Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Rous sarcoma virus virus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Alpharetrovirus species Rous sarcoma virus Rous sarcoma virus RSV is a retrovirus and is the first oncovirus to have been described it causes sarcoma in chickens. As with all retroviruses, it reverse transcribes its RNA genome into cDNA before integration into the host DNA. History RSV was discovered in 1911 by Peyton Rous , working at Rockefeller University in New York City, by injecting cell free extract of chicken tumour into healthy Plymouth Rock chickens. The extract was found to induce oncogenesis . The tumour was found to be composed of connective tissue a sarcoma . Rous was awarded the Nobel Prize for the significance of his discovery in 1966. Structure and genome Infobox rfam Name Retroviral 3 UTR stability element image RF01417.png width 200 caption Predicted secondary structure of the Rous sarcoma virus retroviral 3 UTR stability element Symbol AltSymbols Rfam RF01417 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis reg Tax domain CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData RSV is a class VI enveloped virus with a positive sense RNA genome having a DNA intermediate. RSV has three genes gag gene gag encodes capsid proteins pol gene pol encodes reverse transcriptase It lost the env gene normally seen in avian retroviruses during the recombination events that allowed it to acquire src src gene src encodes a tyrosine kinase that attaches phosphate groups to the amino acid tyrosine in host cell proteins. The RSV genome has terminal repeat s enabling its integration into the host genome and also overexpression of RSV genes. src gene The Src gene src gene is oncogene oncogenic as it triggers uncontrolled growth in abnormal host cells. It is an acquired gene, found to be present throughout the animal animal kingdom with high levels of conservation between species. The src gene wa ... more details
orphan date December 2008 PBB geneid 51742 AT rich interactive domain containing protein 4B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARID4B gene . ref name pmid11481388 cite journal author Cao J, Gao T, Stanbridge EJ, Irie R title RBP1L1, a retinoblastoma binding protein related gene encoding an antigenic epitope abundantly expressed in human carcinomas and normal testis journal J Natl Cancer Inst volume 93 issue 15 pages 1159 65 year 2001 month Aug pmid 11481388 pmc doi 10.1093 jnci 93.15.1159 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ARID4B AT rich interactive domain 4B RBP1 like url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 51742 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene encodes a protein with sequence similarity to retinoblastoma binding protein 1. The encoded protein is a subunit of the histone deacetylase dependent SIN3A transcriptional corepressor complex, which functions in diverse cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, oncogenesis, and cell fate determination. The gene product is recognized by IgG antibody isolated from a breast cancer patient and appears to be a molecular marker associated with a broad range of human malignancies. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ARID4B AT rich interactive domain 4B RBP1 like url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 51742 accessdate ref References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Dias Neto E, Correa RG, Verjovski Almeida S, et al. title Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 97 issue 7 pages 3491 6 year 2000 pmid 10737800 doi 10. ... more details
PBB geneid 5780 Tyrosine protein phosphatase non receptor type 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN9 gene . ref name pmid1557404 cite journal author Gu M, Warshawsky I, Majerus PW title Cloning and expression of a cytosolic megakaryocyte protein tyrosine phosphatase with sequence homology to retinaldehyde binding protein and yeast SEC14p journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A volume 89 issue 7 pages 2980 4 year 1992 month May pmid 1557404 pmc 48787 doi 10.1073 pnas.89.7.2980 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene PTPN9 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non receptor type 9 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 5780 accessdate ref Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth , cellular differentiation differentiation , cell cycle mitotic cycle , and oncogenesis oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains an N terminus N terminal domain that shares a significant similarity with yeast SEC14, which is a protein that has phosphatidylinositol transfer activity and is required for protein secretion through the Golgi apparatus Golgi complex in yeast. This PTP was found to be activated by poly inositol phosphates phosphoinositide , and is thought to be involved in signaling events regulating phagocytosis . ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Kruger JM, Fukushima T, Cherepanov V, et al. title Protein tyrosine phosphatase MEG2 is expressed by human neutrophils. Localization to the phagosome and activation by polyphosphoinositides journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 277 issue 4 pages 2620 8 year 2002 pmid 11711529 doi 10.1074 jbc.M104550200 cite journal author Qi Y, Zhao R, Cao H, et al. title Purification and characterization of protein tyrosine phosphatase PT ... more details
PBB geneid 7480 Protein Wnt 10b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT10B gene . ref name pmid9121776 cite journal author Bui TD, Rankin J, Smith K, Huguet EL, Ruben S, Strachan T, Harris AL, Lindsay S title A novel human Wnt gene, WNT10B, maps to 12q13 and is expressed in human breast carcinomas journal Oncogene volume 14 issue 10 pages 1249 53 year 1997 month Apr pmid 9121776 pmc doi 10.1038 sj.onc.1200936 ref ref name pmid9284937 cite journal author Hardiman G, Kastelein RA, Bazan JF title Isolation, characterization and chromosomal localization of human WNT10B journal Cytogenet Cell Genet volume 77 issue 3 4 pages 278 82 year 1997 month Sep pmid 9284937 pmc doi 10.1159 000134597 ref ref name pmid18515319 cite journal author Ugur SA, Tolun A title Homozygous WNT10b mutation and complex inheritance in Split Hand Foot Malformation journal Hum Mol Genet volume 17 issue 17 pages 2644 53 year 2008 month Aug pmid 18515319 pmc doi 10.1093 hmg ddn164 ref ref name entrez The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The WNT gene family consists of structurally related genes that encode secreted signaling proteins. These proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis. This gene is a member of the WNT gene family. It may be involved in breast cancer, and its protein signaling is, it is presumed, a molecular switch that governs adipogenesis. This protein is 96 identical to the mouse Wnt10b protein at the amino acid level. This gene is clustered with another family member, WNT1, in the chromosome 12q13 region. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene WNT10B wingless type MMTV integration site family, member 10B url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 7480 accessdate ref References reflist Further reading ref ... more details
PBB geneid 116113 Forkhead box protein P4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXP4 gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene FOXP4 forkhead box P4 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 116113 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene belongs to subfamily P of the forkhead box FOX transcription factor family. Forkhead box transcription factors play important roles in the regulation of tissue and cell type specific gene transcription during both development and adulthood. Many members of the forkhead box gene family, including members of subfamily P, have roles in mammalian oncogenesis. This gene may play a role in the development of tumors of the kidney and larynx. Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants, some encoding different isoforms. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Katoh M, Katoh M title Human FOX gene family Review journal Int. J. Oncol. volume 25 issue 5 pages 1495 500 year 2005 pmid 15492844 doi cite journal author Strausberg RL title Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full length human and mouse cDNA sequences journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 99 issue 26 pages 16899 903 year 2003 pmid 12477932 doi 10.1073 pnas.242603899 pmc 139241 author separator , author2 Feingold EA author3 Grouse LH display authors 3 last4 Derge first4 JG last5 Klausner first5 RD last6 Collins first6 FS last7 Wagner first7 L last8 Shenmen first8 CM last9 Schuler first9 GD cite journal author Lu MM, Li S, Yang H, Morrisey EE title Foxp4 a novel member of the Foxp subfamily of winged helix genes co expressed with Foxp1 and Foxp2 in pulmonary and gut tissues journal Gene Expr. Patterns volume 2 issue 3 4 pages 223 8 year 2003 pmid 12617805 doi 10.1016 S1 ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 23401 GSK 3 binding protein FRAT2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FRAT2 gene . ref name pmid9635432 cite journal author Yost C, Farr GH 3rd, Pierce SB, Ferkey DM, Chen MM, Kimelman D title GBP, an inhibitor of GSK 3, is implicated in Xenopus development and oncogenesis journal Cell volume 93 issue 6 pages 1031 41 year 1998 month Jul pmid 9635432 pmc doi 10.1016 S0092 8674 00 81208 8 ref ref name pmid11237732 cite journal author Saitoh T, Moriwaki J, Koike J, Takagi A, Miwa T, Shiokawa K, Katoh M title Molecular cloning and characterization of FRAT2, encoding a positive regulator of the WNT signaling pathway journal Biochem Biophys Res Commun volume 281 issue 3 pages 815 20 year 2001 month Mar pmid 11237732 pmc doi 10.1006 bbrc.2001.4421 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene FRAT2 frequently rearranged in advanced T cell lymphomas 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 23401 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The protein encoded by this intronless gene belongs to the GSK 3 binding protein family. Studies show that this protein plays a role as a positive regulator of the WNT signaling pathway. It may be upregulated in tumor progression. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene FRAT2 frequently rearranged in advanced T cell lymphomas 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 23401 accessdate ref References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB title Normalization and subtraction two approaches to facilitate gene discovery. journal Genome Res. volume 6 issue 9 pages 791 806 year 1997 pmid 8889548 doi 10.1101 gr.6.9.791 cite journal author Bax B, Carter PS, Lewis C, et al. title The structure of phosphorylated GS ... more details
PBB geneid 51384 Protein Wnt 16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT16 gene . ref name pmid10500199 cite journal author McWhirter JR, Neuteboom ST, Wancewicz EV, Monia BP, Downing JR, Murre C title Oncogenic homeodomain transcription factor E2A Pbx1 activates a novel WNT gene in pre B acute lymphoblastoid leukemia journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A volume 96 issue 20 pages 11464 9 year 1999 month Oct pmid 10500199 pmc 18056 doi 10.1073 pnas.96.20.11464 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene WNT16 wingless type MMTV integration site family, member 16 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 51384 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The WNT gene family consists of structurally related genes that encode secreted signaling proteins. These proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis. This gene is a member of the WNT gene family. It contains two transcript variants diverging at the 5 termini. These two variants are proposed to be the products of separate promoters and not to be splice variants from a single promoter. They are differentially expressed in normal tissues, one of which variant 2 is expressed at significant levels only in the pancreas, whereas another one variant 1 is expressed more ubiquitously with highest levels in adult kidney, placenta, brain, heart, and spleen. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Smolich BD, McMahon JA, McMahon AP, Papkoff J title Wnt family proteins are secreted and associated with the cell surface. journal Mol. Biol. Cell volume 4 issue 12 pages 1267 75 year 1994 pmid 8167409 doi 10.1051 jp3 1994201 pmc 275763 cite journal author Fear MW, Kelsell DP, Spurr NK, ... more details
PBB geneid 7477 Protein Wnt 7b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT7B gene . ref name pmid8168088 cite journal author Huguet EL, McMahon JA, McMahon AP, Bicknell R, Harris AL title Differential expression of human Wnt genes 2, 3, 4, and 7B in human breast cell lines and normal and disease states of human breast tissue journal Cancer Res volume 54 issue 10 pages 2615 21 year 1994 month Jun pmid 8168088 pmc doi ref ref name pmid9284940 cite journal author van Bokhoven H, Kissing J, Schepens M, van Beersum S, Simons A, Riegman P, McMahon JA, McMahon AP, Brunner HG title Assignment of WNT7B to human chromosome band 22q13 by in situ hybridization journal Cytogenet Cell Genet volume 77 issue 3 4 pages 288 9 year 1997 month Sep pmid 9284940 pmc doi 10.1159 000134600 ref ref name pmid11562755 cite journal author Kirikoshi H, Sekihara H, Katoh M title Molecular cloning and characterization of human WNT7B journal Int J Oncol volume 19 issue 4 pages 779 83 year 2001 month Sep pmid 11562755 pmc doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene WNT7B wingless type MMTV integration site family, member 7B url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 7477 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The WNT gene family consists of structurally related genes that encode secreted signaling proteins. These proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis. This gene is a member of the WNT gene family. It encodes a protein showing 99 and 91 amino acid identity to the mouse and Xenopus Wnt7A proteins, respectively. Among members of the human WNT family, this protein is most similar to WNT7A protein 77.1 total amino acid identity . This gene may play important roles in the development and progression of gastric ... more details
PBB geneid 81029 Protein Wnt 5b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT5B gene . ref name pmid11445850 cite journal author Saitoh T, Katoh M title Molecular cloning and characterization of human WNT5B on chromosome 12p13.3 region journal Int J Oncol volume 19 issue 2 pages 347 51 year 2001 month Jul pmid 11445850 pmc doi ref ref name entrez The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The WNT gene family consists of structurally related genes that encode secreted signaling proteins. These proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis. This gene is a member of the WNT gene family. It encodes a protein showing 94 and 80 amino acid identity to the mouse Wnt5b protein and the human WNT5A protein, respectively. Alternative splicing of this gene generates 2 transcript variants. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene WNT5B wingless type MMTV integration site family, member 5B url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 81029 accessdate ref References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Smolich BD, McMahon JA, McMahon AP, Papkoff J title Wnt family proteins are secreted and associated with the cell surface journal Mol. Biol. Cell volume 4 issue 12 pages 1267 75 year 1994 pmid 8167409 doi 10.1051 jp3 1994201 pmc 275763 cite journal author Tanaka K, Okabayashi K, Asashima M, et al. title The evolutionarily conserved porcupine gene family is involved in the processing of the Wnt family journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 267 issue 13 pages 4300 11 year 2000 pmid 10866835 doi 10.1046 j.1432 1033.2000.01478.x cite journal author Saitoh T, Katoh M title Expression and regulation of WNT5A and WNT5B in human cancer up regulation of WNT5A by TNFalpha in MKN45 cells and up ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 PBB geneid 728936 Neuroblastoma Breakpoint Family, Member 16 , also known as NBPF16 , is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NBPF16 gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene NBPF16 neuroblastoma breakpoint family, member 16 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd retrieve&dopt full report&list uids 728936&log databasead&logdbfrom protein accessdate 13 May 2009 ref The gene is 18762 bp long, with mRNA that is 3837 bp long. The gene is located on chromosome 1q21.1. Its sub cellular location is predicted to be in the Cell nucleus nucleus and cytoplasm . ref name urlSDSC Biology Workbench cite web url http workbench.sdsc.edu title SDSC Biology Workbench author authorlink coauthors date format work publisher San Diego Supercomputer Center pages language archiveurl archivedate quote accessdate 13 May 2009 ref It contains what is known as the NBPF repeat, which is a two exon strech of sequence that is characteristic of all 21 members of the NBPF gene family. The repeat is considered the ancestral exons, and the NBPF family has been linked to primate evolution. ref name Vande cite journal author Vandepoele K, Van Roy N, Staes K, Speleman F, van Roy F title A novel gene family NBPF intricate structure generated by gene duplications during primate evolution journal Molecular Biology and Evolution volume 22 issue 11 pages 2265 2274 year 2005 month August pmid 16079250 doi 10.1093 molbev msi222 url ref Function The function of NBPF16 is not fully understood. It is a member of the NBPF family of proteins, which have been linked to possible roles in oncogenesis and tumor suppressor genes . ref name Vande Protein The protein is composed of 670 amino acids . The gene contains five domains of unknown function, called DUF1220. DUF1220 domains are found in all members of the NBPF gene family, although the number differs between each member. Repetitive structure with high intergenic and intragenic sequence conservation, both in co ... more details
PBB geneid 80326 Wnt 10a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT10A gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene wingless type MMTV integration site family url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 80326 accessdate ref ref name pmid11350055 cite journal author Kirikoshi H, Sekihara H, Katoh M title WNT10A and WNT6, clustered in human chromosome 2q35 region with head to tail manner, are strongly coexpressed in SW480 cells journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 283 issue 4 pages 798 805 year 2001 month May pmid 11350055 doi 10.1006 bbrc.2001.4855 url issn ref ref name pmid17847007 cite journal author Adaimy L, Chouery E, Megarbane H, Mroueh S, Delague V, Nicolas E, Belguith H, de Mazancourt P, Megarbane A title Mutation in WNT10A is associated with an autosomal recessive ectodermal dysplasia the odonto onycho dermal dysplasia journal Am. J. Hum. Genet. volume 81 issue 4 pages 821 8 year 2007 month October pmid 17847007 pmc 1973944 doi 10.1086 520064 url issn ref Function The Wnt signaling pathway WNT gene family consists of structurally related genes which encode secreted signaling proteins. These proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis. This gene is a member of the WNT gene family. ref name entrez Clinical significance WNT10A is strongly expressed in the cell lines of promyelocytic leukemia and Burkitt s lymphoma . In addition, it and another family member, the WNT6 gene, are strongly coexpressed in colorectal cancer cell lines. The gene overexpression may play key roles in carcinogenesis through activation of the WNT beta catenin TCF signaling pathway. This gene and the WNT6 gene are clustered in the chromosome 2q35 region. ref name entrez Mutations in the WNT10A are associated with Sch pf Schulz Passarge syndrome . ref name pmid19559398 cite journal author Bohring A, Stamm T, Spaich C, Haas ... more details
cell proliferation and oncogenesis journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta volume 1471 issue 1 pages ... title A novel, nuclear pore associated, widely distributed molecule overexpressed in oncogenesis and development ... more details
Loss of heterozygosity LOH in a Cell biology cell is the loss of normal function of one allele of a gene in which the other allele was already inactivated. This term is mostly used in the context of oncogenesis after an inactivating mutation in one allele of a tumor suppressor gene occurs in the parent s germline cell , it is passed on to the zygote resulting in an offspring that is heterozygous for that allele. In oncology, loss of heterozygosity occurs when the remaining functional allele in a somatic cell of the offspring becomes inactivated by mutation. This could cause a normal tumor suppressor to no longer be produced which could result in tumorigenesis. In cancer It is a common occurrence in cancer , where it indicates the absence of a functional tumor suppressor gene in the lost region. However, many people remain healthy with such a loss, because there still is one functional gene left on the other chromosome of the chromosome pair . However, the remaining copy of the tumor suppressor gene can be inactivated by a point mutation , leaving no tumor suppressor gene to protect the body. Loss of heterozygosity does not imply a reversal to the homozygous state. Knudson two hit hypothesis of tumorigenesis main Knudson hypothesis First Hit The first hit is classically thought of as a point mutation that inactivates one copy of a tumor suppressor gene TSG , such as Rb1. In hereditary cancer syndromes, individuals are born with the first hit. The individual does not develop cancer at this point because the remaining TSG on the other allele is still functioning normally. Second Hit The second hit is classically thought of as a large Deletion genetics deletion that results in loss of the remaining functioning TSG allele. This leaves only a non functioning copy of the TSG, and the individual goes on to develop cancer. Copy neutral LOH Copy neutral LOH is thus called because no net change in the copy number occurs in the affected individual. Other names for copy neutral ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Neuregulin Name Neuregulin family image PDB 1hrf EBI.jpg width caption Structure of the epidermal growth factor like domain of heregulin alpha, a ligand for p180erbB 4. ref name pmid8062828 cite journal author Nagata K title Solution structure of the epidermal growth factor like domain of heregulin alpha, a ligand for p180erbB 4 journal EMBO J. volume 13 issue 15 pages 3517 23 year 1994 month August pmid 8062828 pmc 395255 doi url author separator , author2 Kohda D author3 Hatanaka H display authors 3 last4 Ichikawa first4 S last5 Matsuda first5 S last6 Yamamoto first6 T last7 Suzuki first7 A last8 Inagaki first8 F ref Pfam PF02158 InterPro IPR002154 SMART PROSITE SCOP 1hrf TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB2 1hae , PDB2 1haf , PDB2 1hre , PDB2 1hrf Neuregulins or neuroregulins are a family of four structurally related proteins that are part of the epidermal growth factor family EGF family of proteins. These proteins have been shown to have diverse functions in the development of the nervous system and play multiple essential roles in vertebrate embryogenesis including cardiac development, Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte differentiation, some aspects of neuronal development, as well as the formation of neuromuscular synapses ref name PUB00004928 cite journal author Vartanian T, Fischbach G, Miller R title Failure of spinal cord oligodendrocyte development in mice lacking neuregulin journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 96 issue 2 pages 731 5 year 1999 pmid 9892702 doi 10.1073 pnas.96.2.731 pmc 15205 ref ref name PUB00004316 cite journal author Yarden Y, Burden S title Neuregulins and their receptors a versatile signaling module in organogenesis and oncogenesis journal Neuron volume 18 issue 6 pages 847 55 year 1997 pmid 9208852 doi 10.1016 S0896 6273 00 80324 4 ref . Included in the family are heregulin neu differentiation factor acetylcholine receptor synthesis stimulator glial growth factor and sensory and motor neuron derived factor ref n ... more details
Image Aurora inibitors.jpg right thumb 250px Aurora Case Study Six inhibitors and their action during cytokinesis Aurora kinase s regulate cell cycle transit from G2 through cytokinesis and, thus, are targets in cancer therapy ref Andrews PD, Knatko E, Moore WJ, Swedlow JR. Mitotic mechanics the auroras come into view. Current Opin in Cell Biol. 2003 15 pp.672 83 ref . There are three mammalian aurora kinase genes , encoding aurora A, B and C. Intense investigation has focused on aurora A and B as they appear to play a role in oncogenesis ref Katayama H., Brinkley WR, Sen S. The Aurora kinases Role in cell transformation and tumorigenesis. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 2003 22 4 pp.451 64 ref with aurora A identified as a low penetrance tumor susceptibility gene in mice and humans ref Ewart Toland A, Briassoului P, de Koning JP et al., Identification of Stk6 STK15 as a candidate low penetrance tumor susceptibility gene in mouse and human. Nature Genetics 2003 34 4 pp.403 12 ref . Aurora kinases could be potential targets for novel small molecule enzyme inhibitor s. Drug development A new approach to inhibiting cancer growth that shows great promise for structure based drug development is targeting enzymes central to cellular mitosis ref Nigg E.A. Mitotic kinases as regulators of cell division and its checkpoints Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 21 32 2001 ref . Aurora kinases , so named because the scattered mitotic spindles generated by mutant forms resemble the Aurora Borealis , have gained a great deal of attention as possible anticancer drug targets ref Nicholas Keen & Stephen Taylor, Aurora kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Nature Reviews Cancer 4, 927 36 2004 ref ref Richard D. Carvajal, Archie Tse, and Gary K. Schwartz Aurora Kinases New Targets for Cancer Therapy Clin. Cancer Res., 2006 12 pp.6869 75. ref . The Aurora enzymes are particularly significant because they are involved in a direct path to the nucleosome by phosphorylating histone H3 ref H Goto, Y ... more details
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