- A priori (languages)
merge A posteriori languages date April 2011 This is the article about constructed languages. For other uses of the term a priori, see a priori . An a priori language is any constructed language whose vocabulary is not based on existing languages, unlike a posteriori languages a posteriori constructed languages. Examples of a priori languages include Ro language Ro , Solresol , Mirad , Klingon language Klingon , and Na vi language Na vi . By contrast, a posteriori languages are ones whose vocabulary is based on existing languages, either as a variation of one language e.g., Latino sine flexione or as a mixture of various languages. Some a priori languages are designed to be international auxiliary language s that remove what could be considered an unfair learning advantage for native speakers of a source language that would otherwise exist for a posteriori languages. Some a priori languages try to categorize their vocabulary, either to express an underlying philosophy or to make it easier to recognize new vocabulary. These are also known as philosophical language philosophical or taxonomic languages . References Alan Libert, A Priori Artificial Languages Languages of the World 24. Munich Lincom Europa, 2000 . ISBN 3895866679. Constructed languages Category Constructed languages A priori Languages conlang stub eo Apriora lingvo hu A priori nyelvek ja pl J zyki aprioryczne pt L ngua artificial a priori ru simple A priori languages ... more details
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- Melanesian languages
Unreferenced date December 2009 In linguistics, Melanesian is an obsolete term referring to the Austronesian languages of Melanesia that is, the Oceanic languages Oceanic , Eastern Malayo Polynesian , or Central Eastern Malayo Polynesian languages depending on conception clarify date May 2012 apart from Polynesian languages Polynesian and Micronesian languages Micronesian though Fijian languages Fijian was typically included . The Papuan languages were also recognized as distinct. A typical classification of the Austronesian languages ca. 1970 would divide them into something like the following branches Formosan languages Northern AN Hesperonesian languages Western AN Melanesian languages Central Eastern AN Micronesian languages Polynesian languages It is now known that the Melanesian languages do not form a genealogical node they are at best paraphyletic , and very likely polyphyletic . Although the term was at least in the beginning partially racial rather than linguistic, the Melanesian languages arguably refnec share the property of being Austronesian languages that have been most heavily restructured under the influence of various Papuan language families. date May 2012 DEFAULTSORT Melanesian Languages Category Languages lt Melanezie i kalbos pl J zyki melanezyjskie ru ... more details
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- Popolocan languages
Infobox language family name Popolocan region Oaxaca , Mexico familycolor American fam1 Oto Manguean languages Oto Manguean fam2 Eastern Oto Mangue fam3 Popolocan Zapotecan child1 Chochotec Chocho Popoloca languages Popoloca child2 Ixcatec language Ixcatec a single language child3 Mazatecan languages Mazatecan sil 1874 16 The Popolocan languages are a subfamily of the Oto Manguean languages Oto Manguean language family of Mexico , spoken mainly in the state of Puebla . The Popolocan languages should not be confused with the languages called Popoluca spoken in the state of Veracruz , which belong to the unrelated Mixe Zoquean languages Mixe Zoquean language family. The term comes from the Nahuatl language and means to speak unintelligibly, which is why Nahuatl speakers called several different unrelated languages Popol ca . The Nahuatl term was later adopted by the Spanish. The convention now is that the Oto Manguean languages are referred to as Popoloca and the Mixe Zoquean languages are referred to as Popoluca , although the latter term is falling into disuse. The Popolocan languages are subdivided into the Chocho Popolocan languages, including the Chocho language and seven distinct varieties of Popoloca languages Popoloca . the Ixcatec language the Mazatecan languages including a number of related languages called Mazatec External links http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 1874 16 Ethnologue report for Popolocan Category Popolocan languages Category Endangered Oto Manguean languages Na lang stub br Yezho popolokanek fr Langues popolocas ... more details
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- Tongic languages
Infobox language family name Tongic region Tonga and Niue familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Central Pacific languages Central Pacific fam5 Polynesian languages Polynesian child1 Tongan language Tongan child2 Niuean language Niuean The family of Tongic languages is a small group of the Polynesian languages . It consists of at least two languages, Tongan language Tongan and Niuean language Niuean , and possibly a third, Niuafo ou language Niuafo ouan . See also Tonga Niue External links http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 159 Ethnologue family tree for Tongic Category Tongic languages Category Polynesian languages Category Languages of Tonga au lang stub fi Tongalaiset kielet th ... more details
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- Korap languages
Infobox language family name Korap region Northern New Guinea familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic fam5 North New Guinea languages North New Guinea ? fam6 Ngero Vitiaz languages Ngero Vitiaz fam7 ? sil 2313 16 The three Korap languages form a group of Austronesian languages of northern Papua New Guinea Arop Lukep language Arop Lukep , Karnai language Karnai , Malasanga language Malasanga DEFAULTSORT Korap Languages Category Western Oceanic languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Au lang stub ... more details
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- Trukic languages
Distinguish2 Turkic languages Infobox language family name Trukic region Micronesia familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Micronesian languages Micronesian fam5 Micronesian Proper fam6 Nuclear Micronesian The Trukic languages are a dialect continuum of Micronesian languages , conventionally divided into a dozen languages. Languages Sonsorol language Sonsorol and Tobian language Tobian close enough to often be considered dialects Chuukese language Chuukese Woleaian and Ulithian language Ulithian Puluwatese language Puluwatese , Namonuito language Namonuito , and Tanapag language Tanapag Carolinian language Carolinian Satawalese language Satawalese and Mortlockese language Mortlockese closely related P fang language P fang Notes references DEFAULTSORT Trukic Languages Category Micronesian languages mk ... more details
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- Ngero languages
Infobox language family name Ngero region Northern New Guinea familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic fam5 North New Guinea languages North New Guinea ? fam6 Ngero Vitiaz languages Ngero Vitiaz child1 Bariai child2 Tuam sil 2164 16 The six Ngero languages form a group of Austronesian languages in northern Papua New Guinea . Components Bariai Bariai language Bariai , Kove language Kove , Lusi language Lusi , Malalamai Tuam Gitua language Gitua , Mutu language Mutu DEFAULTSORT Ngero Languages Category Western Oceanic languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Au lang stub ... more details
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- Mengen languages
Infobox language family name Mengen region Northern New Guinea familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic fam5 North New Guinea languages North New Guinea ? fam6 Ngero Vitiaz languages Ngero Vitiaz fam7 ? sil 2454 16 The three Mengen languages form a group of Austronesian languages of northern Papua New Guinea . Components Lote language Lote Mamusi language Mamusi Mengen language Mengen DEFAULTSORT Mengen Languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Category Western Oceanic languages Au lang stub ... more details
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- Evenki languages
Infobox language family name Evenki region People s Republic of China , Mongolia , Russia familycolor Altaic fam1 Tungusic languages Tungusic fam2 Northern Tungusic languages Northern child1 Evenki language Evenki child2 Oroqen language Oroqen The Evenki languages belong to the Tungusic languages Tungusic family and are spoken in far eastern Russia , northeastern People s Republic of China , and eastern Mongolia . ref Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World . 15th edition. Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics. ref Notes Reflist References http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code evn Ethnologue entry for Evenki languages Category Tungusic languages Category Languages of Russia Category Languages of China Category Languages of Mongolia lang stub br Yezho evenkiek bg fr Evenki langue ... more details
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- Gum languages
Infobox language family name Gum region New Guinea familycolor Papuan fam1 Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea fam2 Madang languages Madang fam3 Croisilles languages Croisilles linkage linguistics linkage fam4 Mabuso languages Mabuso ? sil 2283 16 The Gum languages are a small group of closely related languages in New Guinea. Malcolm Ross in his 2005 classification of TNG left them in the Mabuso languages Mabuso family, but this was abandoned in Ethnologue 16, which placed them directly under Croisilles. The languages are Amele language Amele , Bau language New Guinea Bau , Gumalu language Gumalu , Isebe language Isebe , Panim language Panim , Sihan language Sihan . Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Category Madang languages pa lang stub PapuaNewGuinea stub ... more details
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- Kokon languages
Infobox language family name Hanseman region New Guinea familycolor Papuan fam1 Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea fam2 Madang languages Madang fam3 Croisilles languages Croisilles linkage linguistics linkage fam4 Mabuso languages Mabuso ? sil 2398 16 The Kokon languages are a small group of closely related languages in New Guinea. Malcolm Ross in his 2005 classification of TNG left them in the Mabuso languages Mabuso family, but this was abandoned in Ethnologue 16, which placed them directly under Croisilles. The languages are Girawa language Girawa , Munit language Munit , Kein language Kein Bemal . Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Category Madang languages pa lang stub PapuaNewGuinea stub ... more details
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- Numugen languages
Infobox language family name Numugen region New Guinea familycolor Papuan fam1 Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea fam2 Madang languages Madang fam3 Croisilles languages Croisilles linkage linguistics linkage fam4 Numugen Mabuso sil 2350 16 The Numugen languages are a small language family family of closely related languages in the Madang languages Madang branch of the Trans New Guinea languages TNG phylum of New Guinea. The languages are Bilakura language Bilakura , Parawen language Parawen , Ukuriguma language Ukuriguma , Usan language Usan Wanuma , Yaben language Yaben , and Yarawata language Yarawata . References Malcolm Ross Pronouns Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Category Madang languages pa lang stub PapuaNewGuinea stub ... more details
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- Suauic languages
Infobox language family name Suauic region Eastern New Guinea familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic fam5 Papuan Tip languages Papuan Tip fam6 Kilivila Nuclear fam7 Nuclear Papuan Tip languages Nuclear Papuan Tip The half dozen Suauic languages form a group of Austronesian languages in easternmost Papua New Guinea . The languages are Buhutu language Buhutu , Auhelawa language Auhelawa , Oya oya language Oya oya , Saliba language Papua Saliba , Suau language Suau , Bwanabwana language Bwanabwana , and Wagawaga language Wagawaga . Category Papuan Tip languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea ... more details
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- Palawanic languages
Infobox language family name Palawanic region Mindoro and Palawan familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Philippine languages Philippine child1 South Mangyan child2 Kalamian child3 Palawan The Palawanic languages are the languages spoken on the islands of Mindoro , Palawan , and nearby islets in the Philippines. The languages are, South Mangyan languages South Mangyan Kalamian Palawan Kalamian languages Kalamian Palawan languages Palawan A 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian research.php Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref fully supported the connection between Kalamian and Palawan, and linked these to South Mangyan with 90 confidence. However, it found only moderate support 70 for the unity of the Palawan languages. References Reflist Category Philippine languages au lang stub mk ... more details
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- Kilombero languages
Infobox language family name Kilombero altname region Tanzania familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo languages Atlantic Congo fam3 Benue Congo languages Benue Congo fam4 Bantoid languages Bantoid fam5 Bantu languages Bantu Guthrie classification of Bantu languages Zone G Zone G.50 fam6 The Kilombero languages are a group of Bantu languages of Tanzania established in Nurse 1988 . The languages, along with their Guthrie classification of Bantu languages Guthrie identifications , are Pogolo language Pogolo G50 Mbunga language Mbunga P10 , Ndamba language Ndamba G50 Notes Reflist Category Kilombero languages nc lang stub ... more details
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- Kulinic languages
Infobox language family name region Australia familycolor Australian fam1 Pama Nyungan languages Pama Nyungan child1 Kulin languages Kulin ? child2 Kolakngat language Kolakngat ? child3 Drual languages Drual ? The languages are a group of languages of the Pama Nyungan languages Pama Nyungan family . According to Dixon 2002 , these three groups form three separate branches. They are Kulin languages Kulin 5 10, e.g. Woiwurrung language Woiwurrung Kolakngat language Kolakngat 1 Drual languages Drual 2 References Dixon, R. M. W. 2002. Australian Languages Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press Category Pama Nyungan languages Ia lang stub ... more details
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- Busu languages
Infobox language family name Busu region New Guinea familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic fam5 North New Guinea languages North New Guinea ? fam6 Ngero Vitiaz languages Ngero Vitiaz ? fam7 Huon Gulf languages Huon Gulf fam8 Markham languages Markham fam9 Lower Markham languages Lower Markham The five Busu languages form a group of Austronesian languages in the Markham Valley of Morobe Province , Papua New Guinea . Components Duwet language Duwet Guwot, Waing Aribwatsa language Aribwatsa Lae, Lahe Musom language Musom Nafi language Nafi Sirak Aribwaung language Aribwaung Aribwaungg, Yalu References Note Holzknecht89 cite book author Susanne Holzknecht title The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea publisher Pacific Linguistics year 1989 isbn 0 85883 394 8 Category Western Oceanic languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea au lang stub ... more details
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- Mabuso languages
Infobox language family name Mabuso region New Guinea familycolor Papuan fam1 Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea fam2 Madang languages Madang fam3 Croisilles languages Croisilles linkage linguistics linkage fam4 Numugen Mabuso child1 Kare language Papuan Kare child2 Kokon languages Kokon child3 Gum languages Gum child4 Hanseman languages Hanseman The Mabuso languages are a small language family family of closely related languages in New Guinea. They were linked with the Rai Coast languages in 1951 by Arthur Capell in his Madang languages Madang family, which Wurm 1975 included in his Trans New Guinea TNG phylum. Malcolm Ross in his 2005 classification of TNG left the internal classification of Mabuso untouched, except for placing the Kare language in its own branch. Ethnologue 16 abandoned the family, placing its four branches directly under Croisilles. Languages Kare language Papuan Kare Kokon languages Gum languages Hanseman languages References Malcolm Ross Pronouns DEFAULTSORT Mabuso Languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Category Madang languages pa lang stub PapuaNewGuinea stub ... more details
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- Umbrian languages
Infobox language family name Umbrian altname region Ancient south and central Italy familycolor Indo European fam2 Italic languages Italic fam3 Umbrian languages Umbrian The Umbrian languages are a group of languages of the Italic languages Italic language family Umbrian language Umbrian , Volscian language Volscian , Sabine language Sabine , South Picene language South Picene , Marsian language Marsian . Category Osco Umbrian languages ie lang stub ... more details
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- Paitanic languages
Infobox language family name Paitanic region Sabah , Basilan familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Bornean languages Bornean ? fam4 Sabahan languages Sabahan The Paitanic languages are a group of languages spoken in Sabah Borneo and, in the case of Yakan, Basilan Island in the Philippines. Several go by the name Lobu . They are Yakan language Yakan , Tombonuwo language Tombonuwo , Kinabatangan language Kinabatangan , Abai Sungai language Abai Sungai . Category Sabahan languages au lang stub fr Langues paitaniques ... more details
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- Bullom languages
Infobox language family name Bullom region coastal Guinea familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo fam3 Mel languages Mel fam4 Bullom Kisi The Bullom languages are a small group of Mel languages spoken in Sierra Leone . The languages are Bom language Bom , Bullom So language Bullom So Mmani , Sherbro language Sherbro , and Krim language Krim . They are closely related to Kissi language Kissi . Category Languages of Sierra Leone Category Bullom languages nc lang stub ... more details
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- Papel languages
Infobox language family name Papel altname region The Gambia , Senegal esp. Casamance and Guinea Bissau familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo languages Atlantic Congo fam3 Bak languages Bak Bijago fam4 Bak proper fam5 Jola Papel The Papel languages southern Sengal are Mankanya language Mankanya Mandjak language Mandjak Papel language Papel . The are an uncontroversial cluster of the Bak languages . DEFAULTSORT Papel Languages Category Papel languages nc lang stub ... more details
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- Bidayuh languages
Infobox language family name Bidayuh altname region Borneo ethnicity Bidayuh familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Indo Melanesian languages Indo Melanesian fam4 Bornean languages Bornean ? fam5 Land Dayak languages Land Dayak Bidayuh is a group of Bidayuh Dayak languages of Borneo Bukar Sadong Biatah language Biatah Tringgus language Tringgus , Jagoi language Jagoi Bau Category Land Dayak languages au lang stub ... more details
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- Mamean languages
Infobox language family name Mamean altname Greater Mamean region Mesoamerica familycolor American fam1 Mayan languages Mayan fam2 Eastern br Quichean Mamean child1 Mamean proper child2 Ixilan The Greater Mamean languages are a branch of the Mayan languages Mayan family of Guatemala. Languages Mamean proper Mam language Mam , Tektiteko language Tektiteko Ixilan Ixil language Ixil , Awakatek language Awakatek See Mayan languages Mamean for details. Category Mayan languages na lang stub ... more details
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- Are?Taupota languages
Infobox language family name Are Taupota region Eastern New Guinea familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic fam5 Papuan Tip languages Papuan Tip fam6 Kilivila nowrap Nuclear Papuan Tip child1 Are languages Are child2 Taupota languages Taupota sil 2309 16 The family of Are Taupota languages is a subgroup of the Papuan Tip languages . It consists of 16 language s. Components Are languages Are language Are , Arifama Miniafia language Arifama Miniafia , Doga language Doga , Gapapaiwa language Gapapaiwa , Ghayavi language Ghayavi , Kaninuwa language Kaninuwa , Ubir language Ubir Taupota Gweda language Gweda , Haigwai language Haigwai , Maiwala language Maiwala , Minaveha language Minaveha , Taupota language Taupota , Tawala language Tawala , Wa ema language Wa ema , Wedau language Wedau , Yakaikeke language Yakaikeke DEFAULTSORT Are Taupota Languages Category Nuclear Papuan Tip languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Au lang stub hr Are Taupota jezici ... more details
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