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Encyclopedia results for Nucleic acid nomenclature

Nucleic acid nomenclature





Encyclopedia results for Nucleic acid nomenclature

  1. Nucleic acid nomenclature

    Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Numbered cytidine.png thumb Numbered ribose carbons on cytidine . Molecular biologist s use several shorthand terms when referring to nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA and RNA , collectively referred to as nucleic acid nomenclature . The most common is the representation of the base pair s as letters&mdash an adenine nucleotide is abbreviated as A , guanine as G , cytosine as C , thymine as T , and in RNA, uracil as U . Additionally, the positions of the carbon s in the ribose sugar that forms the backbone of the nucleic acid chain are numbered, and are used to indicate the direction of nucleic acids 5 3 versus 3 5 , see directionality molecular biology directionality . Expanded letter code In addition to the conventional GATC symbols, there is an expanded letter code to indicate a position within a sequence that may be flexible when defining sequences. class wikitable border 1 Letter Nucleotide s included A A T T G G C C R G or A Y T or C M A or C K G or T S G or C W A or T H A or C or T B G or T or C V G or C or A D G or T or A N G or T or A or C For example, if the sequences known to bind protein X are known to be AAAAAAGAAA, AAAAAACAAA, AAAAAATAAA, and AAAAAAAAAA, this can be expressed as AAAAAANAAA. Triple Helix Base Pairing Watson and Crick base pairs are indicated by a or a or a . example A T, or poly rC 2poly rC . Hoogsteen triple helix base pairs are indicated by a or a example C G G , or T A T, or C G G, or T A A . See also DNA replication Nucleotide BranchesofChemistry Natural sciences footer DEFAULTSORT Nucleic Acid Nomenclature Category DNA replication Category Nucleic acids Category Nucleotides Interlanguage links de Nukleins ure Nomenklatur ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid

    year 2007 pages isbn 0 7167 6766 X oclc doi accessdate ref In nucleic acid nomenclature conventional ... acid . Together with protein s, nucleic acids make up the most important macromolecule s each ... years of nucleic acid research volume 122 issue 6 pages 565 81 issn 0340 6717 doi 10.1007 s00439 ... ref The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymer s, ref ... url ref for example peptide nucleic acid s. Molecular composition and size ref name Stryer Nucleic ... the largest individual molecules known. Well studied biological nucleic acid molecules range in size ... circumstances, nucleic acid structures with Triple stranded DNA three or G quadruplex four strands ... a nucleoside . Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides DNA ... group . Also, the nucleobases found in the two nucleic acid types are different adenine , cytosine ... of nucleic acid molecules are referred to as 5 end and 3 end. The nucleobases are joined to the sugars ... pairing results in the a highly repeated and quite uniform Nucleic acid double helix double helical ... of nucleic acids a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid journal Nature volume 171 issue 4356 pages ... adopt Nucleic acid tertiary structure highly complex three dimensional structures that are based ... url ref Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular ... can result from RNA splicing reactions. ref name Alberts Nucleic acid sequences main Nucleic acid sequence One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the Nucleic acid sequence sequence ... worldwide. Types of nucleic acids Deoxyribonucleic acid main DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic .... Artificial nucleic acid analogs main Nucleic acid analogues nucleic acid analogues Artificial nucleic acid analogs have been designed and synthesized by chemists, and include peptide nucleic acid , morpholino and locked nucleic acid , as well as GNA nucleic acid glycol nucleic acid and TNA nucleic ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid metabolism

    Orphan date February 2009 Nucleic acid metabolism is the process by which nucleotides are synthesized and degraded. Nucleic acid synthesis is an anabolism anabolic mechanism generally involving chemical reaction of phosphate , pentose sugar , and a nitrogenous base . Destruction of nucleic acid is a catabolism catabolic procedure generally involving enzyme reactions. DNA and RNA are the main nucleic acids References Mohamed, M. Optometry Professor. Smith, K. Optometrist. Sohn, S. Biomedical Science Professor of U of W. biochem stub Category Nucleic acids ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid structure

    Nucleic acid structure refers to the Biomolecular structure structure of nucleic acid s such as DNA and RNA It is often divided into four different levels Nucleic acid primary structure Primary structure &mdash the raw sequence of nucleobase s of each of the component DNA strands Nucleic acid secondary structure Secondary structure &mdash the set of interactions between bases, i.e., which parts of which strands are bound to each other Nucleic acid tertiary structure Tertiary structure &mdash the locations of the atoms in three dimensional space, taking into consideration geometrical and steric constraints and Nucleic acid quaternary structure Quaternary structure &mdash the higher level organization of DNA in chromatin, or to the interactions between separate RNA units in the ribosome or spliceosome . See also Nucleic acid double helix Nucleic acid structure determination experimental Nucleic acid structure prediction computational DNA nanotechnology Nucleic acid design Nucleic acid thermodynamics Crosslinking of DNA DNA supercoil molecular biology stub Biomolecular structure Category DNA Category RNA ca Estructura de l ADN es Estructura del cido nucleico tr DNA n n yap s zh DNA ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid sequence

    nucleotide s, usually representing a single amino acid . The sequence or primary structure of a nucleic acid is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleic acid and the chemical bond s that bond those atoms. Because nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA , are unbranched polymers, this specification ... is written as a succession of letters representing a real or hypothetical nucleic acid molecule ... make up the backbone of the nucleic acid strand, and attached to the sugar is one of a set of nucleobase s. The nucleobases are important in base pair ing of strands to form higher level Nucleic acid secondary structure secondary and Nucleic acid tertiary structure tertiary structure such as the famed Nucleic acid double helix double helix . The possible letters are A , C , G , and T , representing ... ref name NCIUB http www.chem.qmul.ac.uk iubmb misc naseq.html Nomenclature for Incompletely Specified Bases in Nucleic Acid Sequences , NC IUB, 1984. ref A adenine C cytosine G guanine T thymine ... after the nucleic acid chain has been formed. In DNA, the most common modified base is 5 methylcytidine ... code , by which the information contained in nucleic acid s are Translation genetics translated into amino acid sequences in protein s. See Genetic code Central dogma of molecular biology In biological systems, nucleic acids contain information which is used by a living Cell biology cell to construct specific protein s. The sequence of nucleobase s on a nucleic acid strand is Translation ..., patterns, correlations in DNA and protein texts Biomolecular structure DEFAULTSORT Nucleic Acid .... Nucleic acids also have a secondary structure and tertiary structure . Primary structure is sometimes ... Main Nucleotide Nucleic acids consist of a chain of linked units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide ... the antisense strand, will have the complementary sequence to the sense strand. Notation Main Nucleic acid notation While A, T, C, and G represent a particular nucleotide at a position, there are also ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid design

    Image Mao 4armjunction schematic.png thumb 250px Nucleic acid design can be used to create nucleic acid complexes with complicated Nucleic acid secondary structure secondary structures such as this four ... acid design is the process of generating a set of nucleic acid base sequences that will associate into a desired conformation. Nucleic acid design is central to the fields of DNA nanotechnology and DNA computing . ref name Dirks04 It is necessary because there are many possible Nucleic acid sequence sequences of nucleic acid strands that will fold into a given Nucleic acid secondary structure secondary ... be avoided. In addition, there are many Nucleic acid tertiary structure tertiary structure considerations ... name Sherman06 Nucleic acid design has similar goals to protein design in both, the sequence of monomers ... alternate structures. However, nucleic acid design has the advantage of being a much computationally ... require Protein tertiary structure tertiary structure information whereas nucleic acid design can operate largely on the level of Nucleic acid secondary structure secondary structure . However, nucleic ... name Brenneman02 Nucleic acid design can be considered the inverse of nucleic acid structure prediction ... concepts Image DNA chemical structure.svg thumb 250px Chemical structure of DNA. Nucleic acid double ..., where the Nucleobase bases are matched into only A T or G C pairs. The Nucleic acid structure ... Computer Science volume 287 pages 39 ref Nucleic acid design is the process by which, given a desired target structure or functionality, sequences are generated for nucleic acid strands which will self assemble into that target structure. Nucleic acid design encompasses all levels of DNA structure nucleic acid structure Nucleic acid primary structure Primary structure &mdash the raw sequence of nucleobase s of each of the component nucleic acid strands Nucleic acid secondary structure Secondary ... to each other and Nucleic acid tertiary structure Tertiary structure &mdash the locations of the atoms ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid analogues

    . Nucleic acid analogues are compounds structurally similar Analog chemistry analog to naturally occurring RNA and DNA , used in medicine and in molecular biology research. Nucleic acid s are chains ..., and phosphate sugar backbone analogues such as peptide nucleic acid PNA , which affect the properties ... self complementary peptide nucleic acid PNA oligomer showing a duplex triplex network. J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Feb 9 127 5 1424 30. ref Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid PNA , Morpholino and locked nucleic acid LNA , as well as GNA nucleic acid glycol nucleic acid GNA and TNA nucleic acid threose nucleic acid TNA . Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA ... analogues Nucleic acid analogues are used in molecular biology for several purposes As a tool ... common RNA analogues are 2 O methyl substituted RNA, locked nucleic acid Locked nucleic acid LNA .... Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development 1997 7 187 195. ref ref Summerton J. Morpholino ... Acta 1999 1489 141 158. ref and peptide nucleic acid Peptide nucleic acid PNA . Although these oligonucleotides ... may be too complex to be the first nucleic acid, so before the RNA world hypothesis RNA world several simpler nucleic acids that differ in the backbone, such as TNA nucleic acid TNA and GNA nucleic acid GNA and Peptide nucleic acid PNA , have been offered as candidates for the first nucleic acids. Base ... dC, ref Wojciechowski et al. Fluorescence and hybridization properties of peptide nucleic acid ... of nucleic acid structure, dynamics and interactions. Curr. Org. Chem. 2002 6 775 93. ref ref ..., & Biomol. Chem. 2006 4 4265 74. ref ref Wilhelmsson Fluorescent nucleic acid base analogues. Q. Rev ... developed. ref B rjesson et al. Nucleic acid base analog FRET pair facilitating detailed structural measurements in nucleic acid containing systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009 131 4288 93. ref Together with tC sup O sup as a FRET donor this constitutes the first nucleic acid base analogue FRET pair ever ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid notation

    The nucleic acid notation currently in use was first formalized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry IUPAC in 1970. ref name iupac1 cite doi 10.1021 bi00822a023 ref This universally accepted notation uses the Roman characters G, C, A, and T, to represent the four nucleotides commonly found in deoxyribonucleic acids DNA . Given the rapidly expanding role for genetic sequencing, synthesis, and analysis in biology, researchers have been compelled to develop alternate notations to further support the analysis and manipulation of genetic data. These notations generally exploit size, shape, symmetry to accomplish these objectives. IUPAC notation class wikitable style margin left 25px margin top 0px float right text align center Symbol ref name iupac Description colspan 5 Bases ... web url http www.chem.qmul.ac.uk iubmb misc naseq.html author Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry NC IUB title Nomenclature for Incompletely Specified Bases in Nucleic Acid Sequences year 1984 accessdate 2008 02 04 ref representation for a position on a DNA sequence that can be have multiple possible alternatives. These should not be confused with nucleic acid analogues ... 1986. Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry NC IUB . Nomenclature for incompletely specified basis in nucleic acid sequences. Recommendations 1984. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ... distinct shapes to encode lengthy nucleic acid sequences. Several of these approaches are summarized ... be found in nucleic acid notations that use ambigrams to mirror structural symmetries found in the DNA ... nucleic acid notation. Nucleosides Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 25 807 813. ref An ambigraphic nucleic acid notation also makes it easy to identify genetic palindromes, such as endonuclease ... designed nucleic acid notations, AmbiScript combines many of the visual and functional features ... is an ambigraphic nucleic acid notation that permits rapid complementation of genetic sequence and identification ...   more details



  1. Threose nucleic acid

    Threose nucleic acid TNA is a polymer similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its backbone . TNA is not known to occur naturally they are oligonucleotide synthesis synthesized chemically . DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas TNA s backbone is composed of repeating threose units linked by phosphodiester bond s. The threose molecule is easier to assemble than ribose making it a possible precursor to RNA. DNA TNA hybrid chains have been made in the laboratory using DNA polymerase. TNA can hybridize with RNA and DNA in a sequence specific manner this capability and chemical simplicity suggests that TNA could have preceded RNA as genetic material. See also Oligonucleotide synthesis Abiogenesis Glycol nucleic acid Peptide nucleic acid External links http www.newscientist.com article mg17924052.500 was simple tna the first nucleic acid on earth to carry a genetic code.html Was simple TNA the first nucleic acid on Earth to carry a genetic code? , New Scientist http www.sciencemag.org cgi content summary 290 5495 1306 ORIGIN OF LIFE A Simpler Nucleic Acid , Leslie Orgel References cite journal title A Simpler Nucleic Acid last Orgel first Leslie journal Science journal Science year 2000 month November pages 1306 1307 volume 290 issue 5495 doi 10.1126 science.290.5495.1306 pmid 11185405 cite journal title Modified nucleic acids on display last Watt first Gregory journal Nature Chemical Biology year 2005 month February url http www.nature.com nchembio journal vaop nprelaunch full nchembio005.html doi 10.1038 nchembio005 cite journal title Chemical etiology of nucleic acid structure the alpha threofuranosyl 3 2 oligonucleotide system. last Schoning first K coauthors Scholz P Guntha S Wu X Krishnamurthy R Eschenmoser A journal Science journal Science year 2000 month November pmid 11082060 doi 10.1126 science.290.5495.1347 volume 290 pages 1347 51 issue 5495 Nucleic acids Category Nucleic acids Category Polymers genetics ...   more details



  1. Spectrophotometer for Nucleic Acid Measurements

    orphan date January 2011 A Spectrophotometer for Nucleic Acid Measurement is used in molecular biology . Analysis of nucleic acid s is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity. To date, there are two main approaches used by scientists to quantitate DNA or RNA. These are Spectrophotometry spectrophotometric analysis and Fluorescent tag fluorescence tagging . Spectrophotometric analysis One of the more commonly used practices to quantitate DNA or RNA is the use of spectrophotometric analysis using a spectrophotometer like the AQ 07. ref http ampliquant.com index.php aq 07 ref Spectrophotometric analysis is based on the principles that nucleic acids absorb ultraviolet light in a specific pattern. In the case of DNA and RNA, a sample that is exposed to ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 260  nanometre s nm will absorb that ultraviolet light. The resulting effect is that less light will strike the photodetector and this will produce a higher optical density OD Calculations The Optical Density ref IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology. Online edition absorbance . ref is generated from equation Optical ... to nucleic acid concentration conversion factors are used to convert OD to concentration of unknown nucleic acid samples A260 dsDNA 50  g ml A260 ssDNA 37  g ml A260 ssRNA 40  g ml Conversion ..., like the AQ 07 Nucleic Acid Meter, allow selection of the nucleic acid type and path length such that resultant ... s law . A260 as quantity measure The A260 unit is used a quantity measure for nucleic acids. One A260 unit is the amount of nucleic acid contained in 1 mL and producing a OD of 1. The same conversion ... spectrophotometric analysis for nucleic acid quantitation is the ability to determine sample purity ... used to assess the amount of protein contamination that is left from the nucleic acid isolation ... 07 Official AQ 07 webpage DEFAULTSORT Spectrophotometer For Nucleic Acid Measurements Category Spectroscopy ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid inhibitor

    File Molbio Header.svg thumb Image illustrates DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. The first two are nucleic acid s. A Nucleic acid inhibitor is a type of antibacterial that acts by inhibiting the production of nucleic acid s. There are two major classes DNA inhibitors and RNA inhibitors. ref http www.ccsf.edu Departments Biology ctoebe antibiotics.htm ref The Antifungal medication antifungal flucytosine acts in a similar manner. DNA inhibitors DNA inhibitors such as the quinolones , acting upon DNA gyrase as a topoisomerase inhibitor ref name SC Another group of DNA inhibitors, including nitrofurantoin and metronidazole , act upon anaerobic bacteria. ref cite pmid 25874 ref These act by generating metabolites that are incorporated into DNA strands, which then are more prone to breakage. ref Cite book last1 P. Denyer first1 Stephen last2 Hodges first2 Norman A. last3 P. Gorman first3 Sean title Hugo and Russell s pharmaceutical microbiology year 2004 publisher Blackwell Science location Oxford isbn 0 632 06467 6 pages 215 ref These drugs are selectively toxic to anaerobic organisms, but can affect human cells. RNA inhibitors RNA inhibitors such as rifampin , acting upon RNA dependent RNA polymerase ref name SC http pathmicro.med.sc.edu mayer antibiot.htm ref Antifolates DNA, RNA, and protein Antifolate s act primarily as inhibitors of both RNA and DNA, and are often grouped with nucleic acid inhibitors in textbooks. However, they also act indirectly as protein synthesis inhibitor s because tetrahydrofolate is also involved in the synthesis of amino acids serine and methionine , so they are sometimes considered as their own category, antimetabolite s. ref http www.life.umd.edu classroom bsci424 Chemotherapy AntibioticMechanisms.htm ref However, the term antimetabolite , when used literally, can apply to many different classes of drugs. References reflist Major drug groups Nucleic acid inhibitors Category Antibiotics antibiotic stub ar sr Inhibitori nukleinskih ...   more details



  1. Glycol nucleic acid

    Glycol nucleic acid GNA is a polymer similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its backbone . GNA is not known to occur naturally they are oligonucleotide synthesis synthesized chemically . The 2,3 dihydroxypropylnucleoside analogues were first prepared by Ueda et al. 1971 . Soon thereafter it was shown that phosphate linked oligomers of the analogues do in fact exhibit hypochromicity in the presence of RNA and DNA in solution Seita et al. 1972 . The preparation of the polymers was later described by Cook et al. 1995, 1999 and Acevedo and Andrews 1996 . The GNA GNA self pairing described by Zhang and Meggers is however novel, and the specificity of interaction well demonstrated. DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas GNA s backbone is composed of repeating glycol units linked by phosphodiester bond s. The glycol unit has just three carbon atoms and still shows Watson Crick base pairing. Interestingly, the Watson Crick base pairing is much more stable in GNA than its natural counterparts DNA and RNA as it requires a high temperature to melt a duplex of GNA. It is possibly the simplest of the nucleic acids, so making it a hypothetical precursor to RNA. See also Oligonucleotide synthesis Abiogenesis Threose nucleic acid Peptide nucleic acid Locked nucleic acid References cite journal author Zhang Lilu, Peritz Adam, Meggers Eric title A simple glycol nucleic acid journal J Am Chem Soc volume 127 issue 12 pages 4174 5 year 2005 url http pubs.acs.org doi pdf 10.1021 ja042564z?cookieSet 1 pmid 15783191 doi 10.1021 ja042564z Seita, Tooru Yamauchi, Kiyoshi Kinoshita, Masayoshi Imoto, Minoru. Condensation polymerization of nucleotide analogues. Die Makromolekulare Chemie 1972 , 154 255 261. Ueda, Nasuo Kawabata, Toshio Takemoto, Kiichi. Synthesis of N 2,3 dihydroxypropyl derivatives of nucleic bases. Journal of Heterocyclic ... than DNA Chemical and engineering news Nucleic acids Category Nucleic acids genetics stub ca ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid methods

    for protein methods Protein methods Nucleic acid methods are the techniques used to study nucleic acid s DNA and RNA . Purification Guanidinium thiocyanate phenol chloroform extraction Phenol chloroform extraction minicolumn purification RNA extraction Quantification Abundance in weight Quantification of nucleic acids spectroscopic quantification Absolute abundance in number Real time polymerase chain reaction Q PCR high throughput relative abundance DNA microarray high throughput absolute abundance serial analysis of gene expression SAGE Size Gel electrophoresis Synthesis De novo Oligonucleotide synthesis Amplification Polymerase chain reaction PCR Kinetics Dual polarization interferometry ref cite doi 10.1016 j.bios.2004.12.024 ref QCM D ref cite journal last Dixon first Matthew C. title Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring Enabling Real Time Characterization of Biological Materials and Their Interactions journal Journal of Biomolecular Techniques year 2008 month July volume 19 issue 3 pages 151 158 pmid 19137101 pmc 2563918 ref Other List of nucleic acid simulation software Nucleic acid simulations DNA sequencing Bisulfite sequencing Expression cloning Southern blot Northern blot Sucrose gradient centrifugation Radioactivity in biological research Lab on a chip Nuclear run on Nuclear run on assay Fluorescent in situ hybridization several Bioinformatics methods, such as List of RNA structure prediction software RNA structure prediction See also CSH Protocols Current Protocols References reflist External links http www.genome.ou.edu protocol book protocol index.html PROTOCOLS FOR RECOMBINANT DNA ISOLATION, CLONING, and SEQUENCING Molecular Biology Category Molecular biology ca M todes dels cids nucleics zh ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid quantitation

    that passes through the sample. The more light absorbed by the sample, the higher the nucleic acid ... 18201813 pages 66 70 doi 10.1016 j.bpc.2007.12.004 ref Sample purity It is common for nucleic acid ... in a nucleic acid solution. ref name molecular cloning ref cite journal author Glasel J. year 1995 title Validity of nucleic acid purities monitored by 260 280 absorbance ratios journal BioTechniques volume 18 issue 1 pages 62 63 pmid 7702855 ref 260 280 ratio has high sensitivity for nucleic acid contamination in protein border 1 protein nucleic acid 260 280 ratio 100 0 0.57 95 5 1.06 90 10 1.32 70 30 1.73 260 280 ratio lacks sensitivity for protein contamination in nucleic acids border 1 nucleic acid protein 260 280 ratio 100 0 2.00 95 5 1.99 90 10 1.98 70 30 1.94 This difference is due to the much higher extinction coefficient nucleic acids have at 260 nm and 280 nm, compared to that of proteins .... Other common contaminants Contamination by phenol , which is commonly used in nucleic acid ... nm and a A sub 260 280 sub of 1.2. Nucleic acid preparations uncontaminated by phenol should have ... in a pure nucleic acid sample should be zero. Citation needed date January 2010 Negative values could ... s, the dye loaded samples can also be quantified with a fluorescence photometer . See also Nucleic acid ... Ratio in Determining Nucleic Acid Purity pdf document http openwetware.org wiki Quantitating nucleic ...In molecular biology , quantitation of nucleic acids is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity. Reactions that use nucleic acid s often require particular amounts and purity for optimum performance. There are several methods to establish the concentration of a solution of nucleic acids, including spectrophotometric quantification and UV fluorescence in presence of a DNA dye. Spectrophotometric analysis Nucleic acids Absorption ... of the absorbance at 260 and 280nm A sub 260 280 sub is used to assess the purity of nucleic acids. For pure ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid test

    A nucleic acid test , often called a NAT test, or nucleic acid amplification test NAAT is a biochemistry biochemical technique used to detect a virus or a Bacteria bacterium . These tests were developed to shorten the window period , a time between when a patient has been infected and when they show up as positive by ELISA antibody tests . The term includes any test that directly detects the genetic material of the infecting organism or virus. There are multiple methods that fall in this group, including Methods based on the Polymerase chain reaction . These tests use a primer to rapidly make copies of the genetic material. A reverse transcriptase PCR RT PCR is used for HIV and other RNA viruses. Transcription mediated amplification uses a slightly different molecular method than PCR but has the same basic principle. Branched DNA quantiplex bDNA tests use a molecule that links to the specific genetic material. Ligase chain reaction Category Medical diagnosis Med diagnostic stub de Nuclein Acid Amplification Test Technology ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid quaternary structure

    The quaternary structure of a nucleic acid refers to the interactions between separate nucleic acid molecules, or Protein DNA interaction between nucleic acid molecules and proteins . The concept is analogous to protein quaternary structure , but as the analogy is not perfect, the term is used to refer to a number of different concepts in nucleic acids and is less commonly encountered. Quaternary structure can refer to the higher level organization of DNA in chromatin , ref cite journal doi 10.1002 bip.1977.360160308 title Probing DNA quaternary ordering with circular dichroism spectroscopy Studies of equine sperm chromosomal fibers year 1977 last1 Sipski first1 M. Leonide last2 Wagner first2 Thomas E. journal Biopolymers volume 16 pages 573 82 pmid 843604 issue 3 ref including its interactions with histone s. It may also refer to the interactions between separate RNA units in the ribosome ref cite journal doi 10.1146 annurev.bi.53.070184.001003 title Structure of Ribosomal RNA year 1984 last1 Noller first1 H F journal Annual Review of Biochemistry volume 53 pages 119 62 pmid 6206780 ref ref cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.081082398 pmc 33135 pmid 11296253 title RNA tertiary interactions in the large ribosomal subunit The A minor motif first5 TA last5 Steitz first4 PB last4 Moore first3 N last3 Ban first2 JA year 2001 last2 Ippolito last1 Nissen first1 P. journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences volume 98 issue 9 pages 4899 903 ref or spliceosome . The term has also been used to describe the hierarchical assembly of artificial nucleic acid building blocks used in DNA nanotechnology . ref cite book last Chworos first Arkadiusz title Foldamers Structure, Properties, and Applications year 2007 publisher Wiley VCH Verl. location Weinheim isbn 978 3527315635 pages 298&ndash 299 coauthors Jaeger, Luc editor Hecht, Stefan and Huc, Ivan chapter Nucleic acid foldamers ... Nucleic acids ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid secondary structure

    The secondary structure of a nucleic acid molecule refers to the basepair ing interactions within a single ... in a nucleic acid molecule. ref cite journal last Dirks first Robert M. authorlink coauthors Lin, Milo Winfree, Erik & Pierce, Niles A. year 2004 month title Paradigms for computational nucleic acid design journal Nucleic Acids Research volume 32 issue 4 pages 1392 1403 doi 10.1093 nar gkh291 ... context, secondary structure is a vital consideration in the Nucleic acid design rational design of nucleic acid structures for DNA nanotechnology and DNA computing , since the pattern of basepairing ... and functional nucleic acid tertiary structure tertiary structures . Importantly, pairing is the mechanism ... in RNA . Nucleic acid hybridization File DNA orbit animated static thumb.png thumb 150px Two Complementarity molecular biology complementary regions of nucleic acid molcules will bind and from a Double ... 1.66 C C or G G align right 1.97 A C or G T align right 2.04 G C align right 2.70 Main Nucleic acid ... the strands of the double helix are broken, separating the two nucleic acid strands. These bonds are weak ... at certain points in the nucleic acid. ref name Breslauer1986 cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.83.11.3746 ... of sequence reading enzymes such as DNA polymerase . Secondary structure motifs Nucleic acid secondary ... be further classified, for example, tetraloop s, pseudoknot s, and stem loop s. Double helix Main Nucleic acid double helix The double helix is an important Nucleic acid tertiary structure tertiary structure ... attempting to determine the secondary structure of RNA molecules. Approaches include both Nucleic acid structure determination experimental and Nucleic acid structure prediction computational methods ..., they are generally not present in biological DNA. Secondary structure prediction Main Nucleic acid ... DEFAULTSORT Nucleic Acid Secondary Structure Category DNA Category Biophysics Category Molecular ... of the DNA double helix . Nucleic Acids Research 2006 34 2 564 574 doi 10.1093 nar gkj454 PMID 16449200 ...   more details



  1. Peptide nucleic acid

    Image PNA en.svg right Peptide nucleic acid PNA is an artificially synthesized polymer similar to DNA or RNA invented by Peter E. Nielsen Univ. Copenhagen , Michael Egholm Univ. Copenhagen , Rolf H. Berg Ris National Lab , and Ole Buchardt Univ. Copenhagen in 1991. ref cite journal doi 10.1126 science.1962210 author Nielsen PE, Egholm M, Berg RH, Buchardt O title Sequence selective recognition of DNA by strand displacement with a thymine substituted polyamide journal Science volume 254 issue 5037 pages 1497 500 year 1991 month December pmid 1962210 url http www.sciencemag.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 1962210 ref The name is somewhat of a misnomer as PNA is not an acid . Synthetic peptide nucleic acid oligomers have been used in recent years in molecular biology procedures, diagnostic assays and Antisense therapy antisense therapies . Due to their higher binding strength it is not necessary ... also Peptide synthesis Oligonucleotide synthesis Glycol nucleic acid Threose nucleic acid References ... Nucleic Acids PNA cite journal author Shabih Shakeel, et al. title Peptide Nucleic Acid PNA A Review ... title Alternative Nucleic Acid Analogues for Programmable Assembly Hybridization of LNA to PNA journal ... to Peptide Nucleic Acid journal Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. volume 1 issue 2 pages 89 104 year 1999 url http www.horizonpress.com cimb v v1 09.pdf format PDF Nucleic acids DEFAULTSORT Peptide Nucleic Acid Category Nucleic acids Category Origin of life ca cid peptonucleic de Peptid Nukleins ure ... PE, Buchardt Ole, Egholm M, and Nord n B title DNA like Double Helix formed by Peptide Nucleic Acid year 1994 journal Nature volume 368 issue 6471 pages 561 3 pmid 8139692 ref while water at standard ... www.pnas.org cgi content abstract 97 8 3868 title Peptide nucleic acids rather than RNA may have been ... Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids series Metal Ions in Life Sciences volume 10 year 2012 publisher Springer ... P, Pellestor F title The peptide nucleic acids PNAs a new generation of probes for genetic and cytogenetic ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid templated chemistry

    File NATC scheme.png thumb The schematic presentation how the nucleic acid templated chemistry works within cells File NATC reaction.png thumb Schematic presentation of chemical reaction within cells to combine two precursors into an active drug Nucleic acid templated chemistry NATC , or DNA templated chemistry , is principally a new tool to Chemical synthesis synthesize chemical compounds. The main advantage of the NAT chemistry NATC is performing of the chemical reaction as an intramolecular reaction. The two oligonucleotide s or their analogues are linked via chemical groups to Precursor chemistry precursors of chemical compounds. The oligonucleotides recognize specific nucleic acid s and are hybridized Steric effects sterically close to each other. Afterwards the chemical active groups interact with each other to combine the precursors into a completely new chemical compound. NATC is usually used to perform the synthesis of complex compounds without need to protect chemically active groups during the synthesis. In 1999 Pavel Sergeev suggested to use NATC to synthesize biologically active compounds within living organisms. ref Sergeev, Pavel, Patent application, WO200061775, filling date 08 April 1999 http www.wipo.int pctdb en wo.jsp?wo 2000061775 Synthesis of biologically active compounds in cells PCT IB1999 000616. ref The main idea is to use NATC to synthesize specific biologically active compounds within human cells. The precursors are distributed in the whole human body ... Franzini RM Kool ET title Efficient nucleic acid detection by templated reductive quencher release ... ME, Liu DR title DNA templated polymerization of side chain functionalized peptide nucleic acid aldehydes ... AP, Kool ET. title New, Stronger Nucleophiles for Nucleic Acid Templated Chemistry Synthesis and Application ... of peptide nucleic acid encoded oligosaccharides that mimick the carbohydrate epitope of HIV ... of mRNA in live cells using nucleic acid templated reduction of azidorhodamine probes. journal ...   more details



  1. Locked nucleic acid

    enzymatic processes ref http www.exiqon.com lna technology Locked Nucleic Acid Technology ... nucleic acid high affinity targeting of complementary RNA and DNA journal Biochemistry volume 43 ... PS, Bergstrom DE title Alternative nucleic acid analogues for programmable assembly hybridization of LNA ... Nucleic acids DEFAULTSORT Locked Nucleic Acid Category Nucleic acids ca ARN inaccessible de LNA Nukleins ure ... cite journal title LNA Locked Nucleic Acids Synthesis of the adenine, cytosine, guanine, 5 methylcytosine, thymine and uracil bicyclonucleoside monomers, oligomerisation, and unprecedented nucleic acid recognition author Alexei A. Koshkin coauthors Sanjay K. Singh, Poul Nielsen, Vivek K. Rajwanshi ... discrimination journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 34 issue 8 doi 10.1093 nar gkl175 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org ... year 2006 title MicroRNA expression profiling on arrays enhanced with locked nucleic acids issue ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid thermodynamics

    Nucleic acid thermodynamics is the study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double ... half of the DNA strands are in the Nucleic acid double helix double helical state and half are in the random ... , sequence specific interaction between two or more complementary strands of nucleic acid s into a single hybrid biology hybrid , which in the case of two strands is referred to as a Nucleic acid double ... the reformation Denaturation biochemistry Nucleic acid denaturation renaturation of complementary ... Y http www3.interscience.wiley.com cgi bin abstract 40314 ABSTRACT pdf ref One problem in nucleic acid thermodynamics is to determine the thermodynamic parameters for forming double stranded nucleic acid AB from single stranded nucleic acids A and B. AB A B The equilibrium constant for this reaction ... temperature of the reaction. This gives, for the nucleic acid system, math Delta G circ RT ln frac A B AB math . The melting temperature, T sub m sub , occurs when half of the double stranded nucleic acid has dissociated. If no additional nucleic acids are present, then A , B , and AB will be equal, and equal to half the initial concentration of double stranded nucleic acid, AB sub initial sub . This gives an expression for the melting point of a nucleic acid duplex of math T m frac Delta G circ ... terms are similarly defined. In general, the free energy of forming a nucleic acid duplex ... bond s between nucleic bases, after which the two strands separate. In the absence of external ..., which lays the ground for polymerase chain reaction . Most commonly, the pairs of nucleic bases ... DNA melting, is the process by which double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid unwinds and separates ... by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis journal Nucleic Acids Research year 1987 volume 15 pmid .... journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 18 pages 6409 6412 issue 21 pmid 2243783 pmc 332522 ref Some ... in melting the double stranded state and the random coil state. However, nucleic acids may melt several ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid structure determination

    about the experimental determination of nucleic acid structure computational methods Nucleic acid structure prediction Structure probing of nucleic acid s is the process by which biochemical techniques are used to determine nucleic acid structure . ref cite book author Teunissen AWM title RNA Structure ... magnetic resonance spectroscopy of nucleic acids Nucleic acid NMR is the use of NMR spectroscopy to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA or RNA ... C, Wö hnert J, Schwalbe H ref Nucleic acid NMR uses similar techniques as protein NMR, but has several differences. Nucleic acids have a smaller percentage of hydrogen atoms, which are the atoms usually observed in NMR, and because Nucleic acid double helix nucleic acid double helices are stiff ... such as Nucleic acid double helix Bending bent helices , non Watson Crick basepairing, and coaxial ... the binding of nucleic acid molecules to other molecules, such as proteins or drugs, by seeing ... be done using H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub , ascorbic acid, and Fe II EDTA complex which is attached to the backbone through EDTA. The Fe II along with ascorbic acid generates hydroxyl radicals which then can react with the nucleic acid molecules. ref name hydrox cite journal author Karaduman R, Fabrizio ... probing of nucleic acid molecules that are thought to associate with proteins, this is due to the modification ... with the nucleic acid it can be caused by the tertiary fold. ref name hydrox ref Cite journal doi ... name naimm References Reflist Biomolecular structure DEFAULTSORT Nucleic Acid Structure Determination ... cite book last Addess first Kenneth J. title Bioorganic Chemistry Nucleic Acids year 1996 publisher ... with nucleic acids are Proton NMR sup 1 sup H or proton NMR , Carbon 13 NMR sup 13 sup C NMR , Nitrogen ... last Wemmer first David title Nucleic acids Structures, Properties, and Functions year 2000 publisher ... name hydrox Probing with hydroxyl radicals shows the protection of structured nucleic acids by the proteins ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid structure prediction

    About the computational prediction of nucleic acid structure experimental methods Nucleic acid structure determination Nucleic acid structure prediction is a computational method to determine Nucleic acid structure nucleic acid secondary and tertiary structure from its sequence. Secondary structure can be predicted from a single or from several nucleic acid sequences. Tertiary structure can be predicted ... . The problem of predicting nucleic acid secondary structure is dependent mainly on base pair ing ... to a known class of nucleic acid molecules, such as transfer RNA or microRNA , is observed. Many ... for hydrogen bond ing in the nucleic acid backbone. The Nucleic acid thermodynamics energy parameters are also different for the two nucleic acids. Single sequence structure prediction A common ... given just the nucleic acid sequence. However, in the case of RNA much of the final structure ... also RNA RNA structure Non coding RNA List of RNA structure prediction software List of nucleic acid ..., T. 1991 Inferring consensus structure from nucleic acid sequences. Comput. Appl. Biosci, . 7 ... D Modeling unusual nucleic acid structures. In Molecular Modeling of Nucleic Acids. Edited by Leontes ... acid folding and hybridization prediction url journal Nucleic Acids Research volume 31 issue 13 ... acid structures. In Molecular Modeling of Nucleic Acids. Edited by Leontes N, SantaLucia JJ. Washington ... 2003 title A statistical sampling algorithm for RNA secondary structure prediction url journal Nucleic ... journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 31 issue 13 pages 3423 8 pmid 12824339 pmc 169020 ref ref name Leontis06 .... ref ref name Major03 Major F Building three dimensional ribonucleic acid structures. Comput Sci Eng ..., W. 2004 ILM a web server for predicting RNA secondary structures with pseudoknots. Nucleic Acids ... RNAs. Nucleic Acids Research, 32 Web Server issue , W142 145. ref ref name Touzet07 Touzet, H., 2007 ... RNA sequences using thermodynamics and auxiliary information. Nucleic Acids Res. Jan 10 9 1 133 48 ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid tertiary structure

    The tertiary structure of a nucleic acid is its precise three dimensional structure, as defined ... dna50 watsoncrick.pdf title A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid journal Nature volume 171 pages ... E, Taylor IA, Kneale GG title Preferential binding of fd gene 5 protein to tetraplex nucleic acid ... stacking has been observed in Nucleic acid design rationally designed DNA structures. DNA origami structures ... stages, RNA forms Nucleic acid secondary structure secondary structure s stabilized through ... journal ref Magnesium is vital in stabilizing these kinds of junctions in Nucleic acid design artificially ... DNA. ref name pmid13054692 cite journal author Watson JD, Crick FH title Molecular structure of nucleic acids a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid journal Nature volume 171 issue 4356 pages 737 ... in nucleic acid research the identification of ribozymes, and the ability to produce them via ... of nucleic acid structural research. Since the publication of the hammerhead and P sub 4 6 sub structures ... acid nucleic ... right 350px The structures of the A , B , and Z DNA double helix structures. Double helix main Nucleic acid double helix The double helix is the dominant tertiary structure for biological DNA, and is also ... extended helices that result from coaxial stacking of the amino acid acceptor stem with the T arm ... perpendicularly to the amino acid stem, leading to the functional L shaped tertiary structure. ref ... editor others title Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology edition language publisher RSC Pub ... Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids series Metal Ions in Life Sciences volume 10 year 2012 publisher ... of Lanthanide Ion Binding to Nucleic Acids ref A metal ion can interact with RNA in multiple ways ... solvent study including conformational adaptation journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 29 issue 19 ..., Marguisse, M, Merrill, SH, Penwick, JR, Zamir title Structure of a ribonucleic acid journal Science ...   more details



  1. Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

    implications of the DNA double helix combined to make Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid one of the most prominent biology articles of the twentieth ... also DNA X ray scattering Paracrystalline Paracrystal model and theory Crystallography List of nucleic acid simulation software Nucleic acid modeling References reflist 2 Books about the discovery ... of Nucleic Acids A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid pl Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids ... are made possible by protein s. Structurally, proteins are long chains of amino acid subunits. In some ... AR, Wilson HR title Molecular structure of deoxypentose nucleic acids journal Nature date 1953 04 .... History of biology Category 1953 works Category History of biology Category Nucleic acids Category ...   more details




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