- Oncovirus
An oncovirus is a virus that can cause cancer . This term originated from studies of acutely transforming retroviruses in the 1950 60s, often called oncornaviruses to denote their RNA virus origin. It now refers to any virus with a DNA or RNA genome causing cancer and is synonymous with tumor virus or cancer virus . The vast majority of human and animal viruses do not cause cancer, probably because of long standing coevolution between the virus and its host. Worldwide, the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer estimated that in 2002 17.8 of human cancers were caused by infection, with 11.9 being caused by one of seven different viruses. ref name Parkin06 Cite journal doi 10.1002 ijc.21731 title The global health burden of infection associated cancers in the year 2002 year 2006 last1 Parkin first1 Donald Maxwell journal International Journal of Cancer volume 118 page 3030 pmid 16404738 issue 12 pages 3030 44 ref The importance of this is that these cancers might be easily prevented through vaccination e.g., HPV vaccine papillomavirus vaccines , diagnosed with simple blood tests, and treated with less toxic antiviral compounds. Background Generally, tumor viruses cause little or no disease after infection in their hosts, or cause non neoplastic diseases such as acute hepatitis for hepatitis B virus or mononucleosis for Epstein Barr virus . A minority of persons or animals will go on to develop cancers after infection. This has complicated determining whether or not a given virus causes cancer. The well known Koch s Postulates , are 19th Century constructs developed by Robert Koch to establish the likelihood for Bacillus anthracis causing anthrax disease and are not applicable to viral diseases Firstly, viruses cannot truly be isolated in pure culture even stringent ... systemic diseases Category Carcinogenesis Category Virology Category Viruses ar ca Oncovirus de Onkovirus es Oncovirus eu Onkobirus fr Oncovirus it Oncovirus pl Wirusy onkogenne pt Oncov rus ... more details
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- Gag-onc fusion protein
The gag onc fusion protein is a protein formed from a group specific antigen gag and that of an oncovirus onc , such as C jun . See also Fusion protein External links MeshName gag onc Fusion Proteins biochemistry stub Viral proteins Category Viral proteins ... more details
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- Gammaretrovirus
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Gammaretrovirus virus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Gammaretrovirus type species Murine leukemia virus subdivision ranks species subdivision Mammalian virus group br Feline leukemia virus Gibbon ape leukemia virus Guinea pig type C oncovirus Porcine type C oncovirus Murine leukemia virus Replication defective viruses br Finkel Biskis Jinkins murine sarcoma virus Gardner Arnstein feline sarcoma virus Hardy Zuckerman feline sarcoma virus Harvey murine sarcoma virus Kirsten murine sarcoma virus Moloney murine sarcoma virus Snyder Theilen feline sarcoma virus Woolly monkey sarcoma virus Reptilian virus group br Viper retrovirus Avian Reticuloendotheliosis virus group br Chick syncytial virus Reticuloendotheliosis virus Trager duck spleen necrosis virus A gammaretrovirus is a genus of the retroviridae family biology family . Example species are the murine leukemia virus and the feline leukemia virus . ref name expasy http www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 67.html Viralzone Gammaretrovirus ref Many endogenous retroviruses , closely related to exogenous gammaretroviruses, are present in the DNA of mammals including humans , birds, reptiles and amphibians. Citation needed date September 2010 Many of the Gammaretroviruses share a conserved RNA structural element called a Gammaretrovirus core encapsidation signal core encapsidation signal . ref name pmid15003457 cite journal author D Souza V, Dey A, Habib D, Summers MF title NMR structure of the 101 nucleotide core encapsidation signal of the Moloney murine leukemia virus. journal J Mol Biol volume 337 issue 2 pages 427 42 year 2004 pmid 15003457 doi 10.1016 j.jmb.2004.01.037 ref XMRV has been implicated as a possible human gammaretrovirus http www.nytimes.com 2009 10 21 opinion 21johnson.html?ref global , but to date, natural human infection remains to be proven. External links wikispecies Orthoretrovirinae http www.exp ... more details
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- Joseph Sambrook
Use dmy dates date March 2011 Expert subject Biography Science and academia date April 2010 Infobox scientist name Joseph Sambrook image filename only image size alt caption birth date birthdate and age df yes 1939 03 01 birth place Liverpool , England death date death place residence Melbourne , Australia citizenship nationality ethnicity fields Molecular biology workplaces MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre alma mater Australian National University doctoral advisor academic advisors doctoral students notable students known for Laboratory manual Molecular Cloning , work on oncovirus es author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced awards Victorian Government Leadership and Innovation Award, Elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society signature filename only signature alt footnotes Joseph Frank Sambrook born 1 March 1939 in Liverpool , England is a British molecular biologist known for his studies of DNA oncovirus es and the molecular biology of normal and cancer ous cells. He currently resides in Melbourne Melbourne, Australia with his wife and daughter. Citation needed date April 2010 Education and early career Sambrook was educated at the University of Liverpool BSc hons 1962 and obtained his Doctor of Philosophy PhD at the Australian National University in 1966. He did postdoctoral research at the Medical Research Council UK MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology 1966 67 and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies 1967 69 . In 1969 he was hired by James D. Watson to work at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York . Watson has been reported to say this was the best hiring decision he ever made. Joe was responsible for creating a combative creative environment at CSHL that fomented discovery. Subsequently he worked at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Cen ... more details
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- Clonally transmissible cancer
2009 03 29 pmid 8890100 doi 10.1056 NEJM199611143352004 ref See also Bernard Peyrilhe Oncovirus ... more details
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- Francis Peyton Rous
Infobox scientist name Francis Peyton Rous image Peyton Rous nobel.jpg image size 180px caption Francis Peyton Rous birth date October 5, 1879 birth place Baltimore, Maryland death date Death date and age 1970 2 16 1879 10 5 death place New York City residence citizenship nationality United States ethnicity field virology work institution alma mater doctoral advisor doctoral students known for oncovirus es author abbreviation bot author abbreviation zoo prizes Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 religion footnotes Francis Peyton Rous Fellow of the Royal Society FRS ref name frs cite doi 10.1098 rsbm.1971.0025 ref October 5, 1879 February 16, 1970 born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1879 and received his B.A. and M.D. from Johns Hopkins University . ref cite web title Peyton Rous Biography url http nobelprize.org nobel prizes medicine laureates 1966 rous.html work Nobelprize.org accessdate 6 June 2011 ref He was involved in the discovery of the role of virus es in the transmission of certain types of cancer . In 1966 he was awarded a Nobel Prize Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in Physiology or Medicine for his work. As a pathologist he made his seminal observation, that a malignant tumor specifically, a sarcoma growing on a domestic chicken could be transferred to another fowl simply by exposing the healthy bird to a cell free filtrate, in 1911. This finding, that cancer could be transmitted by a virus now known as the Rous sarcoma virus , a retrovirus , was widely discredited by most of the field s experts at that time. Since he was a relative newcomer, it was several years before anyone even tried to replicate his prescient results. Although clearly some influential researchers were impressed enough to nominate him to the Nobel Committee as early as 1926 and in many subsequent years, until he finally received the award, 40 years later this may be a record for the time between a discovery and a Nobel Prize . In his later life he wrote biographies of Simon Fl ... more details
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- Koala retrovirus
ref Prior to this koala retrovirus was used to refer to an unidentified oncovirus detected in cancer ... more details
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- Rous sarcoma virus
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Rous sarcoma virus virus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Alpharetrovirus species Rous sarcoma virus Rous sarcoma virus RSV is a retrovirus and is the first oncovirus to have been described it causes sarcoma in chickens. As with all retroviruses, it reverse transcribes its RNA genome into cDNA before integration into the host DNA. History RSV was discovered in 1911 by Peyton Rous , working at Rockefeller University in New York City, by injecting cell free extract of chicken tumour into healthy Plymouth Rock chickens. The extract was found to induce oncogenesis . The tumour was found to be composed of connective tissue a sarcoma . Rous was awarded the Nobel Prize for the significance of his discovery in 1966. Structure and genome Infobox rfam Name Retroviral 3 UTR stability element image RF01417.png width 200 caption Predicted secondary structure of the Rous sarcoma virus retroviral 3 UTR stability element Symbol AltSymbols Rfam RF01417 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis reg Tax domain CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData RSV is a class VI enveloped virus with a positive sense RNA genome having a DNA intermediate. RSV has three genes gag gene gag encodes capsid proteins pol gene pol encodes reverse transcriptase It lost the env gene normally seen in avian retroviruses during the recombination events that allowed it to acquire src src gene src encodes a tyrosine kinase that attaches phosphate groups to the amino acid tyrosine in host cell proteins. The RSV genome has terminal repeat s enabling its integration into the host genome and also overexpression of RSV genes. src gene The Src gene src gene is oncogene oncogenic as it triggers uncontrolled growth in abnormal host cells. It is an acquired gene, found to be present throughout the animal animal kingdom with high levels of conservation between species. The src gene wa ... more details
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- Tumor antigen
by cells infected with oncovirus es, e.g. EBV and HPV . Cells infected by these viruses contain latent ... more details
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- Outline of genetics
Northern blot nucleotide Cell nucleus nucleus Oligonucleotide oligo oncogene oncovirus p53 Parkinson ... more details
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- Harold Ginsberg
and showing how cancers could be triggered by oncovirus es. ref name NYTObit He moved to the University ... more details
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- Cancer bacteria
. ref See also Oncovirus References reflist 2 Tumors DEFAULTSORT Cancer Bacteria Category Carcinogenesis ... more details
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- Human pathogen
virus See also Cancer bacteria Emerging Pathogens Institute Oncovirus List of clinically important ... more details
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- John Joseph Bittner
tumor virus MMTV , a retrovirus . see Timeline of Discovery 1936 under Oncovirus . In 1947 48 ... more details
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- Virology
factor in Alzheimer s disease Alzheimer s . Some viruses, known as oncovirus es, contribute ... in the genome of healthy animals of many species. The oncovirus can switch this pre existing benign ... more details
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- Renato Dulbecco
s group. There he started his studies about animal oncovirus es. ref cite journal pmid 1257779 year ... more details
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- Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
Taxobox virus group I familia Herpesviridae subfamilia Gammaherpesvirinae genus Rhadinovirus species Human herpesvirus 8 Image Kaposi s Sarcoma.jpg thumb right Kaposi s Sarcoma Kaposi s sarcoma associated herpesvirus KSHV is one of seven currently known human cancer viruses, or oncovirus es. It is also the eighth human herpesvirus its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ITCV is HHV 8 . Like other herpesviruses, its informal name KSHV is used interchangeably with its ITCV name. This virus causes Kaposi s sarcoma , a cancer commonly occurring in AIDS patients, as well as primary effusion lymphoma and some types of multicentric Castleman s disease . History In 1872, Moritz Kaposi described a blood vessel tumor ref cite journal author Kaposi M title Idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcoma of the skin journal Arch. Dermatol. Syphil. volume 4 issue pages 265 73 year 1872 ref originally called idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcoma of the skin that has since been eponymously named Kaposi s sarcoma KS . KS was thought to be an uncommon tumor of Jewish and Mediterranean populations until it was realized that it is actually quite common throughout sub Saharan Africa. This led to the first suggestions in the 1950s that this tumor might be caused by a virus. With the onset of the AIDS epidemic in the early 1980s, there was a sudden epidemic resurgence of KS affecting primarily gay and bisexual AIDS patients with up to 50 of reported AIDS patients having this tumor an extraordinary rate of cancer predisposition. Careful analysis of epidemiologic data by Valerie Beral, Thomas Peterman and Harold Jaffe, ref cite journal author Beral V, Peterman TA, Berkelman RL, Jaffe HW title Kaposi s sarcoma among persons with AIDS a sexually transmitted infection? journal Lancet volume 335 issue 8682 pages 123 8 year 1990 pmid 1967430 doi 10.1016 0140 6736 90 90001 L ref led these investigators to propose that KS is caused by an unknown sexually transmitted ... more details
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- Index of molecular biology articles
O Oligonucleotide oligo oligodeoxyribonucleotide oligonucleotide oncogene oncovirus open reading ... more details
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- Harald zur Hausen
Lady of Germany. Scientific merits Zur Hausen s specific field of research is the study of oncovirus ... more details
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- Infectious causes of cancer
Worldwide approximately 18 of cancer s are related to infectious diseases . ref name Enviro2008 cite journal author Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Kunnumakara AB, et al. title Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes journal Pharm. Res. volume 25 issue 9 pages 2097 116 year 2008 month September pmid 18626751 pmc 2515569 doi 10.1007 s11095 008 9661 9 url ref This proportion varies in different regions of the world from high of 25 in Africa to less than 10 in the developed world. ref name Enviro2008 Virus es are usual infectious agents that cause cancer but bacteria and parasites may also have an effect. A virus that can cause cancer is called an oncovirus . These include human papillomavirus cervical carcinoma , Epstein Barr virus B cell lymphoproliferative disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma , Kaposi s sarcoma herpesvirus Kaposi s Sarcoma and primary effusion lymphomas , hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses hepatocellular carcinoma , and Human T cell leukemia virus 1 T cell leukemias . Bacterial infection may also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in Helicobacter pylori induced gastric carcinoma . ref name Viral04 cite journal author Pagano JS, Blaser M, Buendia MA, et al. title Infectious agents and cancer criteria for a causal relation journal Semin. Cancer Biol. volume 14 issue 6 pages 453 71 year 2004 month December pmid 15489139 doi 10.1016 j.semcancer.2004.06.009 url ref Parasitic infections strongly associated with cancer include Schistosoma haematobium Bladder cancer squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder and the liver fluke s, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis cholangiocarcinoma . ref cite journal last1 Samaras first1 Vassilis last2 Rafailidis first2 Petros I. last3 Mourtzoukou first3 Eleni G. last4 Peppas first4 George last5 Falagas first5 Matthew E. year 2010 month May title Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer a review journal The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries volume 4 issue 5 pages ... more details
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- History of cancer
operative samples of reported oncovirus es were discovered to be contaminated by HeLa . In 1984, Harald ... more details
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- List of viruses
bovine syncytial virus bovine type C oncovirus bovine viral diarrhea virus bracovirus broad bean ... virus mammalian type B oncovirus group mammalian type B retroviruses mammalian type C retrovirus ... C retroviruses type D oncovirus type D retrovirus group U valign top Uasin Gishu disease virus Uganda ... more details
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- Index of genetic engineering articles
Oncogene Oncogenes Oncovirus Oocyte Oogenesis Oogonia Opal codon Open reading frame Operator biology ... more details
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- Carcinogenesis
cell proliferation. Oncovirus Oncovirinae , retrovirus es that contain an oncogene , are categorized .... Viral main Oncovirus Furthermore, many cancers originate from a virus viral infection this is especially ... more details
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- Veterinary physician
oncovirus es, Salmonella species, Brucella species, and various other pathogen ic agents. Veterinarians ... more details
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