Infobox language family name NorthernTungusic region Russia , People s Republic of China familycolor Altaic fam2 TungusiclanguagesTungusic child1 Even language Even child2 Negidal language Negidal child3 Evenki languages Evenki group The NorthernTungusiclanguages belong to the TungusiclanguagesTungusic family and are spoken in far eastern Russia and northeastern People s Republic of China China . ref Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World . 15th edition. Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics. ref Notes Reflist References http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 91447 Ethnologue entry for NorthernTungusiclanguages Category Tungusiclanguages Category Languages of Russia Category Languages of China lang stub br Yezho toungousek an norzh bg lt iaur s tungus kalbos ... more details
Controversy controversial child1 NorthernTungusiclanguagesNorthernTungusic child2 Southern Tungusiclanguages Southern Tungusic iso5 tuw map Linguistic map of the Tungusic languages.png mapcaption Geographic distribution The Tungusiclanguages also known as Manchu Tungus, Tungus form a language family spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria by Tungusic peoples . Many Tungusiclanguages ... seems favoured over other alternatives is that the Tungusiclanguages can be divided into a northern ... groups. NorthernTungusiclanguagesNorthernTungusic Even language Even Lamut of eastern ...Infobox language family name Tungusic familycolor Altaic region Siberia , Manchuria fam1 Altaic languages ... Tungusic to be part of the Altaic languages Altaic language family along with the Turkic languages Turkic and Mongolic languages Mongolic Language family language families more recent proposals ... Negidal Southern Tungusiclanguages Southern Tungusic Southwestern Tungusiclanguages Southwestern ... Tungusiclanguages Southeastern Tungusic Nanai language Nanai Gold, Goldi, Hezhen Akani language ... languages include that of the Mohe people Mohe . Common characteristics The Tungusiclanguages are of an agglutinative ... with other languagesTungusic has traditionally been linked with Turkic languages Turkic and Mongolic languages in the Altaic languages Altaic language family . Others have suggested that the Tungusic ... Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World title TungusicLanguages url http books.google.com ... and other Altaic languages http www.dartmouth.edu trg languages preface.html Tungusic Research Group at Dartmouth College es icon http www.proel.org mundo manchu.htm Tungusiclanguages http kaltric.de ... Tungusiclanguages DEFAULTSORT Tungusic Language Category Agglutinative languages Category Tungusic ... ru simple Tungusiclanguages sr fi Tunguusikielet sv ... Linguists working on Tungusic have proposed a number of different classifications based on different ... more details
Infobox language family name Southern Tungusic region Russia , People s Republic of China familycolor Altaic fam2 TungusiclanguagesTungusic child1 Southeastern Tungusiclanguages Southeastern Tungusic child2 Southwestern Tungusiclanguages Southwestern Tungusic The Southern Tungusiclanguages belong to the TungusiclanguagesTungusic family and are spoken in the extreme southeast of Russia Khabarovsk Krai , Primorsky Krai , and Sakhalin Oblast and northeastern People s Republic of China China . ref Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World . 15th edition. Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics. ref Notes Reflist References http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 91456 Ethnologue entry for Southern Tungusiclanguages Category Tungusiclanguages Category Languages of Russia Category Languages of China lang stub br Yezho toungousek ar su th ... more details
Infobox language family name Southwestern Tungusic region People s Republic of China familycolor Altaic fam1 TungusiclanguagesTungusic fam2 Southern Tungusiclanguages Southern Tungusic child1 Manchu language Manchu child2 Xibe language Xibe child3 Jurchen language Jurchen The Southwestern Tungusiclanguages , also called the Jurchen Manchu group, are one of two branches within the Southern Tungusiclanguages . It consists of Jurchen language Jurchen , Jurchen s descendent Manchu language Manchu , and Manchu s offshoot Xibe language Xibe . References Reflist Category Tungusiclanguages Lang stub ... more details
Infobox language family name Southeastern Tungusic region Russia , People s Republic of China familycolor Altaic fam1 TungusiclanguagesTungusic fam2 Southern Tungusiclanguages Southern Tungusic child1 Nanai language Nanai child2 Akani language Akani child3 Birar language Birar child4 Kile language Kile child5 Samagir language Samagir child6 Orok language Orok child7 Ulch language Ulch child8 Oroch language Oroch child9 Udege language Udege The Southeastern Tungusiclanguages are one of two branches within the Southern Tungusiclanguages . It consists of, Nanai language Nanai , Akani language Akani , Birar language Birar , Kile language Kile , Samagir language Samagir , Orok language Orok , Ulch language Ulch Oroch language Oroch , Udege language Udege . References Reflist Category Tungusiclanguages Lang stub ... more details
File Foochow Manchu.jpg 350px thumb right The Manchu people in Fuzhou in 1915 Tungusic peoples are the peoples who speak Tungusiclanguages . The word originated in Tunguska , an ill defined region of Siberia . Peoples Tungusic peoples are Evenks Evens Jurchen people Jurchens name of the Manchu before the 16th century Manchu Negidals Nani people Oroch people Orok people Oroqen people Udege people Ulchs Xibe Location File Linguistic map of the Tungusic languages.png thumb 250px Linguistic map of the Tungusiclanguages The largest of the Tungusic peoples are the Manchu who number around 10,000,000. They are originally from Manchuria , which is now Northeast China but following their conquest of China in the 17th century, they have been almost totally Cultural assimilation assimilated into the main Han Chinese population of China . This process accelerated especially during the 20th century. The non assimilated culture and language is still present in parts of northern China. Evenks live in the Evenk Autonomous Okrug of Russia . Udege in Russian language Russian ethnonym and , or udee and udehe correspondingly are a people who live in the Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai regions, also in Russia . 2 3 of them are of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Y mtDNA haplogroup Y origin. Gallery of Tungusic people and history gallery Image Manchuguard.jpg A Manchu people Manchu guard Image Evenkshome.jpg An Evenk home Image Nanai Children.jpg Nani people Nani children dancing Image Lansdell 1885 p211 Sibo military colonists.jpg Sibo military colonists Image Udege Family.jpg An Udege family Image Tungus man at vorogovo.jpg Tungus man in 1914 in Vorogovo, Siberia. File A Manchu young man dressed in traditional clothes.jpg A Manchu young man dressed in traditional clothes ... Tungusic Peoples Ethnic Minorities in China Manchu Tungusic Peoples Main.html Manchu Tungusic people of China DEFAULTSORT Tungusic Peoples Category Ethnic groups in Asia Category Tungusic peoples Category ... more details
Infobox language family name Northern Mindoro altname North Mangyan region Mindoro familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Philippine languages Philippine fam4 Northern Philippine languagesNorthern Philippine The Northern Mindoro languages are one of two small clusters of languages spoken by the Mangyan people of Mindoro Island in the Philippines . The languages are Alangan language Alangan , Iraya language Iraya , and Tadyawan language Tadyawan . Category Philippine languages au lang stub ... more details
Infobox language family name Northern Philippine region Luzon familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Philippine languages Philippine child1 Batanic languages Batanic child2 Central Luzon languages Central Luzon child3 Northern Luzon languagesNorthern Luzon child4 Northern Mindoro languagesNorthern Mindoro The Northern Philippine languages are the languages of central and northern Luzon , and the small islands between Luzon and Formosa , including Ilokano language Ilokano , Pangasinan language Pangasinan , Kapampangan language Kapampangan , and the Yami language of Taiwan. The Northern Philippine languages are a long established group which has often been taken to be more a geographic convenience than linguistic reality. However, a 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian research.php Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref fully supported the unity of the languages as a family. It also provided a low level of support at 60 confidence that the Batanic branch is closest to Northern Luzon. The Northern Mindoro branch was not included in the analysis. Classification Batanic languages 4 languages between Luzon and Taiwan Formosa Northern Luzon languages 40 languages, including Ilokano language Ilokano Ilokano language Ilokano Northern Cordilleran languages 15 languages Meso Cordilleran languages 25 languages Central Luzon languages 5 languages, including Kapampangan language Kapampangan Kapampangan language Kapampangan spoken in Pampanga Sambalic languages spoken in Zambales Sinauna language Sinauna Northern Mindoro languages or North Mangyan 3 languages References Reflist Languages of the Philippines Category Philippine languages au lang stub hr Sjevernofilipinski jezici mk ... more details
Reflist Languages of the Philippines DEFAULTSORT Northern Luzon Languages Category Philippine languages au lang stub fr Langues Lu on du Nord mk ...Infobox language family name Northern Luzon altname Cordilleran region Cordillera Central Luzon familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Philippine languages Philippine fam4 Northern Philippine languagesNorthern Philippine child1 Ilokano language Ilokano child2 Northern Cordilleran languagesNorthern Cordilleran child3 South Central Cordilleran languages South Central Cordilleran child4 Arta language Arta The Northern Luzon languages also known as the Cordilleran languages are one of the few established large groups of languages in the Philippines , with over forty closely languages in and around the Cordillera Central Luzon Cordillera Central of northern Luzon . Classification The languages are generally subdivided as follows Ilokano language Ilokano Northern Cordilleran languages 15 languages South Central Cordilleran languages 25 languages Arta language Arta ? Except for Arta, which was not included, this subclassification is strongly supported confidence 95 by a 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian research.php Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref Ethnic groups Image Ph cordillera.png thumb 250px Political map of the Cordillera Administrative Region See also Igorot Below is a list of northern Luzon ethnic groups organized by linguistic classification. Approximate geographic distributions are also given. Ilocano Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur Northern Cordilleran Isnag northern Apayao Province Gaddang Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela Ibanagic Ibanag Cagayan and Isabela Itawis Southern Cagayan Yogad Isabela Central Cordilleran Kalinga Itneg Kalinga Kalinga Province ... Mountain Province Kankanaey western Mountain Province, northern Benguet Southern Cordilleran Ilongot ... more details
Infobox language family name Northern Berber region Northwest Africa familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Berber languages Berber child1 Kabyle language Kabyle child2 Atlas languages Atlas child3 Zenati languages Zenati sil 58 16 The Northern Berber languages form a dialect continuum across the Maghreb that constitute a branch of the Berber languages Berber language subgroup of the Afroasiatic languages Afroasiatic family. Their continuity has been broken by the spread of Arabic language Arabic , and to a lesser extent by the Zenati languages Zenati group of Northern Berber, which shares certain innovations not found in the surrounding languages, notably a softening of k to sh and an absence of a in certain words, such as hand afus vs. fus . The Northern Berber languages, with those spoken by over a million people are Shilha language Shilha , Central Morocco Tamazight , Riff language Riff , Shawiya language Shawiya , Kabyle language Kabyle . They fall into three groups, Moroccan Atlas languages incl. Shilha, Central Morocco Tamazight Zenati languages incl. Riff, Shawiya Kabyle language Kabyle The eastern boundaries of the group seem to be controversial some sources include the Nafusi language Nafusi and Ghadames language Ghadames languages, while others do not. Most sources agree in regarding Ghadames language Ghadames as lying outside of Northern Berber, but the Ethnologue does not. There is no authoritative answer to the question of which of these to describe as a language versus a dialect some academics have seen not only Northern Berber but all the Berber languages as dialects of a single language, while others come up with much higher counts. At any rate, mutual intelligibility mutual comprehensibility among Northern Berber languages is high, though not perfect. Berber languages DEFAULTSORT Northern Berber Languages Category Berber languages Category Languages of Morocco Category Languages of Algeria Category Languages of Tunisia Category Languages of Libya an Luengas ... more details
Infobox language family name Northern Loloish altname Northern Ngwi, Yi region Southern China , Vietnam ethnicity Yi people familycolor Sino Tibetan fam2 Tibeto Burman languages Tibeto Burman fam3 Lolo Burmese languages Lolo Burmese fam4 Loloish languages Loloish The Northern Loloish languages, also known as Northern Ngwi , are a branch of the Loloish languages that includes the literary standard of the Yi people . Languages Thurgood & LaPolla 2003 ref Thurgood & LaPolla, 2003, The Sino Tibetan languages , p. 8 ref list four Northern Loloish Northern Yi languages, with no internal subclassification Nusu language Nusu , Nasu language Nasu , Nosu language Nosu , Nisu language Nisu . The Nisu languages, however, are apparently Southeastern Loloish . Apart from Nisu, Ethnologue 16 lists the following 13 languages under Northern Ngwi, though this list may be missing several languages listed under Loloish see external links below Aluo language Aluo , Awu language Awu , Ayizi language Ayizi , Chesu language Chesu , Gepo language Gepo , Katso language Katso , Nasu language Nasu , Wumeng language Wumeng , Wusa Nasu language Wusa Nasu , Nisi language Nisi , Nuosu language Nuosu , Samatao language Samatao , Samei language Samei , Sanie language Sanie . References Reflist External links Ethnologue 2009 mistakenly divides the languages under the synonymous branch names http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 817 16 Loloish and http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 758 16 Ngwi . The languages listed under Northern Loloish are not in general Northern Loloish languages. This should be fixed in the 17th edition. Category Loloish languages st lang stub ... more details
Infobox language family name Northern Cordilleran region north Luzon familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Philippine languages Philippine fam4 Northern Luzon languagesNorthern Luzon The Northern Cordilleran languages ref name Ethnologue http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 2557 16 Ethnologue ref are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines. They are, Dumagat Dumagat Agta , ? Paranan language Paranan , ? Kasiguranin language Kasiguranin Cagayan Valley Isnag language Isnag Ibanag Gaddang Ibanagic Atta language Atta , Ibanag language Ibanag , Itawis language Itawit , Yogad language Yogad Gaddang Cagayan 85 Gaddang language Gaddang , Cagayan Aeta language Cagayan Aeta , Ga dang language Ga dang A 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian research.php Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref fully supported the unity of the Cagayan Valley languages, and the unity of the Northern Cordilleran languages at 95 confidence. There are numerous languages of the Aeta peoples scattered through the North Cordilleran family which were not included in the study. References reflist Category Philippine languages au lang stub ... more details
Infobox language family name Northern Songhay altname region scattered oases in Niger , Mali , Algeria familycolor Nilo Saharan fam2 Songhay languages Songhay child1 Dawsahak language Dawsahak child2 Tihishit language Tagdal Tabarog child3 Sawaq language Sawaq child4 Korandje language Korandje Northern Songhay is the smaller of the two branches of the Songhay languages . It is a group of heavily Berber languages Berber influenced dialects spoken in scattered oases of the Sahara . Languages The nomadic varieties include Tihishit language Tihishit in central Niger around Mazababou with two dialects, Tagdal and Tabarog and Dawsahak language Dawsahak Tadaksahak spoken around M naka northeast of Gao Heath 1999 xv . The sedentary varieties include Sawaq language Sawaq Tasawaq in northern Niger with two dialects, Ingelsi in In Gall and the extinct Emghedeshie of Agadez and Korandje language Korandje far to the north, 150 km east of the Algeria Morocco border at Tabelbala . Classification The main outside influence on all of these except on Korandje is the Tuareg languages Tamasheq language cluster. Korandje appears to be influenced more by Northern Berber languagesNorthern Berber in turn, the neighboring Northern Berber language Zenati language Zenati shows considerable Songhay influence. Since the Berber influence in these languages extends beyond the lexicon into the inflectional morphology, Northern Songhay are sometimes viewed as mixed language s Alidou & Wolff 2001 . References Reflist Alidou, Husseina & Ekkehardt Wolff. 2001. On the Non Linear Ancestry of Tasawaq Niger , or How Mixed Can a Language Be? in ed. Derek Nurse, Historical Language Contact in Africa , K ln R diger K ppe. Heath, Jeffrey . 1999. A grammar of Koyraboro Koroboro Senni the Songhay of Gao . K ln K ppe. 402 pp Category Songhay languages ... more details
Languages , vol. 2. Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. ref Robert Blust Blust 1999 rejects the unity of the proposed Northern Formosan branch. A 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, however, supports the unity of the Northern Formosan branch with a 97 confidence level see Austronesian languages Classification . Evidence The following sound changes from Proto Austronesian language Proto Austronesian occurred in the Northern Formosan languages ...Infobox language family name Northern Formosan altname region Taiwan familycolor Austronesian map Formosan languages 2005.png mapcaption orange Li s Northern Formosan The Northern Formosan languages is a proposed grouping of Formosan languages that includes the Atayalic languages , the Western Plains languages Papora, Hoanya, Babuza, and Taokas , and the Northwest Formosan languages Pazeh language Pazeh and Saisiyat language Saisiyat Li places Western Plains with this grouping . The Northern Formosan ... languages and Saisiyat language Saisiyat only Also, Pazeh language Pazeh , Saisiyat language Saisiyat , and Thao language Thao are only Formosan languages that allow for SVO constructions, although .... The Austronesian Languages of Taiwan . In Li, Paul Jen kuei. 2004. Selected Papers on Formosan Languages. Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. ref Also, the Atayal, Seediq, and Pazeh languages have devoiced final consonants that were present in the Proto Austronesian language ... languages to have split off from Proto Northwestern Formosan. The classification is as follows. Northwestern Pazih Branch Thao Branch Hoanya Branch Papora Branch Babuza Taokas The four coastal languages ... with the four coastal languages Li 2003 . Merger of s and t Merger of and n Pazih has undergone ... refbegin Li, Paul Jen kuei 2003 . The Internal Relationships of Six Western Plains Languages. In Li, Paul Jen kuei. 2004. Selected Papers on Formosan Languages , vol. 2. Taipei, Taiwan Institute ... more details
Infobox language family name Northern Tai altname Northern Zhuang region Southern China familycolor Tai Kadai fam2 Tai languages Tai fam3 Yongnan Northern map Taikadai en.svg mapcaption Distribution of the Tai Kadai language family. br legend FFEC19 Northern Tai child1 Saek language Saek child2 Bouyei language Bouyei child3 other Zhuang languagesNorthern Zhuang Northern Zhuang The Northern Tai languages are an established branch of the Tai languages of Southeast Asia . They include the northern Zhuang languages and Bouyei language Bouyei of China, Tai M ne of Laos and Yoy of Thailand. Languages Ethnologue ref http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 841 16 ref distinguishes the following languages. Saek language Saek Laos and Isan northeast Thailand listed outside Tai proper in the Ethnologue classification, though said to be similar to Tai Maen, which is listed as Northern Tai Tai M ne language Tai Maen Laos Yoy language Yoy Thailand ? ref Pittayaporn classified Yoy as Southwestern Tai , but does not provide supporting analysis. ref Bouyei language Bouyei Buyi China incl. Giay people Yay of Vietnam Central Hongshuihe Zhuang Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang Guibei Zhuang Guibian Zhuang language Guibian Zhuang Lianshan Zhuang Liujiang Zhuang Liuqian Zhuang Qiubei Zhuang language Qiubei Zhuang Yongbei Zhuang language Yongbei Zhuang Youjiang Zhuang See Zhuang language Varieties varieties ... appears to be a mixed language on a Northern Thai base. Pittayaporn 2009 300 distinguishes a similar ... , from the Northern Tai Yongbei Zhuang to Yongnan Zhuang purportedly Central Tai , as it lacks these shifts. The various languages and localities Pittayaporn includes in group N, along with their Ethnologue ... Guangnan County Guangnan Sha Guibian Zhuang north Guangnan south Guangnan is Tai languages ... References Reflist Tai Kadai languages DEFAULTSORT Tai Languages Category Languages of Southeast Asia Category Tai languages ... more details
Suwal small small Clatskanie sc aka Tlatskanie small Bibliography See Athabaskan languages Bibliography . External links http www.arcticathabaskancouncil.com maps dialectmap.php Map of Northern Athabaskan dialects Category Northern Athabaskan languages Category Indigenous languages of Alaska fr ...Cleanup rewrite date March 2011 Infobox language family name Northern Athabascan altname ethnicity Dene region Alaska , Yukon familycolor Den Yeniseian fam2 Na Den fam3 Athabaskan Eyak fam4 Athabaskan languages Athabaskan Northern Athabaskan is a geographic sub grouping of the Athabaskan language family spoken in the northern part of North America , particularly in Alaska and the Yukon . The Northern Athabaskan language group has 31 languages that can be divided into seven geographic subgroups. Southern Alaskan 1. Ahtna language Ahtna sc aka Atna, Ahtena, Copper River Central Copper River Ahtna small Lower Copper River Ahtna small Mentasta sc aka Upper Ahtna small Western Ahtna small 2. Dena ina language Dena ina sc aka Tanaina Lower Inlet Dena ina small Outer Inlet small Iliamna small Inland small Upper Inlet Dena ina small Central Alaska Yukon A. Koyukon 3. Deg Xinag sc aka Deg Hit an, Kaiyuhkhotana Lower Yukon River small Middle Kuskokwin small 4. Holikachuk language Holikachuk sc aka Innoko, Innoka khotana, Tl gon khotana 5. Koyukon language Koyukon sc aka Ten a, Co Youkon, Co yukon Lower Koyukon sc aka Lower Yukon Koyukon small Central Koyukon sc aka Dinaakkanaaga Ts inh Huyoza, Koyukuk River Koyukon small Upper Koyukon sc aka Upper Yukon Koyukon small B. Tanana Tutchone 6. Upper Kuskokwim language Upper Kuskokwim sc aka Kolchan, Goltsan I. Tanana 7. Lower Tanana language ... sc aka Gens de Bois, Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Tutchonekutchin Southern Tutchone Northern Tutchone sc ..., Yellowknife, Montagnais, Northern Indians , Copper Indians, Coppermine Indians, Mithcocoman, Red ... Carrier, Northern Carrier, Bulkley Valley, Lakes District, Western Carrier small Babine sc aka ... more details
Infobox language family name Evenki region People s Republic of China , Mongolia , Russia familycolor Altaic fam1 Tungusic languages Tungusic fam2 Northern Tungusic languages Northern child1 Evenki language Evenki child2 Oroqen language Oroqen The Evenki languages belong to the Tungusic languages Tungusic family and are spoken in far eastern Russia , northeastern People s Republic of China , and eastern Mongolia . ref Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World . 15th edition. Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics. ref Notes Reflist References http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code evn Ethnologue entry for Evenki languages Category Tungusic languages Category Languages of Russia Category Languages of China Category Languages of Mongolia lang stub br Yezho evenkiek bg fr Evenki langue ... more details
morefootnotes date July 2010 Image Shamans Drum.jpg thumb right 225px The Shamanism Shaman s drum depicts the Tungus cosmology with the World Tree at the center joining the underworld, earth and heaven together. The Tungusic creation myths are traditional stories of the creation of the world belonging to the Tungusic peoples of Siberia . In one well known version the story begins when nothing exists but a vast primordial ocean. Buga deity Buga , their central deity, set fire to this water, and following a long struggle the flames consumed much of the water, exposing dry, hard land. Then Buga created the light and separated it from darkness, and descended to the newly created land. There he confronted Buninka , the devil, and a dispute arose between them over who had created the world. Buninka was spiteful and tried to injure Buga s creation. He broke Buga s twelve stringed lyre, and Buga angrily challenged Buninka to make a fir tree and raise it to stand fast and firm in the middle of the sea. Buga agreed he would bow to Buninka s powers if he could do so, but if he failed then Buga would subject himself to the same challenge. If Buga were then to succeed, Buninka must concede to Buga that he was the most powerful creator. Buninka agreed to the challenge and commanded a fir tree to rise from the sea. The tree grew, but it was weak and bobbed to and fro. Buga then created a second tree but it thrived and grew into a stately tree. Buninka was forced to acknowledge Buga s greater power and bowed in homage. Buga put his hand to Buninka s head and turned it to iron. This caused so much pain in Buninka that he begged Buga for release, and Buga relented Buninka was then allowed to roam the earth. Buga collected materials to make mankind. From the east he gathered iron from the south fire the west, water and from the north, earth. From the earth he made flesh and bone from the iron he made heart from the water he made blood and from the fire he gave them vitality, and thus ... more details
Siberian languages may refer to any languages spoken in Siberia, including the Eskimo Aleut languages spoken in Siberia the Mongolic languages spoken in Siberia the Paleosiberian languages the Siberian Turkic languages the Russian dialects spoken in Siberia the Tungusiclanguages spoken in Siberia the Uralic languages spoken in Siberia disambig ... more details
dominant languages, particularly TungusiclanguagesTungusic and latterly Turkic languages , that have largely displaced them. Even more recently, Turkic at least in Siberia and especially Tungusic ... languages . 3. Nivkh language Nivkh is spoken in the lower Amur River Amur basin and on the northern ... family Not a valid family child1 Chukotko Kamchatkan languages Chukotko Kamchatkan child2 Yukaghir languages Yukaghir child3 Nivkh language Nivkh child4 Yeniseian languages Yeniseian may be part of Den Yeniseian languages Den Yeniseian child5 Eskimo Aleut languages Eskimo Aleut sometimes included child6 Ainu languages Ainu sometimes included iso2 Paleosiberian Palaeosiberian, Paleo Siberian languages or Paleoasian languages Palaeo Asiatic from Greek palaios , ancient is a term of convenience used in linguistics to classify a disparate group of languages spoken in some parts of north ... Siberian languages is approximately 23,000 people. ref http www.freelang.net families index.php ... Congo languages on the chart are about 50 years out of date as of 2011, and for some of the other languages ... language families and language isolate isolate s comprise the Paleo Siberian languages 1. The Chukotko Kamchatkan languages Chukotko Kamchatkan family , sometimes known as Luoravetlan, includes Chukchi ... coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula . 2. Yukaghir languages Yukaghir is spoken in two mutually unintelligible varieties in the lower Kolyma and Indigirka valleys. Other languages, including Chuvantsy, spoken ... languages , formerly spoken on the middle Yenisei and its tributaries. Whether Ket should be considered ... have been made to relate it to many other language families, including Altaic languages Altaic , Austro Asiatic languages Austro Asiatic , Austronesian languages Austronesian , Nihali language Nihali , and the putative Indo Pacific languages Indo Pacific stock. Citation needed date July 2008 Together with Japanese language Japanese and Korean language Korean which are major modern languages, these poor ... more details
spoken across northern Asia. These include the Uralic languages of western Siberia better known ..., Ainu languages Ainu of northern Japan, Chukotko Kamchatkan languages Chukotko Kamchatkan in easternmost ... a number of families and some unrelated isolates. Many languages have a long tradition of writing ... languages Sino Tibetan includes Chinese languages Chinese , Tibetan language Tibetan , Burmese language Burmese , and numerous languages of the Tibetan Plateau, southern China, Burma, and northeast India. Indo European main Indo Iranian languages Anatolian languages The Indo European family is represented by the Iranian branch, which includes Persian language Persian and other languages of Iran ... state languages of India, Pakistan, and neighboring countries Russian language Russian in Siberia ... languages such as Hittite language Hittite of Anatolia and Tocharian language Tocharian of Chinese Turkestan. Altaic families main Altaic languages A number of smaller but important language families spread across central and northern Asia have long been linked in an as yet unproven Altaic family. These are the Turkic languages , Mongolic languages , Tungusiclanguages including Manchu language Manchu , Korean language Korean , and Japonic languages . Mon Khmer main Austro Asiatic languages The Mon Khmer Austro Asiatic languages are the original languages of Southeast Asia. They include Vietnamese language Vietnamese and Khmer language Khmer Cambodian . Tai Kadai main Tai Kadai languages The Tai Kadai or just Kadai languages of southern China spread in historic times into Southeast Asia, where Thai language Thai Siamese and Lao language Lao are official languages. Austronesian main Austronesian languages The Austronesian language includes the languages of the Philippines and most of the languages ... language Tagalog Filipino . Dravidian main Dravidian languages The Dravidian languages of southern ... language Malayalam . Semitic main Semitic languages The Afroasiatic languages are represented ... more details
of Japonic languages Japonic , Korean language Korean and TungusiclanguagesTungusic , appears to be restricted to Unger 1990 . ref Unger 1990 ref Micro Altaic includes about 66 living languages ... languages Turkic , Mongolic languages Mongolic , and Tungusiclanguages are each others closest ... Tungus Tungusic but also Finno Ugric languages Finno Ugric and Samoyedic languages Samoyed . ref ... ref Since then, the standard set of languages included in Altaic has comprised Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic ... of an attempt to classify the Ainu languages Ainu language. The Turkic Mongolic Tungusic and Korean ... in languages. In sum, the idea was that Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic form a Sprachbund the result ... Mongolic Tungusic and Korean Japanese Ainu, grouped in Eurasiatic languages Eurasiatic . James Patrie ... is pervasive in the languages attributed to Altaic most Turkic and Mongolic as well as some Tungusic ... Languages ref mentions evidence from several Tungusiclanguages cited by Starostin et al ... of the Altaic languages across Eurasia . region East Asia East , North Asia North , Central Asia Central , and West Asia and Eastern Europe familycolor Altaic family Altaic child1 Turkic languages Turkic child2 Mongolic languages Mongolic child3 TungusiclanguagesTungusic child4 Korean language Korean child5 Japonic languages Japonic iso2 tut iso5 tut Altaic is a proposed language family that includes the Turkic languages Turkic , Mongolic languages Mongolic , TungusiclanguagesTungusic , and Japonic languages Japonic language families and the Korean language Korean language. ref http journals.cambridge.org ... online&aid 17033 Georg et al. 1999 73 74 ref These languages are spoken in a wide arc stretching ... 81 ref Another view accepts Altaic as a valid family but includes in it only Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic ... add Korean, Japanese, and the Ryukyuan languages for a total of about 74. These are estimates, depending ... who traveled in the eastern Russian Empire while a prisoner of war after the Great Northern War ... more details
Micro Altaic or Altaic proper, uniting only Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic ref Turkic languages Turkic widely recognized family Mongolic languages Mongolic widely recognized family TungusiclanguagesTungusic widely recognized family Korean language Korean language isolate Japonic languages Japonic ... Colors .PNG mapcaption Fleming s model of Borean includes languages spoken in the yellow, green, blue ... of the various languages of Eurasia and adjacent regions with languages spoken in the Upper Paleolithic ... , means northern . This reflects the fact that the group includes most language families native to the northern hemisphere , but is not thought to include language families native to the southern ... is due to Harold C. Fleming 1987 , who proposed such a mega super phylum for the languages ... includes ten different groups Afrasian his term for Afroasiatic languages Afroasiatic , South Caucasian languages Kartvelian , Dravidian languages Dravidian , a group comprising Sumerian language Sumerian , Elamite language Elamitic , and some other extinct languages of the ancient Near East , Eurasiatic languages Eurasiatic a proposal of Joseph Greenberg that includes Indo European languages Indo European , Uralic languages Uralic , Altaic languages Altaic , and several other language families ... , Yeniseian languages Yeniseian , Sino Tibetan languages Sino Tibetan , Na Dene languages Na Dene , and Amerind languages Amerind . ref name Greenberg conference http greenberg conference.stanford.edu ... languages Nostratic , a proposed macrofamily somewhat broader than Eurasiatic, and withholds judgment on Den Caucasian languages Den Caucasian , a proposed macrofamily that would encompass ... associated with human populations of Caucasian race Caucasoid and Mongoloid race Northern ... Ethiopia , northern Nigeria , and the Chad Chad Republic . ref name Greenberg conference Gell ... s model of Borean would thus include most languages of Eurasia , as well as the Afroasiatic ... more details
Wiktionary Northern may refer to the following Geography Northern country subdivision disambiguation Northern country subdivision , various regions, states, territories, etc. Northern Range , a range of hills in Trinidad Northern Highland , a region of Wisconsin, United States Education Northern University disambiguation , various institutions Northern Collegiate Institute and Vocational School NCIVS , a school in Sarnia, Canada Northern Secondary School , a high school in Canada Companies Northern Bank , commercial bank in Northern Ireland Northern Foods , based in Leeds, England Northern Rail , a train operating company in northern England Northern Railway of Canada , a defunct railway in Ontario Northern Records , a Southern California independent record label Northern Store , a food and general merchandise store owned and operated by The North West Company Northern Trust , an international financial services company based in Chicago, Illinois Other The Northern pike , fish often called a northernNorthern automobile , an early American automobile Northern genre A genre of Western films set in Canada or Alaska Northern locomotive , a type of 4 8 4 steam locomotive Northern AFC , a soccer club based in Dunedin, New Zealand Bradford Bulls Bradford Northern , former name of the Bradford Bulls, a British rugby league football club See also Special PrefixIndex Northern List of all pages beginning with Northern Eastern disambiguation Southern disambiguation Western disambiguation Severny disambiguation Disambig de Northern fr Northern nl Northern pl Northern pt Northern sv Northern ... more details
languages were a small language family spoken on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaid , the southern ... languages , but this is merely a geographic blanket term for several unrelated language families that were present in Siberia prior to the advances of Turkic and Tungusiclanguages ... family and Turkic languages Turkic , Mongolic , and Tungusic in another, with the two families linked ... Sakhalin , the Kuril Islands , and perhaps northern Honsh ethnicity Ainu people Ainu , Emishi ... of closely related languages, or as divergent dialect Dialect or language dialects of a single language ... 1990 9 and Bronis aw Pi sudski Pi sudski 1998 2 speak of Ainu languages when comparing the varieties ... at the turn of the 19th 20th century Tamura 2000 suggest there was also great diversity in northern ... was the language of the indigenous Emishi people of the northern part of the main Japanese island of Honshu ... origin in both locations. For example, the betsu common to many northern Japanese place names ... names ending in be in northern Honsh and Ch bu region Ch bu , such as the Kurobe River Kurobe and Oyabe ... culture of northern Hokkaido, with Satsumon being dominant. ref Hudson Ruins of identity ethnogenesis ... Island . in Wurm et al . 1996 1008 Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific ... at the time linked Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic, sometimes adding Korean today it usually includes ..., James Patrie 1982 adopted the same grouping, namely Ainu Korean Japanese and Turkic Mongolic Tungusic ... Japanese Ainu to have an especially close relationship with Turkic Mongolic Tungusic within this family ... 1965 presented evidence suggesting a distant connection with the Austro Asiatic languages, which include many of the indigenous languages of Southeast Asia. Vovin 1993 regarded this hypothesis as preliminary. The eminent Japanese linguist Shichir Murayama tried to link Ainu to the Austronesian languages, which include the languages of the Philippines, Taiwan, and Indonesia through both vocabulary ... more details
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