unreferenced date December 2007 An obligation is a requirement to take some course of action, whether legal obligation legal or moral obligation moral . There are also obligations in other normative contexts, such as obligations of etiquette , social obligations, and possibly in terms of politics , where obligations are requirements which must be fulfilled. These are generally legal obligations, which can incur a penalty for unfulfilment, although certain people are obliged to carry out certain actions for other reasons as well, whether as a tradition or for social reasons. Obligations vary from person to person for example, a person holding a political office will generally have far more obligations than an average adult citizen, who themselves will have more obligations than a child. Citation needed date April 2010 Obligations are generally granted in return for an increase in an individual s rights or power. Rights are more attractive possessions than obligations. The word obligation can also designate a written obligation, or such things as bank notes, coins, checks, bonds, stamps, or securities. Other uses The term obligate can also be used in a biological context, in reference to species which must occupy a certain niche or behave in a certain way in order to survive. In biology, the opposite of obligate is facultative , meaning that a species is able to behave in a certain way and may do so under certain circumstances, but that it can also survive without having to behave this way. For example, species of salamanders in the family Proteidae are obligate paedomorphosis paedomorphs , whereas species belonging to the Ambystomatidae are facultative paedomorphosis paedomorphs . In the Catholic Church, Holy Days of Obligation or Holidays of Obligation, less commonly called Feasts of Precept, are the days on which, as canon 1247 of the Code of Canon Law states, the faithful are obliged to participate in the Mass. See also Wiktionary Convention norm Convention Law of obligations ... more details
Debt obligation may refer to Collateralized debt obligation Constant Proportion Debt Obligation Disambiguation Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 A general obligation is a legal pledge in United States municipal finance, in which an entity pledges its full faith and credit to repay its debt, typically a general obligation bond . References Unreferenced date February 2007 references Category Finance in the United States US law stub economics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 For the Monty Python album Monty Python s Contractual Obligation Album Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Contractual Obligation Type album Artist Humpers Cover Humpers contract cover.jpg Released May 10, 1996 Recorded Genre Punk rock Punk Length Label Epitaph Records Producer Last album This album Contractual Obligation Next album Contractual Obligation is one of two EPs released by the punk rock band, the Humpers . Track listing Wake Up and Lose Protex Blue 13 Forever My Machine Say Goodbye Fable of Love Loser s Club Fast, Fucked, and Furious For Lovers Only Category The Humpers albums Category 1996 albums 1990s punk album stub ... more details
The term moral obligation has a number of meanings in moral philosophy , in religion , and in layman s terms. Generally speaking, when someone says of an act that it is a moral obligation, they refer to a belief that the act is one prescribed by their set of Value personal and cultural value s. To make things easier a moral obligation means to decide right from wrong. Moral philosopher s differ as to the origin of moral obligation, and whether such obligations are external to the agent that is, are, in some sense, objective and applicable to all agents or are internal that is, are based on the agent s personal desires, upbringing, conscience, and so on . Obligation being a set code by which a person is to follow. Obligations can be found by an individual s peers that set a code that may go against the individual s own desires. The individual will express their morality by the person following the set code s through seeing it as good to appease society. See also Moral responsibility Duty Ethics Kohlberg s stages of moral development Metaethics Norm philosophy Obligation External links http plato.stanford.edu entries special obligations Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Special Obligations Category Morality Category Ethics philo stub es Obligaci n moral fr Obligation morale ... more details
The Renewables Obligation RO ref http www.ofgem.gov.uk Sustainability Environment RenewablObl Pages RenewablObl.aspx Ofgem and ROC Ofgem What is the Renewables Obligation ref is designed to encourage generation ... in England and Wales and in a different form the Renewables Obligation Scotland in Scotland in April 2002 and in Northern Ireland in April 2005, replacing the Non Fossil Fuel Obligation ... of Science and Technology accessdate 13 June 2011 ref The RO places an obligation on licensed electricity ... by presenting Renewables Obligation Certificates ROCs . Where suppliers do not have sufficient ROCs to cover their obligation, a payment is made into the buy out fund. The buy out price suppliers ... obligation, the price of ROCs would fall below the buy out price. The price of ROCs could approach ... or no subsidy of renewable generation. If there is less renewable production than the obligation, the price ... eRoc FAQs publisher Non Fossil Purchasing Agency accessdate 12 June 2011 ref Obligation periods run ... following the period to submit sufficient ROCs to cover their obligation, or to submit sufficient ... are passed on to consumers. ROC Percentages and Prices by Year class wikitable Obligation period ... obligation.pdf Ofgem First annual report 2002 2003 on Renewable Obligation ref ref http www.ofgem.gov.uk ... 2004 on Renewable Obligation ref ref http www.ofgem.gov.uk Sustainability Environmnt RenewablObl Documents1 Buy out and mutualisation press release1.pdf THE RENEWABLES OBLIGATION BUY OUT PRICE AND MUTUALISATION ... 202010 2011 20FINAL 20FINAL.pdf THE RENEWABLES OBLIGATION BUY OUT PRICE AND MUTUALISATION CEILING 2010 ... THE RENEWABLES OBLIGATION BUY OUT PRICE AND MUTUALISATION CEILING 2011 12 ref Renewables Obligation ... stations subject to a NFFO non fossil fuels obligation , Scottish Renewables Obligation or Northern ... Renewables Obligation was superseded by the Renewables Obligation Scotland in 2002. The default is that one ... Renewables Obligation Guidance for licensed electricity suppliers page 2 Office of Gas ... more details
Orphan date February 2010 In law , a reciprocal obligation , also known as a reciprocal agreement is a duty owed by one individual to another and vice versa. It is a type of agreement that bears upon or binds two parties in an equal manner. ref http pinoy business.com content view 709 145 ref ref http www.answers.com topic reciprocal ref See also reciprocal contract reciprocal law civil conscription References Reflist External links http www.springerlink.com content n22xg62462574553 The principle of reciprocal obligations Category Contract law Category Law of obligations Law stub ... more details
Multiple issues wikify October 2011 orphan February 2009 unreferenced March 2009 In the UK, a Compulsory Stock Obligation CSO is a minimum stock of fuel reserves that must be held by a supplier against shortages or interruptions in supply. The scheme is administered by the Department of Trade and Industry United Kingdom Department of Trade and Industry DTI . Companies incur an obligation if they are a supplier of a volume of 100,000 tonnes per annum or greater. This obligation is assessed as being a holding of 67.5 days stock 50 days for the UK . Category Energy in the United Kingdom UK stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Refimprove date September 2006 Minimum Municipal Obligation MMO is, in the United States , the state mandated smallest amount a municipality must contribute to any pension plan established for its employees. The amount is calculated using actuarial science to ensure that municipal pension plans are sufficiently funded. The municipality, regardless of the amount contributed by it, is also required to keep the pension plan solvent. If the pension funds become insufficient to meet obligations then the municipality must augment the pension funds using money from other sources. The general funds of the municipality are thus in effect a guarantor and insurance policy against undercontributions by employees or poor performance of pension fund investments. However, the municipality is responsible for making up any shortfall between the MMO and the sum of contributions the municipality makes for each employee as a percentage of that employee s wages, plus realized earnings on the pension fund investments. This may be done on a schedule. The minimum municipal obligation ... to determine the minimum municipal obligation, the data resulting in the higher minimum municipal obligation will be applied in determining compliance with the actuarial funding standard. When the minimum municipal obligation is calculated under section 302 c of the act, the estimated member contributions used in the calculation of the minimum municipal obligation shall be the member contribution .... The payroll used in determining the minimum municipal obligation of a pension plan under section ... the minimum municipal obligation of a pension plan under section 303 c of the act 53 P. S. 895.303 ... obligation, as prescribed under sections 302 and 303 shall be implemented for the minimum municipal ... to adopt a minimum municipal obligation, the minimum municipal obligation shall be calculated using ... municipal obligation is to be calculated. The minimum municipal obligation calculated under this subsection ... more details
The Non Fossil Fuel Obligation NFFO refers to a collection of Statutory Instrument orders requiring the electricity Distribution Network Operator s in England and Wales to purchase electricity from the nuclear power and renewable energy sectors. Similar mechanisms operate in Scotland the Scottish Renewable Orders under the Scottish Renewables Obligation and Northern Ireland the Northern Ireland Non Fossil Fuel Obligation . Five orders were made under the NFFO before the UK government replaced it with the Renewables Obligation , the first order or tranche was on October 1 1990 with an average price of 7.51 pence per kWh being paid to renewable energy generators, the fifth and last was in September 1998 at an average of 2.71 pence per kWh http www.nfpa.co.uk index.cfm?pid 33 . Although the Renewables Obligation is now the Government s main mechanism for expanding the renewables sector, the last of the existing orders will continue in effect until it expires in 2018. http www.ofgem.gov.uk temp ofgem cache cmsattach 7400 12804.pdf Contracts resulting from the first two tranches however terminated in 1998, allowing generators from these rounds to now sell electricity under the new mechanism. Background The Non Fossil Fuel Obligation was put in place under the powers of the Electricity Act 1989 , under which electricity generation in the UK was privatization privatised . The original intention was to provide financial support to the nuclear power in the United Kingdom UK nuclear power generators , which continued to be state owned. The proposals were enlarged in scope before the Obligation was brought into operation in 1990 to include the renewable energy sector. Contracts from ... and the NFPA effectively taking ownership of the Renewables Obligation Certificate ROC which the generator ..., the Non Fossil Fuel Obligation has been generating a trading surplus, expected to have reached 500m ... also Climate Change Levy Renewables Obligation Renewables Obligation Certificates Energy policy of the United ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2008 A general obligation bond is a common type of municipal bond in the United States that is secured by a U.S. state state or local government s pledge to use legally available resources, including tax revenues, to repay bond holders. Most general obligation pledges at the local government level include a pledge to levy a property tax to meet debt service requirements, in which case holders of general obligation bonds have a right to compel the borrowing government to levy that tax to satisfy the local government s obligation. Because property owners are usually reluctant to risk losing their holding due to unpaid property tax bills, credit rating agencies often consider a general obligation pledge to have very strong credit quality and frequently assign them investment grade ratings. If local property owners do not pay their property taxes on time in any given year, a government entity is required to increase its property tax rate by as much as is legally allowable in a following year to make up for any delinquencies. In the interim between the taxpayer delinquency and the higher property tax rate in the following year, the general obligation pledge requires the local government to pay debt service coming due with its available resources. Types of General Obligation Pledges State law generally sets the conditions under which a local government can issue general obligation debt, including the type of security available. A limited tax general obligation pledge requires a local government to levy a property tax sufficient to meet its debt service obligations but only up to a statutory limit. Generally, local governments already levy a property tax and can choose to use a portion of the property tax it already levies, use some other revenue stream ... obligation pledge is identical to a limited tax pledge except that the local government is required ... general obligation debt without a public vote . Category Bonds ... more details
Infobox nrhp name Obligation nrhp type image Obligation May 10.JPG caption Obligation, May 2010 nearest city Harwood, Maryland lat degrees 38 lat minutes 53 lat seconds 27 lat direction N long degrees 76 long minutes 36 long seconds 17 long direction W locmapin Maryland area built 1743 architect Unknown architecture No Style Listed added May 15, 1969 governing body Private refnum 69000065 ref name nris NRISref 2008a ref Obligation is a historic home at Harwood, Maryland Harwood , Anne Arundel County, Maryland Anne Arundel County , Maryland , United States . It was begun in 1743 and later enlarged in 1827, to two and one half stories. The house was built for Thomas Stockett III, and was enlarged to its present configuration during the ownership of his grandson, Joseph Noble Stockett 1779 1858 . Dr. Thomas Noble Stockett 1747 1802 was the son of Thomas III, and became a prominent citizen and served as surgeon for the Maryland Line during the American Revolutionary War . ref name mht cite web url http www.mht.maryland.gov nr NRDetail.aspx?HDID 28&COUNTY Anne 20Arundel&FROM NRCountyList.aspx?COUNTY Anne 20Arundel title Maryland Historical Trust date 2008 11 21 work Obligation, Anne Arundel County publisher Maryland Historical Trust ref Obligation was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. ref name nris References reflist External links http www.mht.maryland.gov nr NRDetail.aspx?HDID 28&COUNTY Anne 20Arundel&FROM NRCountyList.aspx?COUNTY Anne 20Arundel Obligation, Anne Arundel County , including photo from 1997, at Maryland Historical Trust National Register of Historic Places in Maryland Category Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland Category Houses in Anne Arundel County, Maryland Category Houses completed in 1743 AnneArundelMD NRHP stub ... more details
portal Christianity In the Roman Catholic Church Catholic Church , Holy Days of Obligation or Holidays of Obligation , ref In http www.rcscotland.com Scotland and http www.thetablet.co.uk article 1900 ... of Canon law Catholic Church Canon Law states quote On Sundays and other holy days of obligation, the faithful ... in mind, however, mutual goodwill and the unity of Christians. ref Holy days of obligation common to all ... suppresses some holy days of obligation or transfers them to a Sunday. ref http www.intratext.com IXT ENG1199 POG.HTM canon 880 3 ref The Christian faithful are bound by the obligation to participate ... IXT ENG1199 POH.HTM canon 881 1 ref Latin Catholic Church The holy days of obligation for Latin ..., must be observed in the universal Church as the primordial holy day of obligation. The following ... See, however, the conference of bishops can suppress some of the holy days of obligation ... days of obligation was once much greater. With the motu proprio Supremi disciplinae of 2 July 1911, Pope ... of Pope Pius X, the Holy See s approval to diminish the number of non Sunday holy days of obligation ... granted them in law to reduce the number below the ten mentioned above. Non Sunday holy days of obligation ... days of obligation. This is also the case in the Swiss canton of Canton Ticino Ticino , but perhaps nowhere else. Some countries have as holy days of obligation feasts that are not among those ... 95 23 15.pdf Feiertagsregelung ref In countries where they are not holy days of obligation, three of the ten ... to a Sunday, they are not included in the following national lists of holy days of obligation, since in every country all Sundays are holy days of obligation . Argentina Solemnity of Mary, Mother ... Christmas Day In addition, some Bundesl nder have one or more of the following holy days of obligation ... Conception of Mary are observed nowhere in Germany as holy days of obligation. The attributes holy day of obligation and public holiday coincide thus, not only dioceses have different ones ... more details
Securities A variable rate debt obligation VRDO is a tax exempt short term investment instrument based on long term municipal bond s. ref http www.standishmellon.com public documents news vrdos.pdf ref The total value of outstanding VRDOs was estimated at 500 billion in November 2008. ref http www.smartmoney.com investing bonds A Mess in the Muni Market ref See also Auction rate security References reflist Econ stub Bond market Category Bonds Category Securities ... more details
be sold to other investors besides banks. See also Collateralized debt obligation , securitization vehicle for various debt instruments Collateralized fund obligation , securitization vehicle for private equity and hedge fund assets Collateralized mortgage obligation , securitization vehicle for residential ... Securities Category Mortgage structured finance ca Collateralized loan obligation de Collateralized Loan Obligation ... more details
OAT s Obligations assimilables du Tr sor are government bonds issued by Agence France Tr sor French Treasury , generally by auction according to an annual calendar published in advance. These fungible securities are issued with Maturity finance maturities of seven to 50 years, and have become the method of choice for placing the French government s long term debt. ref http www.aft.gouv.fr aft en 21 debt management 51 products 248 oats 252 oats 623.html Agence France Tr sor ref . france stub econ policy stub See also List of government bonds BTF finance BTF BTAN References Reflist Category Government debt Category Economy of France Category Debt Category Government bonds fr Obligation assimilable du Tr sor ro Obliga iuni de tezaur asimilabile ... more details
biofuels breakthrough.htm . In practice, the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation will mostly ... by the Renewable Fuels Agency . Companies certified as having sold more than the 5 obligation will be able ... Transport Fuel Obligation feasibility report http bioenergywiki.net Policy implementation in the United ... more details
A collateralized fund obligation CFO is a form of securitization involving private equity fund or hedge fund assets, similar to collateralized debt obligation s. CFOs are a Structured finance structured form of financing for diversified private equity portfolios, layering several tranche s of debt ahead of the stock equity holders. The data made available to the credit rating agency rating agencies for analyzing the underlying private equity assets of CFOs are typically less comprehensive than the data for analyzing the underlying assets of other types of structured finance securitizations, including corporate bond s and Mortgage backed security mortgage backed securities . Leverage finance Leverage levels vary from one transaction to another, although leverage of 50 to 75 of a portfolio s net assets has historically been common. The various CFO structures executed in recent years have had a variety of different objectives resulting in a variety of different structures. These differences tend to relate to the amount of equity sold through the structure as well as to the leverage levels. Private equity CFOs Since the advent of CFOs ca. 2002 , there have been only a handful of publicly announced private equity securitization transactions. Typically, owners of private equity assets will securitize a portfolio of funds as a way of generating liquidity without an outright private equity secondary market secondary sale of the funds. In 2006 Temasek Holdings completed 810 million securitization of a portfolio of 46 private equity funds. ref http www.asiasentinel.com index.php?Itemid 32&id 613&option com content&task view Singapore s Temasek Hits Hard Going Asia Sentinel, 2007 ref SVG Capital has executed three CFO securitizations as part of its Diamond program, SVG Diamond 2004 , SVG Diamond II 2006 and SVG Diamond III 2007 . ref http www.svgcapital.com svgadvisersprivate svgdiamondprogramme ... Bank See also Collateralized mortgage obligation Private equity secondary market References ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A Constant Proportion Debt Obligation or CPDO is a type of credit derivative sold to investors looking for long term exposure to credit risk on a highly rated note. They employ dynamic leveraging in a similar but opposite way to Credit CPPI trades. ref name cpdostudy Citation last Cont first Rama last2 Jessen first2 Cathrine title Constant Proportion Debt Obligations CPDO Modeling and Risk Analysis date 2008 12 31 ssrn 1372414 ref CPDOs formed with a debt issuing Special purpose vehicle SPV backed by an investment in an index of debt securities commonly Credit default swap index credit default swap indices such as Credit default swap index CDX and iTraxx . In theory this could be deal specific, such as a bespoke index of sovereign debt similar to a collateralized debt obligation CDO . The investment index is periodically rolled, whereby the SPV must buy protection on the old index, and sell protection on the new index. In doing so it incurs rollover risk, in that the leaving index may by priced much wider than the new index. The structure then allows for continual adjustment of leverage such that the asset and liability spreads stay matched. In general this involves increasing leverage as when losses are taken, ref name cpdostudy similar to a Martingale betting system martingale strategy . Initial Reaction The first CPDO deal was issued in 2006 by ABN AMRO and was credit rating rated AAA Aaa despite paying Libor plus 100 Basis point bp . ref cite news url http www.bloomberg.com apps news?pid 20601087&sid aWwdExhSzF7k work Bloomberg title CPDOs Rated AAA May Risk Default, CreditSights Says Update2 date 2007 09 06 ref ref cite news url http www.bloomberg.com apps news?pid 20601103&sid aH0mn2YEj6nk work Bloomberg title Moody s, S&P Lose Credibility on CPDOs They Rated Update1 date 2007 08 14 ref ref http www.iht.com articles 2007 08 15 bloomberg bxinvest.php Rating agencies are losing some traders trust International Herald Tribune Bot generated ... more details
Collateralized loan obligation s CLOs CDOs backed primarily by leveraged bank loans. Collateralized bond obligation s CBOs CDOs backed primarily by leveraged fixed income securities. Collateralized synthetic ... backed primarily by commercial real estate assets Collateralized Bond Obligation Collateralized bond ... debt obligation CDO , which were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies. In effect ... of collateralized loan obligation s backed by middle market or leveraged bank loans, not by home ... mortgage obligation also known by initials CMO Collateralized fund obligation Inside Job film Inside ... http www.bionicturtle.com how to article cash collateralized debt obligation cdo CDO Diagram Bionic ... Obligation Category Bonds Category Financial services Category Fixed income securities Category Funds ... United States housing bubble ca Obligaci de deute garantida cs Collateralized debt obligation de Collateralized Debt Obligation el fr Collateralised debt obligation ko it Collateralized debt obligation lt Turtu garantuota obligacija nl Collateralized debt obligation ja Collateralized Debt Obligation pl Collateralised Debt Obligation sl Zadol nice, zavarovane ... more details
Asset Retirement Obligations AROs provide for costs related to future disposal of assets. In the United States, ARO accounting is specified by Statements of Financial Accounting Standards SFAS 143 ref name SFAS 143 text http www.fasb.org pdf aop FAS143.pdf SFAS 143 as amended ref , which is Topic 410 20 in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. This is particularly significant for remediation work necessary to restore a property, such as decontaminating a nuclear power plant site, removing underground fuel storage tanks, cleanup around an oil well, or removal of improvements to a site. It does not apply to unplanned cleanup costs, such as from an accident. Firms must recognize the ARO liability in the period it was incurred, such as at acquisition or construction. The liability equals the present value of the expected cost of retirement remediation. An asset equal to the initial liability is added to the Balance Sheet , and depreciated over the life of the asset. The result is an increase in both assets and liabilities. ref name JoA http www.journalofaccountancy.com Issues 2001 Dec AccountingForAssetRetirementObligations.htm Explanation of AROs from the Journal of Accountancy ref An ARO Example A company builds a gas station, with underground tanks to store the fuel. The tanks have an estimated life of 40 years or, alternatively, the station site is leased for 40 years . The current cost to remove the tanks is 15,000. The company estimates future inflation for this type of work to be 2.5 per year. The company s credit adjusted risk free rate cost of borrowing is 9 . The estimated future cost of removing the tanks in 40 years is 15,000 1.025 40 40,275.96. The present value of this cost is 40,275.96 1.09 40 1,282.29. At installation of the tanks, the company books an asset retirement cost asset and an asset retirement obligation liability of 1,282.29. The asset is depreciation depreciated , usually straight line, over 40 years depreciation expense of 32.06 per ye ... more details
refimprove date September 2011 Financial markets A collateralized mortgage obligation CMO is a type of debt security first created in 1983 by the investment banks Salomon Brothers and First Boston for U.S. mortgage lender Freddie Mac . The Salomon Brothers team was led by Gordon Taylor . The First Boston team was led by Dexter Senft ref name FBTeam http www.fiasi.org index.php?option com content&view article&id 84 dexter senft&catid 45 2004 hall of fame&Itemid 88 FIAS Dexter Senft ref . Legally, a CMO is a debt security issued by an abstraction a special purpose entity and is not a debt owed by the institution creating and operating the entity. The entity is the legal owner of a set of mortgages, called a pool . Investors in a CMO buy bonds issued by the entity, and they receive payments from the income generated by the mortgages according to a defined set of rules. With regard to terminology, the mortgages themselves are termed collateral finance collateral , i classes I refers to groups of mortgages issued to borrowers of roughly similar credit worthiness, tranches are specified fractions or slices, metaphorically speaking, of a pool of mortgages and the income they produce that are combined into an individual security, while the structure is the set of rules that dictates how the income received from the collateral will be distributed. The legal entity, collateral, and structure are collectively referred to as the deal . Investors in CMOs include bank s, hedge fund s, insurance companies , pension fund s, mutual fund s, government agencies , and most recently central bank s. This article focuses primarily on CMO bonds as traded in the United States of America . The term collateralized mortgage obligation technically refers to a security issued by specific type of legal ... . See also Columns list 3 Asset backed security Collateralized debt obligation CDO Collateralized fund obligation CFO GNMA Mortgage backed security REMIC References reflist Bond market Structured finance ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2009 Image Dash 8.jpg thumb right Two de Havilland Canada DHC de Havilland Canada Dash 8 Dash 8 100 aircraft of Wider e of Norway at Trondheim Airport, V rnes . Wider e makes a large portion of its revenue from PSO routes like these in Northern and Western Norway In transportation law of the European Union , public service obligation or PSO is an arrangement in which a governing body or other authority offers an auction for subsidy subsidies , permit the winning company a monopoly to operate a specified service of public transport for a specified period of time for the given subsidy. This is done in cases where there is not enough revenue for routes to be profitable in a free market , but where there is a socially desirable advantage in this transport being available. The use of PSO can be applied to many mode of transport , including air transport air , ship transport sea , road transport road or rail transport rail . In many cases the introduction of PSO has been a way to privatization privatize former government owned transport. The infrastructure is often separated from the operation, and may be owned by the governing body or by a third party. The authority may also maintain the ownership of the vehicles, such as ferries or rolling stock . Traditionally, public transport has been operated through a company wholly owned by the state with monopoly, like a national railway company. Alternatively, private companies were granted privileges with or without subsidies granting them an unfair monopoly. In later years many markets have been deregulated, especially in Europe, paying the lowest bidding operator to carry out the traffic at regular auctions. Specification The authority issuing the auction may be a Ministry of Transport ministry of transport , county , province , State administrative division state , municipality or other regional or local authority, or it can be a transit authority or other ad hoc organization responsible for some s ... more details
. ref Other versions As noted above, some pressings of Contractual Obligation Album omit the Farewell .... Like all the EMI Monty Python albums Contractual Obligation gained a special edition release in 2006 ... & David Howman arr. Terry Gilliam 0 23 2006 bonus tracks Contractual Obligation Terry Jones And Graham Chapman Promotional Interview Radio Ad Obligation Promo Medical Love Song Alternate Demo Version ... Charisma Records albums it Monty Python s Contractual Obligation Album ... more details
Multiple issues orphan October 2009 unreferenced October 2009 Legal detriment is a law legal term referring to the act of doing that which the promisee was under no prior legal obligation to do or the refraining from doing that which he was previously under no legal obligation to refrain from doing. DEFAULTSORT Legal Detriment Category Law Law term stub ... more details
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