch, John, Malcolm Ross & Terry Crowley. 2002. The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey Curzon Press. DEFAULTSORT Northern Vanuatu Languages Category Languages of Vanuatu Category North Vanuatu languages ...Infobox language family name Northern Vanuatu altname North and Central Vanuatu region Vanuatu familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Languages of Vanuatu Vanuatu sil 2989 16 North and Central Vanuatu languages constitute a Linkage linguistics linkage within the Oceanic languages Oceanic group, with about 95 languages. It is considered a branch of the Southern Oceanic languages . ref See Clark 2009 Lynch et al. 2002. ref Components The internal structure of the linkage has been proposed as follows ref See Clark 2009. ref East Santo languages East Santo North East Santo languages South East Santo languages Malekula Interior languages Malekula Interior Ninde language Labo Malekula Central languages Small Nambas languages Northeast Vanuatu Banks Islands Central Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu languages Epi languages Malekula Coastal languages West Santo languages Alternate proposal The North and Central Vanuatu linkage, established by the comparative method , partly coincides with the Northern Vanuatu branch of the Austronesian tree, as determined by cognate lexical ... more details
Infobox language family name North New Guinea altname reduced region Northern New Guinea familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic child1 Ngero Vitiaz languages Ngero Vitiaz child2 ? Huon Gulf languages Huon Gulf child3 ? Sarmi Jayapura Bay languages Sarmi Jayapura Bay The family of North New Guinea languages of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia is a branch of the Western Oceanic languages . It may be a synonym of the Ngero Vitiaz languages . Components A 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian research.php Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref supported the unity of the Ngero Vitiaz branch, including Numbami of the Huon Gulf branch, with 85 confidence. The Schouten languages were found not to be North New Guinea, but part of a reduced Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic , and the Sarmi Jayapura languages were not investigated. Ngero Vitiaz languages incl. Numbami language Numbami ? Sarmi Jayapura Bay languages ? other Huon Gulf languages perhaps in Ngero Vitiaz References Reflist Ross, Malcolm 1988 . Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian languages of western Melanesia. Canberra Pacific Linguistics. External links http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 89898 Ethnologue report for North New Guinea languages Category Western Oceanic languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Category Languages of western New Guinea au lang stub fr Langues de Nouvelle Guin e du Nord hr Sjevernonovogvinejski jezici ... more details
area is the extent of the other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility The following languages are either extinct, or no longer used on the North Sea coast Old Norse North Germanic Norn language Pictish language Celtic Scottish Gaelic language Celtic Category Lists of languagesNorth Sea Category North Sea North Sea Category Languages of Europe ...Image Europe germanic languages 2.PNG 240px thumb right The Germanic languages in Europe legend 9cff00 Dutch Low Franconian, West Germanic legend 38ff00 Low German West Germanic legend 00d200 Central German High German, West Germanic legend 008000 Upper German High German, West Germanic legend ff8811 Anglic Anglo Frisian, West Germanic legend ffbb77 Frisian Anglo Frisian, West Germanic legend 0000ff East Scandinavian legend 00ffff West Scandinavian legend ff0000 Line dividing the North and West Germanic languages. This is a list of the languages spoken on the shores of the North Sea. All are Germanic languages Germanic . North Germanic languages Main article North Germanic languages Danish language Jutlandish Seelandish Schonish Norwegian language West Germanic languages Main article West Germanic languages Anglo Frisian languages Main article Anglo Frisian languages English language English English Estuary English Welsh English Highland English Norfolk dialect Scottish English Yorkshire dialect and accent Frisian languagesNorth Frisian language West Frisian language Scots language Doric dialect Scotland Doric Northern Scots Orcadian dialect Shetlandic High German languages Main Article High German languages Standard German Yiddish Low Franconian languages Main article Low Franconian languages Dutch language Brabantian Hollandic Zeelandic West Flemish Low German Low German Extinct languages Image North sea languages 900.png right thumb 200px This is the approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century around the North Sea. The red area is the distribution ... more details
Infobox language family name North Huon Gulf region Huon Gulf , Morobe Morobe Province , Papua New Guinea familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic fam5 North New Guinea languagesNorth New Guinea ? fam6 Ngero Vitiaz languages Ngero Vitiaz ? fam7 Huon Gulf languages Huon Gulf child1 Bukawa language Bukawa child2 Yabem language Yabem child3 Kela language Papua New Guinea Kela The family of North Huon Gulf languages is a subgroup of the Huon Gulf languages of Papua New Guinea . It consists of 3 language s, all of which are distinguished by severe truncation of many inherited roots and the compensatory development of suprasegmentals on vowels phonemic tone in Yabem and Bukawa Ross 1993 and nasalization in Kela Johnson 1994 . Components Yabem language Yabem Bukawa language Bukawa Kela language Papua New Guinea Kela References Eckermann, W. 2007 . A descriptive grammar of the Bukawa language of the Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. PL585. Canberra Pacific Linguistics. Johnson, Morris 1994 . Kela organised phonology data. http www.sil.org pacific png pubs 0000164 Kela.pdf Ross, Malcolm 1988 . Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian languages of western Melanesia. Canberra Pacific Linguistics. Ross, Malcolm 1993 . Tonogenesis in the North Huon Gulf chain. In Jerold A. Edmondson and Kenneth J. Gregerson, eds., Tonality in Austronesian languages, 133 153. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication No. 24. Honolulu University of Hawai i Press. Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Category Languages of Morobe Province Category Western Oceanic languages au lang stub ... more details
The languages of North America reflect not only that continent s Indigenous peoples of the Americas indigenous ... widely spoken languages in North America which includes Central America and the Caribbean islands ... first Marianne authorlink Marianne Mithun year 1999 title The languages of Native North America ... widely spoken languages in North America English, Spanish, and to a lesser extent French reflect the three ... times North America has immigrant speakers of a large number of languages from around the world. For details ... German language North America German in North America Languages of the Caribbean List of extinct languages of North America Mexican Spanish North American English Spanish in the United States Latin ... Languages of the Americas at Ethnologue North America topic Languages of Countries and languages lists Category Languages of North America Category North America Category Languages by continent North ... , and, especially in the Caribbean, creole language s lexified by them. Indigenous languages main Indigenous languages of the Americas File Misumalpa lang.png thumb right 180px A map of the zone where the Misumalpan languages like the Miskito language were once spoken and the few remote places were they are still spoken as opposed to the Spanish Language . North America is home to a large number of language family language families and some language isolate s. In the Arctic north, the Eskimo Aleut languages are spoken from Alaska to Greenland . This group includes the Aleut language of the Aleutian Islands , the Yupik languages of Alaska and the Russian Far East , and the Inuit languages ... famesk.htm Eskimo Aleut Language Family , accessed 2007 08 31. ref The Na Den languages , of which the most numerous and widespread are the Athabaskan languages , include the languages of central and eastern Alaska and northwestern Canada , as well as the Apachean languages of the Southwestern ... 2007 08 31. ref The Algic languages , including the large Algonquian languages Algonquian ... more details
Infobox language family name North Bougainville altname West Bougainville region Bougainville Island familycolor Papuan family a primary family of Papuan languages child1 Keriaka child2 Konua child3 Rotokas map Solomons language families.png mapcaption Language families of the Solomon Islands. br font color DC2776 Red North Bougainville font . br font color 3281A6 Blue font South Bougainville. br font color 08EC42 Green font Central Solomons. br font color 808080 Grey font Austronesian. br font color FF7F3E Orange font Yele out of area The North or West Bougainville languages are a small language family spoken on the island of Bougainville Island Bougainville in Papua New Guinea . They were classified as East Papuan languages by Stephen Wurm , but this does not now seem tenable, and was abandoned in Ethnologue 2009 . The family includes the closely related Rotokas and Eivo language, plus two languages that are only distantly related Keriaka language Keriaka Ramopa isolate Konua language Konua Rapoisi isolate Rotokas branch Rotokas language Rotokas , Eivo language Eivo Askopan See also Papuan languages East Papuan languages South Bougainville languages language families References Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History . Michael Dunn, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, Robert A. Foley, Stephen C. Levinson. Science magazine, 23 Sept. 2005, vol. 309, p 2072. Malcom Ross 2005 . Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages. In Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, Papuan pasts cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan speaking peoples, 15 66. Canberra Pacific Linguistics. Category Language families Category East Papuan languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea pa lang stub fr Langues de Bougainville du Nord ... more details
heritage. The term North Germanic languages is used in genetic linguistics , ref Gordon, Raymond ..., Germanic, North . Ethnologue Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Texas SIL International ... . Languages belonging to the North Germanic language tree are, to some extent, spoken on Greenland ... , East Germanic languages East and North Germanic. ref name Hawkins cite book last Hawkins first ... this view, the properties that the West Germanic languages have in common separate from the North Germanic ... After the Proto Norse and Old Norse periods, the North Germanic languages developed into an East Scandinavian ... of the North Germanic Languages . Walter de Gruyter, 2005, ISBN 3 11 017149 X. ref Norwegian ... languages in Europe br North Germanic languages legend 00FFFF Icelandic language Icelandic ... white center 3.40 style background white center 4.19 Vocabulary The North Germanic Languages share ... in that direction. Family tree All North Germanic languages are descended from Old Norse . Divisions ... of interaction, Finnish and Sami have imported many more loanwords from North Germanic languages than vice versa. The North Germanic languages are majority languages in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, while ... April 2011 DEFAULTSORT North Germanic Languages Category North Germanic languages af Noord Germaanse ...Infobox language family name North Germanic altname Scandinavian region Northern Europe familycolor Indo European fam2 Germanic languages Germanic protoname Proto Norse language Proto Norse child1 Icelandic ... Danish language Danish child5 Swedish language Swedish iso5 gmq map Nordiska spr k.PNG mapcaption North Germanic languages br Continental Scandinavian languages legend 6262ff Danish legend 0000ff Norwegian legend 00009f Swedish Insular Scandinavian languages legend 00ffff Faroese legend 00ff00 Icelandic The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages , the languages of Scandinavia ns, make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages , a sub family of the Indo European languages ... more details
South Slavic can refer to South Slaviclanguages South Slavs South Slavic peoples disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ko ... more details
West Slavic can refer to West Slaviclanguages West Slavs West Slavic peoples disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ko ... more details
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