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Objectivity





Encyclopedia results for Objectivity

  1. Objectivity

    selfref For Wikipedia s policy on avoiding bias, see Wikipedia Neutral point of view . Wiktionarypar objectivity Objectivity can refer to Objectivity journalism Objectivity science Objectivity philosophy Objectivity frame invariance Objectivity in historiography Objectivity DB a commercial object oriented database management system produced by Objectivity See also Neutrality philosophy New Objectivity , German art movement Objective disambiguation Objectivism disambiguation disambig cs Objektivita id Objektivitas simple Objectivity sk Objektivita fi Objektiivisuus t smennyssivu ...   more details



  1. Strong objectivity

    Strong objectivity is a term first used by standpoint feminist Sandra Harding to describe research that starts from the experiences of those who have traditionally been left out of the production of knowledge. Harding suggests that starting research from the lives of women actually strengthens standards of objectivity . ref Tickner, J Ann 1997 You Just Don t Understand Troubled Enagements between Feminists and IR Theorists , International Studies Quartlery, 41 4 622 ref Strong objectivity can be contrasted with the supposed weak objectivity of supposed value neutral research ref Ritzer, George ed . Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. Blackwell Publishing, 2007. Blackwell Reference Online. 08 January 2011 http www.blackwellreference.com public book?id g9781405124331 yr2010 9781405124331 ref See also Relativism Standpoint theory Further reading Harding, Sandra 1991 Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women s Lives. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press. References references Fem stub Category Feminist theory ...   more details



  1. Contextual objectivity

    Contextual objectivity is a principle with roots in quantum mechanics that was adapted and applied to explain and describe the operations of news media organizations during times of war . Proposed by Adel Iskandar and Mohammed El Nawawy in their analysis of Al Jazeera as a case study, the term expresses the attempt to reflect all sides of any story while retaining the values, beliefs and sentiments of the target audience . The concept has been applied by some scholars to explain Fox News Channel s news programming in the 2002 2003 run up to the Iraq war . Other studies used contextual objectivity to describe differences between mainstream media and alternative ethnic media s coverage of post Hurricane Katrina relief efforts. References reflist Contextual Objectivity A Realistic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Pierre Grangier Reconstructing the Formalism of QM in the Contextual Objectivity Point of View, Pierre Grangier Point of View Contextual Objectivity and Quantum Holism, Pierre Grangier Al Jazeera The Story of the Network that is Rattling Governments and redefining modern journalism, Adel Iskandar and Mohammed El Nawawy http www.tbsjournal.com Archives Fall02 Iskandar.html The Minotaur of Contextual Objectivity War coverage and the pursuit of accuracy with appeal http www.tbsjournal.com ReviewsBerenger.html Al Jazeera In Pursuit of Contextual Objectivity by Ralph Berenger cite news url http www.csmonitor.com 2003 0408 p09s02 coop.html title Whose truth is being reported? By last el Nawawy first Mohammed date 8 April 2003 work Christian Science Monitor accessdate 2009 05 16 cite news url http www.spiegel.de international world 0,1518,479327,00.html title FIVE MONTHS OF AL JAZEERA IN ENGLISH Non American Doesn t Mean Anti American date 25 April 2007 work Spiegel Online accessdate 2009 05 16 cite news url http www.theage.com.au news tv radio same war different context 2006 08 29 1156816905468.html title Same war, different context last Mughrabi first Maher date ...   more details



  1. Objectivity/DB

    Multiple issues COI July 2010 advert January 2010 Objectivity DB is a commercial object database produced by Objectivity, Inc. It allows applications to make standard C , Java programming language Java ... objects into the rows and columns used by a relational database management system RDBMS . Objectivity ..., with the Objectivity DB kernel taking care of compiler and hardware platform differences. History Objectivity, Inc. was founded in 1988 and brought Objectivity DB to the market in 1990. The corporate ... and Smalltalk interfaces for Objectivity DB incorporate the features defined in the ODMG 93 standard. Architectural features Objectivity DB is a distributed database that provides a single logical ... helps make Objectivity DB inherently scalability scalable and reliability engineering reliable . It has ... Query Performance 2004 ref Objectivity DB uses a hierarchy of storage constructs. Objects are stored ... of Terabytes range. The largest publicized Objectivity DB installation, at SLAC s BaBar experiment ... database gives Objectivity DB a marked performance advantage. Objectivity DB is also different ... a view of the results before returning any of them. The Objectivity DB Parallel Query Engine splits ... or disqualifying the objects that the Query Agent has found in the Objectivity DB database or container ... database and processing architecture of Objectivity DB has allowed it to be used in many ... used in Service Oriented Architecture applications. Objectivity For Java has support for the J2EE Connector Architecture JCA standard. Typical applications Objectivity DB is generally used in data .... In the early 1990s a number of telecom equipment manufacturers started embedding Objectivity DB in advanced ... Objectivity DB because of its real time performance and high availability. Defense contractors and large science projects started using Objectivity DB in the late 1990s. The government applications cover command and control, security, data fusion and intelligence applications. Objectivity DB has been ...   more details



  1. Objectivity (philosophy)

    Multiple issues rewrite July 2007 expert Philosophy refimprove December 2006 date March 2009 Objectivity is a central Philosophy philosophical concept which has been variously defined by sources. A proposition is generally considered to be objectively true when its truth conditions are met and are mind independent &mdash that is, not met by the judgment of a conscious entity or subject. Objectivism Original research section date November 2008 Objectivism is a term that describes a branch of philosophy that originated in the early nineteenth century. Gottlob Frege was the first to apply it, when ... and thus might include objects not the subject of intensionality . Objectivity in references ... s. Essentially, the terms objectivity and objectivism are not synonymous, with objectivism being an ontological theory that incorporates a ontological commitment commitment to the objectivity of objects .... Both theories claim methods of objectivity. Plato s definition of objectivity can be found ... in the philosophy of science . Objectivity in ethics Ethical subjectivism See also David Hume non cognitivism ... Objectivism Objectivity journalism Objectivity science Philosophical realism Subject object ... . Castillejo, David. The Formation of Modern Objectivity . Madrid Ediciones de Arte y Bibliofilia , 1982 ... of Chicago Press, 1996, 3 ed. small ISBN 0 226 45808 3 small Megill, Allan. Rethinking Objectivity ... . See libraries. Nicholas Rescher Rescher, Nicholas . Objectivity the obligations of impersonal reason . Notre Dame Notre Dame Press, 1977. Richard Rorty Rorty, Richard . Objectivity, Relativism ... to Philosophy Truth, Objectivity, and Relativism iep objectiv Objectivity Dwayne H. Mulder http host.uniroma3.it progetti kant field suob.htm Subjectivity and Objectivity &mdash by Pete Mandik References Reflist Navboxes list Philosophy topics epistemology philosophy of science DEFAULTSORT Objectivity ... ru scn Uggittivitati filosuf a simple Objectivity philosophy sr ...   more details



  1. New Objectivity

    For the architectural aspects of this movement New Objectivity architecture Image Made in Germany by George Grosz 1920.jpg thumb Made in Germany lang de Den macht uns keiner nach , by George Grosz, drawn in pen 1919, photo lithograph published 1920 in the portfolio God with us lang de Gott mit Uns . Sheet 48.3    39.1 cm. In the collection of the MOMA The New Objectivity in lang de Neue Sachlichkeit is a term used to characterize the attitude of public life in Weimar Germany as well as the art ... objectivity, it was meant to imply a turn towards practical engagement with the world an all business ... s to power. Meaning Although New Objectivity has been the most common translation of Neue Sachlichkeit ... to objectivity or tradition. Expressionism was in particular the dominant form of art in Germany .... ref name Roh285 Roh et al. 1997, p. 285 ref In his subsequent article, Introduction to New Objectivity ... by the in itself purely external characteristics of the objectivity with which the artists ... of the Sun by George Grosz, 1926 The New Objectivity comprised two tendencies which Hartlaub characterized .... Regional groups Most of the artists of the New Objectivity did not travel widely, and stylistic ... the impact of its scale. Main New Objectivity architecture New Objectivity in architecture, as in painting ... turned to New Objectivity s straightforward, functionally minded, matter of fact approach to construction ... and actors who he worked with are known as the Brechtian collective . Music New Objectivity in music .... Legacy The New Objectivity movement is usually considered to have ended at the fall of the Weimar ... of the work of the New Objectivity as degenerate art , so that works were seized and destroyed and many ... in 1937 was, by Franz Roh s definitions, expressionism. The influence of New Objectivity outside ..., Sergiusz 1994 New Objectivity . Cologne Benedikt Taschen. ISBN 3 8228 9650 0 cite book last ... Neue Sachlichkeit New Objectivity Image Library http www.guggenheim.org new york exhibitions on view ...   more details



  1. Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship

    Infobox Book name Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship image author Noam Chomsky publisher The New Press release date 2003 media type Paperback pages 131 isbn ISBN 9781565848580 oclc Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship is the title of an essay by the US academic Noam Chomsky ref cite book last Chomsky first Noam authorlink Noam Chomsky title Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship year 2003 publisher The New Press isbn pages ref . It was first published as part of Chomsky s American Power and the New Mandarins . ref cite book last Chomsky first Noam authorlink Noam Chomsky title American Power and the New Mandarins year 1969 publisher Pantheon Books isbn pages ref Parts of the essay were delivered as a lecture at New York University in March 1968, as part of Albert Schweitzer Lecture Series ref cite book last Chomsky first Noam authorlink Noam Chomsky title American Power and the New Mandarins year 2002 publisher The New Press isbn 156584775X pages 23 ref . The first third of the essay, http www.chomsky.info articles 19690102.htm The Menace of Liberal Scholarship by Noam Chomsky in The New York Review of Books, January 2, 1969 , was taken almost verbatim from this essay ref cite web title An Exchange on Liberal Scholarship Noam Chomsky debates with Richard M. Pfeffer, Ithiel de Sola Pool, J.A. Horvat, and Jon M. Van Dyke The New York Review of Books, February 13, 1969 url http www.chomsky.info debates 19690213.htm publisher The New York Review of Books chomsky.info accessdate 2009 12 03 ref . Content In Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship Noam Chomsky argues that, during the Vietnam War , the liberal intelligentsia provided self serving arguments in their discussion and analysis ... which covered the Spanish Civil War in which the same lack of objectivity and the same counter ... York Review of Books The first third of this essay was taken, almost verbatim , from Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship Noam Chomsky DEFAULTSORT Objectivity And Liberal Scholarship Category Works by Noam ...   more details



  1. Principle of material objectivity

    Cleanup date April 2007 Principle of material objectivity is an obsolete term and should be replaced by principle of material frame indifference . Here is a precise statement of the Principle blockquote The constitutive laws governing the internal conditions of a physical system and the interactions between its parts should not depend on whatever external frame of reference ref Note A frame of reference is very different from a coordinate system . Contrary of some people s opinion, the principle has nothing to do with coordinate systems. ref is used to describe them. blockquote I was responsible for introducing the obsolete term in 1958 and now regret that I misled a lot of people , Walter Noll . References reflist See parts 1 and 2 of Five Contributions to Natural Philosophy , available on the website http www.math.cmu.edu wn0g noll . Category Continuum mechanics es Principio de objetividad material physics stub ...   more details



  1. New Objectivity (architecture)

    for the literary and artistic aspects of this movement New Objectivity No footnotes date July 2008 Image Bauhaus Dessau Wohnheim Balkone.jpg 250px thumb Walter Gropius s Bauhaus , Dessau The New Objectivity a translation of the German Neue Sachlichkeit , sometimes also translated as New Sobriety is a name often given to the Modern architecture that emerged in Europe, primarily German speaking Europe, in the 1920s and 30s. It is also frequently called Neues Bauen New Building . The New Objectivity remodeled many German cities in this period. The Werkbund and Expressionism Image Fagus Werke 01.jpg 200px thumb Gropius and Meyer s Fagus Factory The earliest examples of the style actually date to before the World War I First World War , under the auspices of the Deutscher Werkbund s attempt to provide a Modern face for Germany. Many of the architects who would become associated with the New Objectivity ... whether for transparency or colour effects would be a mainstay of the New Objectivity. The effects of De ... important for the subsequent development of the New Objectivity, not only because of its striking ... Berg The architects of the New Objectivity were eager to build as much cost effective housing as possible ... the rather severe, nothing superfluous ethos of the New Objectivity, being used as early as 1925 by Adolf ... programmes of German architects. Spread of the New Objectivity Image Bernau bei Berlin ADGB Schule Wohntrakte ... lines of the New Objectivity were also being used for schools and public buildings, by May in Frankfurt ... to the USA, the New Objectivity would nevertheless be enormously influential on the postwar development of Modern architecture worldwide. Characterization of New Objectivity as an architectural style ... of Neu Jerusalem Berlin in forms of the New Objectivity. ref The New Objectivity continued to result ... course materials benvdesign arct2210?f 119179 Detailed Photo Profile of the New Objectivity http ... DEFAULTSORT New Objectivity Architecture Category 20th century architectural styles Category Architectural ...   more details



  1. Objectivity (frame invariance)

    The concept of objectivity in science means that qualitative and quantitative descriptions of physical phenomena remain unchanged when the phenomena are observed under a variety of conditions. For example, physical processes e.g. material properties are invariant under changes of observers that is, it is possible to reconcile observations of the process into a single coherent description of it. Euclidean transformation Physical processes can be described by an observer denoted by math O math . In Euclidean space Euclidean three dimensional space and time, an observer can measure relative positions of points in space and intervals of time. Consider an event in Euclidean space characterized by the pairs math x 0,t 0 math and math x,t math where math x math is a position vector and math t math is a scalar representing time. This pair is mapped to another one denoted by the math math superscript. This mapping is done with the orthogonal time dependent second order tensor math Q t math in a way such that the distance between the pairs is kept the same. Therefore one can write math x x 0 Q t x x 0 . math By introducing a Coordinate vector vector math C t math and a real number math alpha .... Objectivity for higher order tensor fields A tensor field of order math n math and denoted math ... definition of objectivity that math A u 1 otimes u 2 Qu 1 otimes Qu 2 Q u 1 otimes u 2 Q T QAQ T. math Example for a scalar field The general condition of objectivity for a tensor of order math .... Objectivity rates It was shown above that even if a displacement field is objective , the velocity ... usually do not conserve their objectivity through time differentiation as demonstrated below math dot u dot Q u Q dot u quad text and quad dot A dot Q AQ T Q dot A Q T QA dot Q T. math Objectivity ... presenting some examples of objectivity rates, certain other quantities need to be introduced. First ... Mechanics, Chapter 5 Objectivity publisher Department of Geophysics, Charles University, Prague ...   more details



  1. The Objectivity of the Sociological and Social-Political Knowledge (book)

    orphan date December 2011 The Objectivity of the Sociological and Social Political Knowledge , know also as Objectivity of Social Science and Social Policy is a book written by Maximilian Weber , a Germany German economist and sociologist . The original edition was published in German, but various translation s to English language English exist. This discusses the essential concepts of Weber s sociology ideal type , empathic understanding , imaginary experiment , value free analysis , and objectivity of sociological understanding . See also Sociology External links http www.ne.jp asahi moriyuki abukuma weber method obje objectivity frame.html Online ebook of Objectivity of Social Science and Social Policy sociology book stub DEFAULTSORT Objectivity of the Sociological and Social Political Knowledge Category Sociology books Category Works by Max Weber ...   more details



  1. Objectivism

    wiktionary objectivism Objectivism or Objectivist may refer to Any standpoint that stresses Objectivity disambiguation objectivity , including Philosophical Objectivity philosophy Objectivism objectivity , realism, the conviction that reality is mind independent Moral objectivism disambiguation Moral objectivism , the view that some ethics are absolute Objectivism Ayn Rand , a philosophy created by Ayn Rand whose tenets are presented as metaphysically objective The Objectivist movement , a movement formed by followers of Rand s philosophy Objectivist Party , an American political party espousing Rand s philosophy The Objectivist poets , a group of Modernist writers who emerged in the 1930s See also Object disambiguation disambiguation de Objektivismus es Objetivismo fr Objectivisme homonymie he nl Objectivisme pl Obiektywizm ru sk Objektivizmus fi Objektivismi sv Objektivism ...   more details



  1. Objective

    wiktionarypar objective Objective may refer to Objectivity philosophy contrasted with subjectivity Objective goal Objective pronoun , a pronoun as the target of a verb Objective optics , an element in a camera or microscope Objective Productions , a British television production company See also Object disambiguation Objectivity disambiguation Objective C disambig da Objektiv de Objektiv es Objetivo fr Objectif it Obiettivo nl Objectief no Objektivitet pt Objetiva ...   more details



  1. Preferentialism

    Orphan date November 2006 unreferenced date April 2007 Preferentialism is a philosophical movement which began in Paris in the early 1990s. In direct opposition to the relativism of Existentialism , Preferentialism stresses Objectivity philosophy objectivity and natural law principles, applying the latter to epistemology as well as to morality and ethics . Preferentialism states that there are certain absolute preferential frames of reference which are preferred by nature, in opposition to the individualism individualistic relativism of Existentialism. Category Philosophical movements philosophy stub sv Preferentialism ...   more details



  1. Neutral point of view

    selfref For Wikipedia s policy on avoiding bias, see Wikipedia Neutral point of view . Neutral point of view may refer to Objectivity science , the concept of a position formed without incorporating one s own prejudice Neutrality philosophy , to maintain neutrality at all times Disambig ...   more details



  1. Peter Novick

    Peter Novick is an United States American historian , best known for writing That Noble Dream The Objectivity Question and the American Historical Profession and The Holocaust in American Life . The latter title has also been published as The Holocaust and Collective Memory , especially for non US anglophonic markets. He has been a fierce critic of Norman Finkelstein , but has also received criticisms from Alan Dershowitz . ref http www.thenation.com doc 20070521 wiener The Chutzpah Industry Bot generated title ref The Noble Dream That Noble Dream The Objectivity Question and the American Historical Profession questions the origins and prevalence of the notion of wikt objectivity objectivity in current and 20th century history. It focuses on developments in university history departments within the United States , though it traces the concept of objectivity in history s origins back to 19th century Germany and Leopold von Ranke . References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Novick, Peter ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Novick, Peter Category Living people Category Year of birth missing living people Category Historians of the Holocaust Category Historiographers US historian stub de Peter Novick ...   more details



  1. Neutrality (philosophy)

    Other uses2 Neutral Primary sources date August 2008 Neutrality is the absence of declared bias. In an argument, a neutral person will not choose a side. A Neutral country maintains political neutrality, a related but distinct concept. What neutrality is not Neutrality is not synonymous with indifference or ignorance. One can be actively engaged in a dispute, yet not publicly choose a side. The Chairman moderator of a debate is expected to remain neutral. Neutrality is not synonymous with silence. A mediation mediator facilitates dialog between parties. Doublethink implies defending two or more contradictory ideas, whereas neutrality implies not defending any. Neutrality is not synonymous with Objectivity philosophy objectivity . In a controversy, an objective person will not remain neutral but will choose the side supported by the most objective arguments. Objectivity therefore requires a choice, which is often difficult, whereas neutrality requires no choice. Note that Objectivity journalism in journalism objectivity is considered synonymous with neutrality. Criticisms Neutrality implies not judging the validity of an opinion. Thus, a neutral person will provide a platform for all opinions, including irrational or malicious opinions. According to Dante , The darkest places in hell are reserved for those who maintain their neutrality in times of moral crisis. ref http www.brainyquote.com quotes quotes d dantealigh109737.html ref Woodrow Wilson said Neutrality is a negative word. It does not express what America ought to feel. We are not trying to keep out of trouble we are trying to preserve the foundations on which peace may be rebuilt. ref http www.brainyquote.com quotes quotes w woodrowwil401895.html ref See also ProCon.org References Portal Philosophy Reflist Philosophy topics DEFAULTSORT Neutrality Philosophy Category Epistemology Category Philosophy of history Category Logic Category Ontology Category Philosophy of science Category Political philosophy Catego ...   more details



  1. Knowledge relativity

    Unreferenced date November 2008 In philosophy , knowledge relativity is the notion that knowledge can be seen as the relation between a form of knowledge representation representation with up to two sorts of intent &ndash communication and use goals &ndash and with up to three subjects &ndash one who knows, one who is informed, and one who observes and confirms. This relational and subject oriented view of knowledge is an alternative to the Objectivity philosophy objectivist truth based view common in logic . Category Epistemology epistemology stub ...   more details



  1. Politicizing Science (book)

    Orphan date February 2009 Politicizing Science The Alchemy of Policymaking is a book by the George C. Marshall Institute , edited by Michael Gough author . Gough advocates a sort of disinterested objectivity science objectivity on the part of scientists and policymakers Ideally, the scientists or analysts who generate estimates of harm that may result from a risk would consider all the relevant facts and alternative interpretations of the data, and remain skeptical about tentative conclusions. Ideally, too, the agency officials and politicians, who have to enact a regulatory program , would consider its costs and benefits, ensure that it will do more good than harm, and remain open to options to stop or change the regulation in situations where the underlying science is tentative. http media.hoover.org documents 0817939326 1.pdf External links http media.hoover.org documents 0817939326 1.pdf Science, Risk, and Politics book chapter hosted by Hoover Institution Category Science books Category Political books ...   more details



  1. Opinion journalism

    journalism Opinion journalism is journalism that makes no claim of objectivity journalism objectivity . Although distinguished from advocacy journalism in several ways, both forms feature a subjective viewpoint, usually with some social or political purpose. Common examples include newspaper column newspaper column s, editorial s, editorial cartoon s, and pundit expert pundit ry. Citation needed date September 2010 Unlike advocacy journalism, opinion journalism has a reduced focus on detailed facts or research, and its perspective is often of a more personalized variety. Its product may be only one component of a generally objective news outlet, rather than the dominant feature of an entire publication or broadcast network . Citation needed date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Opinion Journalism Category Opinion journalism Journalism stub az Publisistika bg ca Article d opini cv cs Publicistika es Periodismo de opini n hr Publicistika he ka kk pl Publicystyka kaa Publitsistika ru sk Publicistika sv Publicist uk ...   more details



  1. Albert Renger-Patzsch

    2010 02 04 albert renger patzsch new objectivity neue sachlichkeit Albert Renger Patzsch and the New Objectivity http cdn.calisphere.org data 13030 07 tf4r29n707 files tf4r29n707.pdf An inventory of the Albert ...   more details



  1. Carlo Mense

    Image Grab Carlo Mense.jpg thumb Grave of Carlo Mense in Bad Honnef Carlo Mense May 13, 1886 August 11, 1965 was a Germany German artist , associated at various times with Rhenish Expressionism and New Objectivity . Mense was born in Rheine . He studied with Peter Janssen at the Kunstakademie D sseldorf from 1906 to 1908, and then with Lovis Corinth at the Akademie der K nste in Berlin in 1909. In 1913, he co organized with August Macke the first exhibition of the Rhenish Expressionists in Bonn . ref name Bellinger cite book author Gerhard J. Bellinger & Brigitte Regler Bellinger title Schwabings Ainmillerstra e und ihre bedeutendsten Anwohner year 2003 id ISBN 3833007478 page 287 language German ref In 1914, he spent some time at the artists colony at Ascona , where he met Georg Schrimpf and Heinrich Maria Davringhausen . ref name Michalski cite book author Sergiusz Michalski title New Objectivity Painting, Graphic Art and Photography in Weimar publisher Taschen year 2003 id ISBN 3822823724 page 80 ref From 1921 to 1925, Mense lived in Munich , where he became associated with the New Objectivity style, in particular being heavily influenced by Schrimpf, as well as by the Italian Valori Plastici group, with whom he exhibited in Florence in 1922. ref name Michalski In 1925, he was appointed professor at the Kunstakademie Breslau . ref name Bellinger ref name Michalski Alexander Kanoldt , also associated with New Objectivity, was appointed professor at the same time, and the two attempted to establish a center of New Objectivity there, but came into conflict with the mainly avant garde circle centered around Oskar Moll . ref name Michalski Mense remained a professor at Breslau until 1932 soon thereafter, his works were branded degenerate art by the Nazis , and 34 works were seized and destroyed. ref name Bellinger He lived from 1945 in Bad Honnef , and died in 1965 in K nigswinter . He was awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz in 1961. ref name Bellinger References reflist ...   more details



  1. Personal equation

    The personal equation , in 19th and early 20th century science , referred to the idea that every individual observer had an inherent bias when it came to measurement s and observation s. The term originated in astronomy , when it was discovered that numerous observers making the simultaneous observations would record slightly different values for example, in recording the exact time at which a star crossed a wire in a telescope view finder , some of which were of a significant enough difference to afford for problems in larger calculations. In response to this realization, astronomers became increasingly suspicious of the results of other astronomers and their own assistants, and began systematic programs to attempt to find ways to remove or lessen the effects. These included attempts at the automation of observations appealing to the presumed Objectivity science objectivity of machines , training observers to try to avoid certain known errors such as those caused by lack of sleep , developing machines which could allow multiple observers to make observations at the same time, the taking of redundant data and using techniques such as the method of least squares to derive possible values from them, and trying to quantify the biases of individual workers so that they could be subtracted from the data. It became a major topic in experimental psychology as well, and was a major motivation for developing methods to deal with error in astronomy. References Simon Schaffer , Astronomers Mark Time Discipline and the Personal Equation, Science in Context , 2 1988 , 101 131. See also Source criticism Category History of astronomy Category Error Category Measurement it Equazione personale sr zh ...   more details



  1. Slant

    wiktionary slant Slant can refer to Bias or other non Objectivity journalism objectivity in journalism, politics, academia or other fields Slant height , is the distance from any point on the circle to the apex of a right circular cone A growth medium such as agar set in an inclined glass tube for growing microbiological culture s. Slant range , in telecommunication s, the line of sight distance between two points which are not at the same level Slant drilling or Directional drilling , the practice of drilling non vertical wells Slant Four , a type of car engine Triumph Slant 4 engine , an engine developed by Triumph Motor Company Triumph Chrysler Slant 6 engine , one Chrysler s automobile engine Slant route , an American football play pattern. slant handwriting , an attribute of Western handwriting Slant journal , a Catholic journal The Slant , a student humor magazine at Vanderbilt University novel or Slant , a book by science fiction writer Greg Bear Slant Six Games , a video game developer founded in 2005 Slant Magazine , a film, TV, and music review website Slant fanzine , a fanzine by Walt Willis, winner of the 1954 Retrospective Hugo Award for Best Fanzine Slant 6 , an all female punk rock trio based in Washington, D.C. The Slants , an Asian dance rock group from Portland, Oregon A racial slur for people of Asian people Asian descent, in reference to the shape of their eyes. Piccadilly Slant Abraham s Cove , a designated place in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador disambig ja ...   more details



  1. Carl Grossberg

    Carl Grossberg 1894 &ndash 1940 was a Germany German painter associated with the New Objectivity movement. Grossberg was born in Elberfeld and studied architecture in Aachen and Darmstadt prior to his military service in World War I . He later studied at the Weimar Academy of Art and at the Bauhaus . He became known for paintings of urban landscape s, and for exterior and interior views of factories and industrial sites which he rendered with a chilly precision. He served in the military again in 1939 1940 in France , where he died in a car crash in Laon . References Michalski, Sergiusz 1994 . New Objectivity . Cologne Benedikt Taschen. ISBN 3 8228 9650 0 Schmied, Wieland 1978 . Neue Sachlichkeit and German Realism of the Twenties . London Arts Council of Great Britain. ISBN 0 7287 0184 7 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Grossberg, Carl ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1894 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1940 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Grossberg, Carl Category 1894 births Category 1940 deaths Category People from Elberfeld Category German artists Category Road accident deaths in France Category People from the Rhine Province Germany painter stub de Carl Grossberg es Carl Grossberg it Carl Grossberg pl Carl Grossberg ...   more details




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