. Use in medicine and technology In medicine several nucleoside analogues are used as antiviral or anticancer ... is prone to hydrolysis, several more stable alternative nucleoside nucleotide analogues that correctly ... Nukleosido fr Nucl oside gl Nucle sido ko id Nukleosida it Nucleoside ka kk lt Nukleozidas hu Nukleozid nl Nucleoside ja oc Nucleosid pl Nukleozydy ru ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside diphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.6 CAS number 9027 69 4 IUBMB EC number 3 6 1 6 GO code 0017110 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside diphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.6 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a nucleoside diphosphate H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math a nucleotide phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside diphosphate and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are nucleotide and phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside diphosphate phosphohydrolase . Other names in common use include thiaminpyrophosphatase , UDPase , inosine diphosphatase , adenosine diphosphatase , IDPase , ADPase , adenosinepyrophosphatase , guanosine diphosphatase , guanosine 5 diphosphatase , inosine 5 diphosphatase , uridine diphosphatase , uridine 5 diphosphatase , nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase , type B nucleoside diphosphatase , GDPase , CDPase , nucleoside 5 diphosphatase , type L nucleoside diphosphatase , NDPase , and nucleoside diphosphate phosphohydrolase . This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2H2N and PDB link 2H2U . References reflist 1 cite journal author GIBSON DM, AYENGAR P, SANADI DR date 1955 title A phosphatase specific for nucleoside diphosphates journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 16 pages 536&ndash 8 pmid 14389272 doi 10.1016 0006 3002 55 90275 4 issue 4 cite journal author Horecker BL, Hurwitz J and Heppel LA date 1957 title The synthesis of ribose 5 pyrophosphate and ribose 5 triphosphate journal J. Am. Chem. Soc. volume 79 pages 701&ndash 702 doi 10.1021 ja01560a054 issue 3 ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside triphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.15 CAS number 9075 51 8 IUBMB EC number 3 6 1 15 GO code 0017111 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside triphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.15 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction NTP H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math NDP phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside triphosphate NTP and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are nucleoside diphosphate NDP and phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is unspecific diphosphate phosphohydrolase . Other names in common use include nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase , nucleoside 5 triphosphate phosphohydrolase , and nucleoside 5 triphosphatase . This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and thiamine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, only one tertiary structure structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the Protein Data Bank PDB accession code PDB link 2I3B . References reflist 1 cite journal author Brightwell R, Tappel AL date 1968 title Lysosomal acid pyrophosphatase and acid phosphatase journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume 124 pages 333&ndash 43 pmid 5661608 doi 10.1016 0003 9861 68 90335 4 issue 1 cite journal author LEWIS M, WEISSMAN S date 1965 title PROPERTIES OF A SOLUBLE NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN MAMMALIAN LIVER journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume 109 pages 490&ndash 8 pmid 14320490 doi 10.1016 0003 9861 65 90393 0 issue 3 cite journal author Matsushita S, Raacke ID date 1968 title Purification of nucleoside triphosphatases from pea seedling ribosomes journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 166 pages 707&ndash 10 pmid 4301913 issue 3 hydrolase stub Category EC 3.6.1 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside phosphotransferase EC number 2.7.1.77 CAS number 9055 37 2 IUBMB EC number 2 7 1 77 GO code 0050146 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside phosphotransferase EC number 2.7.1.77 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a nucleotide a 2 deoxynucleoside math rightleftharpoons math a nucleoside a 2 deoxynucleoside 5 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are nucleotide and 2 deoxynucleoside , whereas its two product chemistry products are nucleoside and 2 deoxynucleoside 5 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleotide nucleoside 5 phosphotransferase . Other names in common use include nonspecific nucleoside phosphotransferase , and nucleotide 3 deoxynucleoside 5 phosphotransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Brunngraber EF, Chargaff E date 1967 title Purification and properties of a nucleoside phosphotransferase from carrot journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 242 pages 4834&ndash 40 pmid 6061424 issue 20 cite journal author Prasher DC, Carr MC, Ives DH, Tsai TC, Frey PA date 1982 title Nucleoside phosphotransferase from barley. Characterization and evidence for ping pong kinetics involving phosphoryl enzyme journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 257 pages 4931&ndash 9 pmid 6279651 issue 9 kinases enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
unreferenced date February 2007 Nucleoside triphosphate NTP is a molecule containing a nucleoside bound to three phosphate s. Natural nucleoside triphosphates include adenosine triphosphate ATP , guanosine triphosphate GTP , cytidine triphosphate CTP , 5 methyluridine triphosphate m sup 5 sup UTP , and uridine triphosphate UTP . These terms refer to those nucleoside triphosphates that contain ribose. The nucleoside triphosphates containing deoxyribose take prefix deoxy in their names and small d in their abbreviations deoxyadenosine triphosphate dATP , deoxyguanosine triphosphate dGTP , deoxycytidine triphosphate dCTP , deoxythymidine triphosphate dTTP and deoxyuridine triphosphate . Check the entry nucleoside for table and description of these compounds. Apart from d ATP, d GTP, d CTP, d TTP and d UTP, there are other less abundant NTPs, such as intermediates of nucleotide metabolism, but also rare natural nucleotides or even artificial nucleotides . The rare NTP are tautomeric forms of the NTPs. They cause mismatched base pairing during DNA replication. For example, a tautomeric form of cytosine is capable of forming 3 h bonds with adenine, and it will spontaneously revert to its original cytosine form, causing a mismatch. By a similar token, the deamination of cytosine leads to uracil, whereas a deamination of a commonly encountered in eukaryotes 5 methylcytosine will lead to thymine. However, the 5 to 3 DNA replication ensures that these mismatched bases are excised. Nucleotide ... group for phosphorylations. Generally nucleoside s are nucleotide s sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous ..., it is a nucleoside monophosphate NMP . If the nucleotide has two phosphates, then it is called a nucleoside diphosphate NDP , and for three, it is a nucleoside triphosphate NTP . The nucleotides that contain ... phosphorylation , while phosphorylation status of other nucleotides is regulated by Nucleoside diphosphate kinase NDP kinase s http enzyme.expasy.org EC 2.7.4.6 EC 2.7.4.6 and Nucleoside phosphate ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside ribosyltransferase EC number 2.4.2.5 CAS number 9030 31 3 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 5 GO code 0050147 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside ribosyltransferase EC number 2.4.2.5 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction D ribosyl base sub 1 sub base sub 2 sub math rightleftharpoons math D ribosyl base sub 2 sub base sub 1 sub Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are D ribosyl base sub 1 sub and base sub 2 sub , whereas its two product chemistry products are D ribosyl base sub 2 sub and base sub 1 sub . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside purine pyrimidine D ribosyltransferase . This enzyme is also called nucleoside N ribosyltransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author KOCH AL date 1956 title Some enzymes of nucleoside metabolism of Escherichia coli journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 223 pages 535&ndash 49 pmid 13376622 issue 1 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Nucleoside analogues are a range of antiviral products used to prevent virus viral replication in infected cells. The most commonly used is Acyclovir , although its inclusion in this category is uncertain, as it contains only a partial nucleoside structure, as the pentose sugar ring is replaced by an open chain structure. Function These agents can be used against hepatitis B virus , hepatitis C virus , herpes simplex , and HIV . Once they are Phosphorylation phosphorylated , they work as antimetabolite s by being similar enough to nucleotide s to be incorporated into growing DNA strands but they act as chain terminators and stop viral DNA Polymerase. They are not specific to viral DNA and also affect mitochondrial DNA. Because of this they have side effects such as bone marrow suppression. There is a large family of reverse transcriptase inhibitor Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors NARTIs or NRTIs nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor s, because DNA production by reverse transcriptase is very different from normal human DNA replication , so it is possible to design nucleoside analogues that are preferentially incorporated by the former. Some nucleoside analogues, however, can function both as NRTIs and polymerase inhibitors for other viruses e.g., hepatitis B . Less selective nucleoside analogues are used as chemotherapy agents to treat cancer . Resistance Resistance can develop quickly with as little as one mutation. Citation needed reason an example from the literature would be nice date March 2009 Mutations occur in the enzymes that phosphorylate the drug to activate it. Examples Nucleoside analogue .... See also For nucleoside analogues in biology, see Nucleic acid analogues Antivirals HIVpharm DEFAULTSORT Nucleoside Analogue Category Antivirals Category Nucleosides Antimicrobial stub fr Analogue de nucl osides nl Nucleoside analoog ... more details
Nucleoside transporters NTs are a group of membrane transport protein s which transport nucleoside Substrate biochemistry substrates like adenosine across the biological membrane membrane s of Cell biology cell s and or vesicle biology vesicles . ref name pmid19485885 cite journal author Molina Arcas M, Casado FJ, Pastor Anglada M title Nucleoside transporter proteins journal Current Vascular Pharmacology volume 7 issue 4 pages 426 34 year 2009 month October pmid 19485885 doi url http www.bentham direct.org pages content.php?CVP 2009 00000007 00000004 002AD.SGM ref There are two known types of nucleoside transporters, concentrative nucleoside transporter s CNTs SLC28 and equilibrative nucleoside transporter s ENTs SLC29 , as well as possibly a yet unidentified vesicular transporter. ref name pmid19485885 References Reflist 2 Further reading cite journal author Molina Arcas M, Casado FJ, Pastor Anglada M title Nucleoside Transporter Proteins journal Current Vascular Pharmacology volume 7 issue 4 pages 426 34 year 2009 month October pmid 19485885 doi url http www.bentham direct.org pages content.php?CVP 2009 00000007 00000004 002AD.SGM cite journal author Molina Arcas M, Trigueros Motos L, Casado FJ, Pastor Anglada M title Physiological and pharmacological roles of nucleoside transporter proteins journal Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids volume 27 issue 6 pages 769 78 year 2008 month June pmid 18600539 doi 10.1080 15257770802145819 url cite journal author Gray JH, Owen RP, Giacomini KM title The concentrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC28 journal Pfl gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology volume 447 issue 5 pages 728 34 year 2004 month February pmid 12856181 doi 10.1007 s00424 003 1107 y cite journal author Baldwin SA, Beal PR, Yao SY, King AE, Cass CE, Young JD title The equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC29 journal Pfl gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology volume 447 issue 5 pages 735 43 year 2004 month February pmid 12838422 doi 10.1007 ... more details
enzyme Name Nucleoside phosphoacylhydrolase EC number 3.6.1.24 CAS number 37289 35 3 IUBMB EC number 3 6 1 24 GO code image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside phosphoacylhydrolase EC number 3.6.1.24 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction Hydrolyses mixed phospho anhydride bonds This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside 5 phosphoacylate acylhydrolase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Spahr PF, Gesteland RF date 1970 title Purification and properties of a new enzyme from Escherichia coli nucleoside phosphocyl hydrolase journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 12 pages 270&ndash 84 pmid 4318904 doi 10.1111 j.1432 1033.1970.tb00847.x issue 2 hydrolase stub Category EC 3.6.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase EC number 2.4.2.6 CAS number 9026 86 2 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 6 GO code 0050144 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase EC number 2.4.2.6 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 deoxy D ribosyl base sub 1 sub base sub 2 sub math rightleftharpoons math 2 deoxy D ribosyl base sub 2 sub base sub 1 sub Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 2 deoxy D ribosyl base sub 1 sub and base sub 2 sub , whereas its two product chemistry products are 2 deoxy D ribosyl base sub 2 sub and base sub 1 sub . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside purine pyrimidine deoxy D ribosyltransferase . Other names in common use include purine pyrimidine nucleoside purine pyrimidine deoxyribosyl , transferase , deoxyribose transferase , nucleoside trans N deoxyribosylase , trans deoxyribosylase , trans N deoxyribosylase , trans N glycosidase , nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase I purine nucleoside purine , deoxyribosyltransferase strictly specific for transfer between , purine bases , nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase II purine pyrimidine , and nucleoside purine pyrimidine deoxyribosyltransferase . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 12 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1F8X , PDB link 1F8Y , PDB link 1S2D , PDB link 1S2G , PDB link 1S2I , PDB link 1S2L , PDB link 1S3F , PDB link 2A0K , PDB link 2F2T , PDB link 2F62 , PDB link 2F64 , and PDB link 2F67 . References reflist 1 cite journal author KALCKAR HM, MACNUTT WS, HOFF JORGENSEN E date 1952 title Trans N glycosidase studied with radioactive adenine journal Biochem. J. volume 50 pages 397&ndash 400 pmid 14915963 issue 3 pmc 1197666 cite journal author MACNUTT WS date ... more details
Image Phosphoramidite1.png thumb 400px Protected 2 deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites. Nucleoside phosphoramidites are derivatives of natural or synthetic nucleoside s. They are used to oligonucleotide synthesis ... acid analogues analogs . Nucleoside phosphoramidites were first introduced in 1981 by Beaucage and Caruthers ... are appropriately protected. As long as a nucleoside analog contains at least one hydroxy group ... of an oligonucleotide chain using phosphoramidite strategy, the nucleoside analog have to possess .... Preparation of nucleoside phosphoramidites There are three main methods for the preparation of nucleoside ... of a protected nucleoside bearing a single free hydroxy group with phosphorodiamidite ..., the amidite used for the preparation of commercial nucleoside phosphoramidites, is relatively stable ... thumb 450px In the second method, the protected nucleoside is treated with the phosphorochloridite ... of valuable deoxynucleoside 3 phosphite intermediates ref the protected nucleoside is first treated ... commonly N ethyl N,N diisopropylamine Hunig s base to form a protected nucleoside diamidite. The latter ... cyanoethanol, in the presence of a weak acid. Nucleoside phosphoramidites are purified by column chromatography ... P NMR spectroscopy . As the P III atom is chiral, in a nucleoside phosphoramidite it displays two peaks ... Nucleoside phosphoramidites are relatively stable compounds with a prolonged shelf life when stored ..., S. Settle, A. Kropp, E. Peterson, K. Pieken, W. title Efficient activation of nucleoside phosphoramidites ... compounds. The reaction proceeds extremely rapidly. This very feature makes nucleoside phosphoramidites ... Nucl Amidite Arbuzov.png thumb 450px Nucleoside phosphoramidites undergo Michaelis Arbuzov reaction ... of Alkylphosphonates A Facile Rearrangement of Cyanoethyl Protected Nucleoside Phosphoramidites ... strategy The naturally occurring nucleotides nucleoside 3 or 5 phosphates and their phosphodiester ... improved by using 3 O N , N diisopropyl phosphoramidite derivatives of nucleosides nucleoside ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 423421674 ImageFile lysidine.svg ImageSize 240px IUPACName 2 Amino 6 4 amino 1 3,4 dihydroxy 5 hydroxymethyloxolan 2 yl 1 H pyrimidin 2 ylideneamino hexanoic acid OtherNames 4 Amino 2 N 6 lysino 1 ribofuranosylpyrimidine Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 144796 96 3 PubChem 44124149 SMILES OC C H 1O C H N2C CC N N C2 N CCCC C H N C O O C H O C H 1O Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 15 sub H sub 25 sub N sub 5 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 371.39 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Lysidine is an uncommon nucleoside , rarely seen outside of tRNA . It is a derivative of cytidine in which the carbonyl is replaced by the amino acid lysine . The third position in the anti codon of the Isoleucine specific tRNA, is typically changed from a cytidine which would pair with guanosine to a lysidine which will base pair with adenosine . Uridine could not be used at this position even though it is a conventional partner for adenosine since it will also wobble base pair with guanosine. So lysidine allows better translation fidelity. ref cite journal title Structural basis for lysidine formation by ATP pyrophosphatase accompanied by a lysine specific loop and a tRNA recognition domain journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 102 issue 21 pages 7487 7492 year 2005 month May pmid 15894617 pmc 1140429 doi 10.1073 pnas.0501003102 url display authors 3 author1 Nakanishi K author2 Fukai S author3 Ikeuchi Y author separator , author name separator last4 Soma first4 A last5 Sekine first5 Y last6 Suzuki first6 T last7 Nureki first7 O ref ref cite journal journal J Biol Chem. title The Catalytic Flexibility of tRNAIle lysidine Synthetase Can Generate Alternative tRNA Substrates for Isoleucyl tRNA Synthetase date 2009 Apr 10 volume 284 issue 15 author Salowe SP, Wiltsie J, Hawkins JC, Sonatore LM pages 9656 9662 pmid 19233850 doi 10.1074 jbc.M809013200 pmc 2665086 ref Image Lysidine A. ... more details
enzyme Name diphosphate purine nucleoside kinase EC number 2.7.1.143 CAS number 70356 41 1 IUBMB EC number 2 7 1 143 GO code 0008842 image width caption In enzymology , a diphosphate purine nucleoside kinase EC number 2.7.1.143 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction diphosphate a purine nucleoside math rightleftharpoons math phosphate a purine mononucleotide Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are diphosphate and purine nucleoside , whereas its two product chemistry products are phosphate and purine mononucleotide . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is diphosphate purine nucleoside phosphotransferase . This enzyme is also called pyrophosphate purine nucleoside kinase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Tryon VV, Pollack D date 1984 title Purine metabolism in Acholeplasma laidlawii B novel PPi dependent nucleoside kinase activity journal J. Bacteriol. volume 159 pages 265&ndash 70 pmid 6330034 issue 1 pmc 215623 cite journal author Tryon VV, Pollack JD date 1985 title Distinctions in Mollicutes purine metabolism pyrophosphate dependent nucleoside kinase and dependence on guanylate salvage journal Int. J. Systematic Bacteriol. volume 35 pages 497&ndash 501 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside phosphate kinase EC number 2.7.4.4 CAS number 9026 50 0 IUBMB EC number 2 7 4 4 GO code 0050145 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside phosphate kinase EC number 2.7.4.4 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP nucleoside phosphate math rightleftharpoons math ADP nucleoside diphosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and nucleoside phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and nucleoside diphosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with a phosphate group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP nucleoside phosphate phosphotransferase . This enzyme is also called NMP kinase . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 3 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2BND , PDB link 2BNE , and PDB link 2BNF . References reflist 1 cite journal author AYENGAR P, GIBSON DM, SANADI DR date 1956 title Transphosphorylations between nucleoside phosphates journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 21 pages 86&ndash 91 pmid 13363863 doi 10.1016 0006 3002 56 90096 8 issue 1 cite journal author HEPPEL LA, STROMINGER JL, MAXWELL ES date 1959 title Nucleoside monophosphate kinases. II. Transphosphorylation between adenosine monophosphate and nucleoside triphosphates journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 32 pages 422&ndash 30 pmid 14401179 doi 10.1016 0006 3002 59 90615 8 cite journal author LIEBERMAN I, KORNBERG A, SIMMS ES date 1955 title Enzymatic synthesis of nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 215 pages 429&ndash 40 pmid 14392176 issue 1 Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrback, K. Eds. , The Enzymes, 2nd ed., vol. 6, Academic Press, New York, 1962, p ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside triphosphate adenylate kinase EC number 2.7.4.10 CAS number 9026 74 8 IUBMB EC number 2 7 4 10 GO code 0046899 image width caption Orphan date February 2009 In enzymology , a nucleoside triphosphate adenylate kinase EC number 2.7.4.10 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction nucleoside triphosphate AMP math rightleftharpoons math nucleoside diphosphate ADP Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside triphosphate and adenosine monophosphate AMP , whereas its two product chemistry products are nucleoside diphosphate and adenosine diphosphate ADP . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with a phosphate group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside triphosphate AMP phosphotransferase . Other names in common use include guanosine triphosphate adenylate kinase , nucleoside triphosphate adenosine monophosphate transphosphorylase , GTP AMP phosphotransferase , and isozyme 3 of adenylate kinase . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1ZD8 and PDB link 2AK3 . References reflist 1 cite journal author Albrecht GJ date 1970 title Purification and properties of nucleoside triphosphate adenosine monophosphate transphosphorylase from beef heart mitochondria journal Biochemistry. volume 9 pages 2462&ndash 70 pmid 5423264 doi 10.1021 bi00814a011 issue 12 cite journal author CHIGA M, ROGERS AE, PLAUT GW date 1961 title Nucleotide transphosphorylases from liver. II. Purification and properties of a 6 oxypurine nucleoside triphosphate adenosine monophosphate transphosphorylase from swine liver journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 236 pages 1800&ndash 5 pmid 13693071 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.4 Category Enzymes of known ... more details
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase s NDK s, also NDP Kinase, poly nucleotide kinase s and nucleoside diphosphokinase s are enzyme s that catalyst catalyze the exchange of phosphate groups between different nucleotide nucleoside diphosphate s. NDK activities maintain an equilibrium between the concentrations of different nucleoside triphosphates such as, for example, when Guanosine triphosphate GTP produced in the Citric acid cycle citric acid Krebs cycle is converted to adenosine triphosphate ATP . ref name Stryer cite book last Berg first JM coauthors JL Tymoczko, L Stryer title Biochemistry 5th Edition publisher WH Freeman and Company year 2002 isbn 0 7167 4684 0 page 476 ref Function The overall effect of NDKs is to transfer a phosphate group from a nucleoside triphosphate to a nucleoside diphosphate. Starting with adenosine diphosphate GTP and ADP, the activity of NDK produces GDP and ATP. ref name Stryer GTP ADP &rarr GDP ATP Behind this apparently simple reaction is a multistep mechanism. The key steps are NDK binds a nucleoside triphosphate NTP NDK transfers a phosphate to itself, leaving a bound nucleoside diphosphate NDP NDK releases the bound nucloside diphosphate NDK binds another nucleoside diphosphate NDK transfers the phosphate to the diphosphate, creating a bound nucleoside triphosphate NDK releases the new nucleoside triphosphate Each step is part of a reversible process, such that the multistep equilibrium is of the following form. NDK NTP &harr NDK NTP &harr NDK P NDP &harr NDK P NDP For the transfer of a phosphate from ATP to GDP, the reaction would proceed as NDK ATP &rarr NDK ATP &rarr NDK P ADP &rarr NDK P ADP &rarr NDK P GDP &rarr NDK P GDP &rarr NDK GTP &rarr NDK GTP Prokaryotic systems Prokaryotic NDK forms a functional homotetramer. Eukaryotic systems ... combine in any proportion to form functional NDK hexamers. See also Nucleoside Nucleotide References references External links MeshName Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase EC number 2.7.4.6 Kinases ... more details
The equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT family, also known as SLC29 , is a group of plasmalemmal membrane transport protein transport protein s which transport nucleoside Substrate biochemistry substrates like adenosine into Cell biology cell s. ref name pmid12838422 cite journal author Baldwin SA, Beal PR, Yao SY, King AE, Cass CE, Young JD title The equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC29 journal Pfl gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology volume 447 issue 5 pages 735 43 year 2004 month February pmid 12838422 doi 10.1007 s00424 003 1103 2 ref There are four known ENTs, designated equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 ENT1 , equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 ENT2 , equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 ENT3 , and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4 ENT4 . ref name pmid12838422 ref name pmid19485885 cite journal author Molina Arcas M, Casado FJ, Pastor Anglada M title Nucleoside transporter proteins journal Current Vascular Pharmacology volume 7 issue 4 pages 426 34 year 2009 month October pmid 19485885 doi url http www.bentham direct.org pages content.php?CVP 2009 00000007 00000004 002AD.SGM ref ENTs are reuptake inhibitor blocked by adenosine reuptake inhibitor s like dipyridamole and dilazep , drugs used clinically for their vasodilation vasodilatory properties. ref name pmid19485885 ref name pmid15219815 cite journal author Noji T, Karasawa A, Kusaka H title Adenosine uptake inhibitors journal European Journal of Pharmacology volume 495 issue 1 pages 1 16 year 2004 month July pmid 15219815 doi 10.1016 j.ejphar.2004.05.003 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0014299904004972 ref See also Nucleoside transporter Concentrative nucleoside ..., Pastor Anglada M title Nucleoside Transporter Proteins journal Current Vascular Pharmacology volume ..., King AE, Cass CE, Young JD title The equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC29 journal Pfl gers ..., Casado FJ, Pastor Anglada M title Physiological and pharmacological roles of nucleoside transporter ... more details
enzyme Name pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.2 CAS number 9055 35 0 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 2 GO code 0016154 image width caption In enzymology , a pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.2 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a pyrimidine nucleoside phosphate math rightleftharpoons math a pyrimidine base alpha D ribose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are pyrimidine nucleoside and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are pyrimidine base and alpha D ribose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is pyrimidine nucleoside phosphate alpha D ribosyltransferase . This enzyme is also called Py NPase . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1BRW and PDB link 2DSJ . References reflist 1 Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrback, K. Eds. , The Enzymes, 2nd ed., vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, 1961, p. 237 255. cite journal author Saunders PP, Wilson BA, Saunders GF date 1969 title Purification and comparative properties of a pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 244 pages 3691&ndash 7 pmid 4978445 issue 13 cite journal doi 10.1271 bbb.60.1179 author Hamamoto T, Noguchi T, Midorikawa Y date 1996 title Purification and characterization of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus TH 6 2 journal Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. volume 60 pages 1179&ndash 80 pmid 8782414 issue 7 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.2 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside triphosphate diphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.19 CAS number 9075 54 1 IUBMB EC number 3 6 1 19 GO code 0047429 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside triphosphate diphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.19 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a nucleoside triphosphate H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math a nucleotide diphosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside triphosphate and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are nucleotide and diphosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase . This enzyme is also called nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphatase . This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 5 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1V7R , PDB link 2CAR , PDB link 2E5X , PDB link 2I5D , and PDB link 2J4E . References reflist 1 cite journal author Chern CJ, MacDonald AB, Morris AJ date 1969 title Purification and properties of a nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase from red cells of the rabbit journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 244 pages 5489&ndash 95 pmid 4310599 issue 20 hydrolase stub Category EC 3.6.1 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
Multiple issues expert subject August 2008 cleanup August 2008 orphan February 2009 enzyme Name nucleoside triphosphate hexose 1 phosphate nucleotidyltransferase EC number 2.7.7.28 CAS number 37278 26 5 IUBMB EC number 2 7 7 28 GO code 0047339 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside triphosphate aldose 1 phosphate nucleotidyltransferase EC number 2.7.7.28 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction nucleoside triphosphate alpha D aldose 1 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math diphosphate NDP hexose Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside triphosphate and alpha D aldose 1 phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are diphosphate and NDP hexose . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing nucleotide groups nucleotidyltransferase s . The systematic name of this enzyme class is NTP alpha D aldose 1 phosphate nucleotidyltransferase . Other names in common use include NDP hexose pyrophosphorylase , hexose 1 phosphate nucleotidyltransferase , hexose nucleotidylating enzyme , nucleoside diphosphohexose pyrophosphorylase , hexose 1 phosphate guanylyltransferase , GTP alpha D hexose 1 phosphate guanylyltransferase , GDP hexose pyrophosphorylase , guanosine diphosphohexose pyrophosphorylase , nucleoside triphosphate hexose 1 phosphate nucleotidyltransferase , and NTP hexose 1 phosphate nucleotidyltransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Verachtert H, Rodriguez P, Bass ST, Hansen RG date 1966 title Purification and properties of guanosine diphosphate hexose pyrophosphorylase from mammalian tissues journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 241 pages 2007&ndash 13 pmid 5946626 issue 9 cite journal author Hansen RG, Verachtert H, Rodriguez P and Bass ST date 1966 title GDP hexose pyrophosphorylase from liver journal Methods Enzymol. volume 8 pages 269&ndash 271 doi 10.1016 0076 6879 66 08048 0 series Methods in Enzymology isbn 9780121818081 enzyme ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Nucleos tra2 C Name Nucleos tra2 C image width caption Pfam PF07662 Pfam clan InterPro IPR011657 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB 2.A.41 OPM family 454 OPM protein 3tij CAZy CDD Human concentrative nucleoside transporters include SLC28A1 , SLC28A2 and SLC28A3 proteins. SLC28A2 is a purine specific Na sup sup nucleoside cotransporter localised to the bile canalicular Cell membrane membrane . ref name pmid7775409 cite journal author Che M, Ortiz DF, Arias IM title Primary structure and functional expression of a cDNA encoding the bile canalicular, purine specific Na nucleoside cotransporter journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 270 issue 23 pages 13596 9 year 1995 month June pmid 7775409 doi url ref SLC28A1 is a Na sup sup dependent nucleoside membrane transporter protein transporter selective for pyrimidine nucleosides and adenosine . It also transports the anti viral nucleoside analogues Zidovudine and Zalcitabine . ref name pmid8027026 cite journal author Huang QQ, Yao SY, Ritzel MW, Paterson AR, Cass CE, Young JD title Cloning and functional expression of a complementary DNA encoding a mammalian nucleoside transport protein journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 269 issue 27 pages 17757 60 year 1994 month July pmid 8027026 doi url ref . References reflist InterPro content IPR011657 Category Protein families Category Transmembrane transporters ... more details
PBB geneid 9153 Concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 CNT2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC28A2 gene . ref name pmid9435697 cite journal author Wang J, Su SF, Dresser MJ, Schaner ME, Washington CB, Giacomini KM title Na dependent purine nucleoside transporter from human kidney cloning ... family 28 sodium coupled nucleoside transporter , member 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites ... nucleoside transporter s Nucleoside transporter s References Reflist 2 Further reading ... of a cDNA encoding a human Na nucleoside cotransporter hCNT2 selective for purine nucleosides and uridine ... acid residues responsible for the pyrimidine and purine nucleoside specificities of human concentrative Na nucleoside cotransporters hCNT1 and hCNT2. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 274 issue 35 pages ... N, Shuralyova I, et al. title Differential expression of human nucleoside transporters in normal ... kinetics of transport of 2 ,3 dideoxyinosine and adenosine via concentrative Na nucleoside ... KM title Specificity of human and rat orthologs of the concentrative nucleoside transporter, SPNT ... nucleoside transporter hCNT2 cloned from human duodenum. journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun ... author Lang TT, Young JD, Cass CE title Interactions of nucleoside analogs, caffeine, and nicotine with human concentrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 stably produced in a transport defective ... nucleoside transporters in the cellular uptake of two inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase, tiazofurin ... characterization of polymorphisms in the human concentrative nucleoside transporter, CNT2 ... of specificity for synthetic nucleoside analogs in the concentrative nucleoside transporter ... of human concentrative nucleoside transporters hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3. journal Mol. Membr. Biol ... nucleoside transporters 2 and 3 regulate adenosine on the apical surface of human airway epithelia implications ... Identification and functional analysis of variants in the human concentrative nucleoside transporter ... more details
PBB geneid 9154 Concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 CNT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC28A1 gene . ref name pmid9124315 cite journal author Ritzel MW, Yao SY, Huang MY, Elliott JF, Cass CE, Young JD title Molecular cloning and functional expression of cDNAs encoding a human Na nucleoside cotransporter hCNT1 journal Am J Physiol volume 272 issue 2 Pt 1 pages C707 14 year 1997 month Apr pmid 9124315 pmc doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene SLC28A1 solute carrier family 28 sodium coupled nucleoside transporter , member 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 9154 accessdate ref See also Solute carrier family Concentrative nucleoside transporter s Nucleoside transporter s References Reflist 2 Further reading refbegin ... molecular advances in studies of the concentrative Na dependent nucleoside transporter CNT family identification ... encoding a human Na nucleoside cotransporter hCNT2 selective for purine nucleosides and uridine. journal ... responsible for the pyrimidine and purine nucleoside specificities of human concentrative Na nucleoside ..., Lostao MP, et al. title Role of the human concentrative nucleoside transporter hCNT1 in the cytotoxic ... author Garc a Manteiga J, Molina Arcas M, Casado FJ, et al. title Nucleoside transporter profiles ... and anti neoplastic nucleoside drugs by recombinant Escherichia coli nucleoside H cotransporter NupC ... RP, et al. title Functional and genetic diversity in the concentrative nucleoside transporter, CNT1 ... of the nucleoside derived drug transporters hCNT1, hENT1 and hENT2 in gynecologic tumors. journal ... nucleoside transporter 1 hCNT1 affect guanosine sensitivity and membrane expression, respectively ... mutations in transmembrane helix 8 of human concentrative Na nucleoside cotransporter hCNT1 affect .... title Cation coupling properties of human concentrative nucleoside transporters hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3 ... of nucleoside transporter genes SLC28 and SLC29 in adipose tissue from HIV 1 infected patients ... more details
PBB geneid 3177 Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 ENT2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC29A2 gene . ref name pmid9192854 cite journal author Williams JB, Rexer B, Sirripurapu S, John S, Goldstein R, Phillips JA 3rd, Haley LL, Sait SN, Shows TB, Smith CM, Gerhard DS title The human HNP36 gene is localized to chromosome 11q13 and produces alternative transcripts that are not mutated in multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 MEN I syndrome journal Genomics volume 42 issue 2 pages ... riboside NBMPR insensitive nucleoside transporter ei by functional expression ... SLC29A2 solute carrier family 29 nucleoside transporters , member 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites ... Equilibrative nucleoside transporter s Nucleoside transporter s References Reflist 2 Further reading .... title The equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC29. journal Pflugers Arch. volume 447 issue ... LM, Badagnani I, Giacomini KM title Nucleoside transporters in the disposition and targeting of nucleoside ... of a nitrobenzylthioinosine insensitive ei equilibrative nucleoside transporter from ... of nucleobase transport by recombinant human and rat equilibrative nucleoside transporters ... G, Giacomini KM title Localization of human equilibrative nucleoside transporters, hENT1 and hENT2 ... nucleoside transporter 2. journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume 411 issue 1 pages 19 26 year 2003 ... al. title Coupling of CFTR mediated anion secretion to nucleoside transporters and adenosine homeostasis ... G mez E, S nchez L, et al. title Expression of the nucleoside derived drug transporters hCNT1, hENT1 ... equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 is a functionally important component of both the dipyridamole and nucleoside binding sites. journal Mol. Pharmacol. volume 67 issue 4 pages 1291 8 year 2005 ... with human and Caenorhabditis elegans equilibrative nucleoside transporters. journal J. Biol ... analysis of polymorphisms in the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter, ENT2. journal Drug Metab ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency Image Caption DiseasesDB 11044 ICD10 ICD10 D 81 5 d 80 ICD9 ICD9 277.2 ICDO OMIM 613179 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj ped eMedicineTopic 1957 MeshID Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency , often called PNP deficiency , is a rare autosome autosomal dominance genetics recessive ref name pnpar cite pmid 9737781 ref inborn errors of metabolism metabolic disorder which results in severe combined immunodeficiency . Signs and symptoms In addition to the symptoms associated with immunodeficiency, such as depletion of T cells, decline of lymphocyte activity, and an abrupt proliferation of both benign and opportunistic infections, PNP deficiency is often characterized by the development of autoimmune disorder s. lupus erythematosus Lupus erythematosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia , and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura have been reported with PNP deficiency. ref name pnpone cite journal author Markert ML title Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency journal Immunodefic Rev. volume 3 issue 1 pages 45 81 year 1991 pmid 1931007 ref Neurological symptoms, such as developmental decline, hypotonia , and mental retardation have also been reported. Cause, Pathophysiology and Genetics Image Autorecessive.jpg thumb right Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. The disorder is caused by a mutation of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase PNP gene, located at chromosome chromosome 14 human 14q13.1 . ref OMIM 164050 ref ref name pmid9122228 PNP is a key enzyme in the purine salvage ... FF, Jenuth JP, Mably ER, Mangat RK title Point mutations at the purine nucleoside phosphorylase locus ... cite journal author Toro A, Grunebaum E title TAT mediated intracellular delivery of purine nucleoside ... , there is minimal disruption to B cell s. ref name urleMedicine Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency ... Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency Article by Alan P Knutsen accessdate July 25, 2010 ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
