No footnotes date November 2010 italictitle Automatic taxobox fossil range Devonian image image caption taxon Acrimeroceras genus authority Becker , 1993 Acrimeroceras is an oxyconic Devonian Goniatitida gonitite and one of three genera included in the subfamily Paratornoceratinae . The others being Paratornoceras and Paratoceras or ex Polonites . Acrimeroceras has a shell like that of Paratornoceras with biconvex growth lines and constrictions and simple dorsal lobe. The adult shell is extremely compressed, smooth, oxyconic to lanceolate in section. Early growth stages are depressed, subglobular, smooth or ribbled, with an open umbilcus and rounded to suboxyconic venter, which sharpens relatively early during ontogeny. Sutural elements in general are broadly rounded except for the lateral lobe which is pointed and asymmetric. References Morphometric Analyses and Taxonomy of Oxyconic Goniatites Paratornoceratinae n. subfam from the Early Famennean Tafilalt of the Anti Atlas, Morocco in Proceeding of the Geological Survey, 57, Vienna, 2002. Acrimeroceras in http www.goniat.org taxHierarchy.html Goniat Taxonomy http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action basicTaxonInfo&taxon no 13603 Acrimeroceras Paleodb Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf. Paleozoic Ammonoidea. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology , Part L. R.C. Moore Ed . Geological Society of America, 1957. Category Goniatitida Ammonite stub pl Acrimeroceras ... more details
Image Bat calcar.jpg thumb A picture illustrating the location of the calcar on a bat. The calcar , also known as the calcaneum ref name multiple http www.earthlife.net mammals bat anatomy.html The Anatomy of Bats Bot generated title ref , is the name given to a spur of cartilage arising from inner side of ankle and running along part of outer interfemoral membrane in bat s ref name multiple ref name muliple4 The Handbook of British Mammals ASIN B000WPL1CO ref , this is to help spread the interfemoral membrane ref name multiple2 http www.si.edu Encyclopedia SI nmnh batfacts.htm Encyclopedia Smithsonian Bat Facts Bot generated title ref , which is part of the wing membrane between the tail and the hind legs. This membrane can form a basket or pouch to help catch and hold insects captured in flight ref name multiple2 http www.earthlife.net mammals bat anatomy.html The Anatomy of Bats Bot generated title ref . The oldest known ancestor to present day bats, Icaronycteris Icaronycteris index , apparently did not have a calcar or spur as evidenced by fossil remains. ref name multiple3 Ontogeny, Functional Ecology, and Evolution of Bats ISBN 978 0 52 162632 3 ref . Calcar Femorale also refers to the dense, vertically orientated bone present in the posteroemedial region of the femoral shaft under the lesser trochanter of the femur. References references Category Mammal anatomy bat stub de Calcar fr Calcar chiropt res it Calcar ... more details
Taxobox name Watsonisuchus image Watsonichus BW.jpg image width 250px fossil range Early Triassic regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata superclassis Tetrapoda classis Amphibia ordo Temnospondyli familia Mastodonsauridae genus Watsonisuchus genus authority Ochev, 1966 subdivision ranks Species subdivision W. magnus small type species type small W. aliciae W. gunganj W. madagascariensis Watsonisuchus is an extinct genus of Temnospondyli temnospondyl amphibian from the Early Triassic of Australia , Madagascar , and South Africa . ref name JSS03 cite journal last Steyer first J. Sebastien year 2003 title A revision of the Early Triassic captisaurs Stegocephali, Stereospondyli from Madagascar, with remarks on their comparative ontogeny journal Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology volume 23 issue 3 pages 544 555 doi 10.1671 1740 ref References reflist Dragons in the Dust The Paleobiology of the Giant Monitor Lizard Megalania by Ralph E. Molnar Pg. 39 Capitosauroidea Category Temnospondyls Category Triassic amphibians Category Prehistoric amphibians of Africa Category Prehistoric amphibians of Australia paleo amphibian stub triassic stub portal Paleontology ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Wetlugasaurus image Wetlugasaurus BW.jpg image width 250px fossil range Early Triassic regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata superclassis Tetrapoda classis Amphibia ordo Temnospondyli superfamilia Capitosauroidea familia Capitosauridae genus Wetlugasaurus genus authority Riabinin, 1930 subdivision ranks Species subdivision W. angustifrons small Riabinin, 1930 type species type small W. malachovi small Novikov, 1990 small W. samarensis small Sennikov, 1981 small Wetlugasaurus is an extinct genus of Temnospondyli temnospondyl amphibian from the Early Triassic of northern Russia and Greenland . ref http www.bioone.org doi abs 10.1671 1740 Steyer, J. S. 2003 A revision of the Early Triassic Capitosaurs Stegocephali, Stereospondyli from Madagascar, with remarks on their comparative ontogeny Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ref References Reflist The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia by Michael J. Benton, Mikhail A. Shishkin, David M. Unwin, and Evgenii N. Kurochkin. p. 35 59. Bibliography Of Fossil Vertebrates 1934 1938 by C. I. Camp Capitosauroidea Category Temnospondyls Category Triassic amphibians Category Prehistoric amphibians of Europe paleo amphibian stub triassic stub portal Paleontology es Wetlugasaurus pl Wetlugazaur ... more details
orphan date November 2009 italictitle Taxobox name Nephrolenellus status Fossil image image width image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Trilobita ordo Redlichiida subordo Olenellina superfamilia Olenelloidea genus Nephrolenellus genus authority subdivision ranks Species subdivision Nephrolenellus multinodus N. multinodus br Nephrolenellus geniculatus N. geniculatus Nephrolenellus is an extinct monophyletic genus of trilobite from the Superfamily Olenelloidea of the Order Redlichiida . It contains two fossil species N. multinodus and N. geniculatus . All specimens are known from the Great Basin of California, Nevada, and Arizona with one specimen from Canada. Nephrolenellus occurred during the upper Dyeran 516 Ma 513 Ma of the Lower Cambrian and thus is useful as a biostratigraphic marker for that strata. It has also been used to quantitatively study the effect of compaction on fossil morphology ref Webster, Mark, 2007, http jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org cgi content full 81 6 1168 Ontogeny and evolution of the early Cambrian trilobite genus Nephrolenellus Olenelloidea Journal of Paleontology, v. 81, p.1168 1193. Retrieved on 23 November 2008. ref . Notes reflist trilobite stub Category Trilobites Category Cambrian trilobites Category Prehistoric animals of North America ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Carbonita fossil range fossil range Carboniferous regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Crustacean Crustacea classis Ostracod a ordo Podocopida familia Carbonitidae genus Carbonita genus authority Strand, 1928 synonyms Carbonia small Jones, 1870 small ref name Retrum cite journal url http kuscholarworks.ku.edu dspace bitstream 1808 1520 1 jhsidjm.pdf title Early Permian Carbonitidae Ostracoda ontogeny, affinity, environment and systematics author Julie B. Retrum & Roger L. Kaesler journal Journal of Micropalaeontology volume 24 pages 179 190 year 2005 ref Carbonita is an extinct genus of nonmarine ostracod crustacean that lived during the Carboniferous period. Species The genus contains four species ref name Retrum Carbonita evelinae small Jones, 1870 small Carbonita pungens small Jones & Kirkby, 1867 small Carbonita ovata small Retrum & Kaesler, 2005 small Carbonita triangulata small Retrum & Kaesler, 2005 small References reflist DEFAULTSORT Carbonita Genus Category Carboniferous crustaceans Category Ostracods Crustacean stub ... more details
Automatic taxobox fossil range fossilrange Pliensbachian taxon Liparoceratidae authority Alpheus Hyatt Hyatt , 1867 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision see text Liparoceratidae is a family of Eoderocerataceae eoderoceratacean ammonites from the Lower Jurassic that combines genera with a variety of forms including dimorphs that change from one form to another during ontogeny . Three genera and six subgenera are included in the Liparoceridae according to D.T. Donovan in Donovan et al. 1981 Liparoceras including L . Liparoceras , L . Becheiceras , and L . Vicininodiceras Aegoceras including A . Aegoceras , A . Beaniceras , and A . Oistoceras and Androgynoceras . Arkell, et al. 1957 in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L list Liparoceras with Becheiceras and Vincininodiceras along with Parinodiceras separately as subgenera Beaniceras , Metacymbites , Oistoceras , and Platynoticeras but leave out Aegoceras . Parinodiceras and its equivalent, Platynoticeras are removed Donovan 1981 to the Polymorphitidae . Metacymbites is a smooth dwarf and may form a dimorphic pair with Liparoceras . The Liparoceratidae are thought to have evolved from the Eoderoceratidae along with the Coeloceratidae and Polymorphidae close to the same time during the Sinemurian stage of the Early Jurassic, and in the following Pliensbachian gave rise to the Amaltheidae . References Arkell, et al. , 1957. Mesozoic Ammonoidea, in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L Geological Soc. of America and University of Kansas press. Donovan, Callomon and Howarth 1981 Classification of the Jurassic Ammonitina Systematics Association. http www.rogov.zwz.ru Donovan, 20Callomon, 201981 J 20Ammon.PDF Category Ammonitida Ammonite stub ... more details
Antonio Garc a Bellido Fellow of the Royal Society ForMemRS born April 30, 1936 Madrid is a Spanish Developmental biologist . ref http www.elpais.com articulo portada cientifico iconoclasta elpeputec 20060910elpepspor 1 Tes full ref Life He is Research Professor at the Spanish National Research Council since 1974. citation needed date November 2011 References reflist External links cite journal pages 1277 90 doi 10.1387 ijdb.072384ag title Ontogeny of an adventurous mind The origin of Antonio Garcia Bellidos contributions to developmental genetics year 2009 last1 Ghysen first1 Alain journal The International Journal of Developmental Biology volume 53 pmid 19247947 issue 8 9 10 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Garcia Bellido, Antonio ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Biologist DATE OF BIRTH April 30, 1936 PLACE OF BIRTH Madrid, Spain DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Garcia Bellido, Antonio Category Foreign Members of the Royal Society Category 1936 births Category People from Madrid Category Spanish biologists Category Living people Category Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences ca Antonio Garc a Bellido es Antonio Garc a Bellido eu Antonio Garc a Bellido ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Against the Night Type Album Artist Jason Webley Cover Againstthenight.jpg Released 1999 Recorded Genre Folk music Folk Length 61 59 Label 11 Records Producer Jason Webley Last album Viaje br 1998 This album Against the Night br 1999 Next album Counterpoint album Counterpoint br 2002 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 4 5 ref Allmusic class album id r649073 pure url yes Allmusic review ref Automatically generated by DASHBot Against the Night is the second album, released originally in 1999, by Jason Webley . It was re released by Springman Records in 2003. He has been known to regard it as his depressing album, the soundtrack to a subtle apocalypse. It is his most popular album to date, and Webley regards it as the album where he really comes into his own as a songwriter. ref cite web url http www.jasonwebley.com music against.html title Against the Night accessdate 2007 11 02 publisher Jason Webley archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20071013115736 http jasonwebley.com music against.html archivedate 13 October 2007 DASHBot deadurl no ref Track listing Against the Night 4 41 2 am 2 19 Entropy 1 24 Winter 4 05 Devil be Good 2 54 Jack of Spades 1 55 Dance While the Sky Crashes Down 4 29 Ontogeny 2 15 Again the Night 3 40 Millennium Bug 4 02 Constellation Prize 2 12 Absinthe Makes the Heart Grow Fonder 5 23 Eleutheria 4 59 Captain, Where are We Going Now? 5 17 Back to the Garden 4 01 Last Song 6 05 Lullaby 2 18 Personnel Performed by Jason Webley. Drums on Ontogeny , Constellation Prize , and Back to the Garden by Michael McQuilken . Electric guitar on Back to the Garden by John Osebold . Screaming on 2 am recorded at the Blue Moon Tavern. Additional vocals on Eleutheria by Lauryn Cook s alternative tribe, and on Back to the Garden by John Banfill, Ben Dunlap, Jeff Harms, and Grant Mandarino. References refl ... more details
taxobox italictitle name Babiana socotrana status LC status system IUCN3.1 regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Monocots ordo Asparagales familia Iridaceae subfamilia Ixioideae tribus Ixieae genus Cyanixia genus authority Goldblatt & J.C. Manning type species Cyanixia socotrana type species authority J.D. Hooker Goldblatt & J.C. Manning Cyanixia socotrana syn. Babiana socotrana is a perennial , herbaceous and bulbous plant species in the Iridaceae family endemism endemic to Socotra . The genus name is derived from the Greek language Greek words Ixia , referring to the radially symmetrical flowers in the genus of that name, as well as cyanos , meaning blue . ref name Goldblatt2008 cite book author Manning, John Goldblatt, Peter title The Iris Family Natural History & Classification publisher Timber Press location Portland, Oregon pages 118 120 year 2008 isbn 0 88192 897 6 ref It was known until 2003 as Babiana socotrana . However, this species differs from all other members of the genus Babiana in the shape and type of pollen grain s, basic chromosome number, x 10, corm s globose and of axillary origin, and the morphology of the seed s. For this reason was excluded from Babiana and referred to the new genus Cyanixia . Other Babiana species have a basic chromosome number of x 7, terminal corm ontogeny, and pear shaped seeds. Cyanixia socotrana was previously assigned to Babiana because of superficial similarities in morphology, including plicate leaves and blue flowers, thought at the time to be bilabiate, although now known to be actinomorphic and rotate. DNA sequence analysis using the chloroplast gene matK confirms that Babiana is a monophyletic assemblage, whereas B. socotrana is sister to the Lapeirousia Savannosiphon clade of sub Saharan Africa . The latter shares axillary corm ontogeny, together with the southern African Micranthus , Thereianthus , and Watsonia plant Watsonia , in contrast to the more common situation in Crocoideae inclu ... more details
About the field of scientific research the journal Developmental Psychobiology journal Developmental psychobiology is an interdisciplinary field, encompassing developmental psychology , behavioral neuroscience biological psychology , neuroscience and many other areas of biology . The field covers all phases of ontogeny , with particular emphasis on prenatal, perinatal and early childhood development. Conducting research into basic aspects of development, for example, the development of infant attachment, sleep , eating , thermoregulation , learning and attention , occupies most developmental psychobiologists. At the same time, they are actively engaged in research on applied problems such as sudden infant death syndrome , the development and care of the preterm birth preterm infant , autism , and the effects of various prenatal insults e.g., maternal stress, alcohol exposure on the development of brain and behavior see Michel & Moore, 1995 . Developmental psychobiologists employ and integrate both biology biological and psychology psychological concepts and methods cf. Michel & Moore, 1995 and have historically been highly concerned with the interrelation between ontogeny and phylogenetics phylogeny or individual development and evolutionary processes see, e.g., Blumberg, 2002, 2005 Gottlieb, 1991 . Developmental psychobiologists also tend to be systems thinkers, avoiding the reification of artificial dichotomies e.g., nature vs. nurture . Many developmental psychobiologists thus take exception to both the favored methods and theoretical underpinnings of fields like evolutionary psychology see, e.g., Lickliter & Honeycutt, 2003 . References Michel, G. F., & Moore, C. L. 1995 . Developmental Psychobiology An Interdisciplinary Science . Cambridge, MA MIT Press. http www.amazon.com dp 0262133121 Blumberg, M.S. 2002 . Body Heat Temperature and Life On Earth. Harvard University Press. http www.amazon.com dp 0674013697 Blumberg, M.S. 2005 . Basic Instinct The Genesis of B ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Pholidoteuthis image Pholidoteuthis massyae.jpg image caption Pholidoteuthis massyae regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusc a classis Cephalopod a subclassis Coleoidea ordo Teuthida subordo Oegopsina familia Pholidoteuthidae familia authority William Adam malacologist Adam , 1950 genus Pholidoteuthis genus authority William Adam malacologist Adam , 1950 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Pholidoteuthis adami br Coffeebean Scaled Squid Pholidoteuthis massyae br ? Pholidoteuthis uruguayensis Pholidoteuthis is a genus of squid in the monotypic family Pholidoteuthidae , comprising at least two species. The defunct genus Tetronychoteuthis was previously incorporated into Pholidoteuthidae based upon a singular taxon known as Tetronychoteuthis massyae . Following the discovery of Pholidoteuthis boschmai in 1950, T. massaye was placed into Pholidoteuthis , with Tetronoychoteuthis considered a nomen dubium . P. boschmai is now considered a junior synonym of Pholidoteuthis massyae P. massyae . ref name OJB O Shea, S., G. Jackson & K.S. Bolstad 2007. PDFlink http www.tonmo.com science public Pholidoteuthis.pdf The nomenclatural status, ontogeny and morphology of Pholidoteuthis massyae Pfeffer, 1912 new comb Cephalopoda Pholidoteuthidae . 680 Kibibyte KiB application pdf, 696478 bytes Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries 17 425 435. DOI 10.1007 s11160 007 9047 9 ref Species Pholidoteuthis adami small Voss, 1956 small Pholidoteuthis massyae small Pfeffer, 1912 small ref name OJB coffeebean scaled squid ? Pholidoteuthis uruguayensis small Leta, 1987 small References reflist External links CephBase Genus Pholidoteuthis http www.tonmo.com forums forumdisplay.php?f 70 Pholidoteuthis discussion forum at TONMO.com http tolweb.org Pholidoteuthis 19835 Tree of Life web project Pholidoteuthis Category Squid Squid stub fr Pholidoteuthidae ... more details
Taxobox name Elongate Glassy Perchlet regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Actinopterygii ordo Perciformes familia Ambassidae genus Chanda species C. nama binomial Chanda nama binomial authority Hamilton taxonomy Hamilton , 1822 The elongate glassy perchlet , Chanda nama , is a species of freshwater fish in the Asiatic glassfish family biology family Ambassidae of order biology order Perciformes , the monotypic only species in the genus Chanda . It is native to an area of south Asia from Pakistan to Burma , in the Indomalaya ecozone . The elongate glassy perchlet reaches a maximum overall length of 11 cm 4.3 in . The species inhabits canals, ponds, streams, and flooded rice paddies, in both fresh and brackish water, and is found in particular abundance during the rainy season. The species feeds on mosquito larva e and worm s and also eats the scales of other fishes Lepidophagy , the species may have potential use in controlling malaria and parasite s. The fish are harvested and sold for food in local markets. Several other species of family Ambassidae were formerly classified in genus Chanda, including the well known Indian glassy fish , Parambassis ranga , the glassfish of the aquarium trade and the high finned glass perchlet , Parambassis lala , once considered the type species of the genus. The elongate glassy perchlet is known by a variety of names locally, including perchlet and several variations on its generic name chanda , channa , etc. internationally it is also known as the elongated glassfish. References FishBase genus genus Chanda month October year 2004 FishBase species genus Chanda species nama month October year 2004 ITIS id 645501 taxon Chanda nama accessdate 5 December 2004 Archis R. Grubh, Kirk O. Winemiller 2004 Ontogeny of Scale Feeding in the Asian Glassfish, Chanda nama Ambassidae Copeia 4 903 907. Category Ambassidae Category Fish of Pakistan Category Monotypic fish genera Category Animals described in 1822 ca Chanda nama de Chand ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Ecology is a broad biological science and can be divided into many sub disciplines using various criteria. Many of these fields overlap, complement and inform each other. Indeed, few of these disciplines exist in isolation. For example, the population ecology of an organism is a consequence of its behavioral ecology and intimately tied to its community ecology . Methods from molecular ecology might inform the study of the population, and all kinds of data are modeled and analyzed using quantitative ecology techniques. When discussing the study of a single species, a distinction is usually made between its biology and its ecology . For example, polar bear biology might include the study of the polar bear s physiology , morphology biology morphology , pathology and ontogeny , whereas polar bear ecology would include a study of its prey species, its population and metapopulation status, distribution, dependence on environmental conditions, etc. In that sense, there can be as many subdisciplines of ecology as there are species to study. Other criteria Ecology can also be classified on the basis of the primary kinds of organism under study, e.g. animal ecology , plant ecology , insect ecology the biomes principally studied, e.g. forest ecology , grassland ecology , desert ecology , benthic ecology , marine ecology , urban ecology the geographic or climatic area, e.g. arctic ecology , tropical ecology the spatial scale under consideration, e.g. macroecology , landscape ecology the philosophical approach, e.g. systems ecology which adopts a holistic approach the methods used, e.g. molecular ecology . List of subdisciplines Specialized branches of ecology include, among others DEFAULTSORT Ecology Disciplines Category Ecology ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Lichida fossil range Fossilrange Ordovician Devonian image Terataspis grandis e.JPG image caption Terataspis grandis regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Trilobita ordo Lichida ordo authority Joseph Curtis Moore Moore , 1959 subdivision ranks Superfamilies subdivision Dameselloidea Lichoidea Odontopleuroidea Lichida is an order of typically spiny trilobite that lived from the Ordovician to the Devonian period. Morphology These trilobites usually have 8 13 thorax thoracic segments. Their exoskeletons often have a grainy texture or have tubercles. Some species are extraordinarily spiny, having spiny thoracic segments that are as long or longer than the entire body, from cephalon arthropod anatomy cephalon head to pygidium tail . The sections of the pygidia are leaf like in shape and also typically end in spines. Evolution It is often said and quoted that the spiny character of these trilobites could possibly have come about as a defense against the rapidly evolving jawed fish es of the Silurian and Devonian periods. However, this fails to explain why the lichid trilobites, especially those of the Family biology family Odontopleuridae , first began evolving large spines and in some cases, spiny spines during the start of the Ordovician period, long before the advent of jawed vertebrates. References refbegin http www.trilobites.info lichidaguide.htm Lichida Guide from the Guide to the 8 Orders of Trilobites by Sam Gon III. Margaret J. Campbell & Brian D. E. Chatterton, 2009. Silurian Lichid Trilobites from Northwestern Canada Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Lichids. Journal of Paleontology 83 2 , p. 263 79 DOI 10.1666 07 140R1.1 H. B. Whittington, 2002. Lichidae Trilobita Morphology and Classification. Journal of Paleontology 76 2 , p 306 20 DOI 10.1666 0022 3360 2002 076 0306 LTMAC 2.0.CO 2 refend wikispecies Category Trilobites Category Ordovician trilobites Category Silurian trilobites Category Devonian trilobites es Lichida fr Lichida ... more details
File Trilobite sections en.svg thumb The tagmata of a trilobite cephalon, thorax and pygidium In invertebrate biology , a tagma plural tagmata is a specialized grouping of arthropod segmentation biology segment s, such as the head, the thorax , and the abdomen with a common function. ref cite book author D. R. Khanna year 2004 title Biology of Arthropoda publisher Discovery Publishing House isbn 9788171418978 url http books.google.co.uk books?id Hd4OEDo4gbwC ref The segments of a tagma may be either fused or moveable. Tagmata Tagma divisions vary among taxa . For example, in trilobite s the tagmata are the cephalon arthropod anatomy cephalon head , thorax body , and Trilobite Terminology pygidium tail , whereas in Hexapoda hexapods , these same divisions are called head , thorax, and abdomen. The bodies of spider s and some crustacean s are divided into two tagmata the cephalothorax and the opisthosoma spiders or abdomen crustaceans . Tagmosis The evolution ary process that creates tagmata by fusing and modifying segments is called tagmosis , which is an extreme form of wikt heteronomous heteronomy , mediated by Hox gene Hox genes and the other developmental genes they influence. ref cite book author Alessandro Minelli year 2003 title The development of animal form ontogeny, morphology, and evolution publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 9780521808514 chapter Body Regions Their Boundaries and Complexity pages 79 105 url http books.google.co.uk books?id ThzSi5bMDE0C&pg PA85 ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Tagma Biology Category Arthropod anatomy ca Tagma de Tagma Anatomie es Tagma eu Tagma no Tagma nn Tagmose pl Tagmy pt Tagma ro Tagm ru ... more details
An endostyle is a longitudinal cilia ted groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles. It is found in urochordate s and cephalochordate s, and in the larvae of lamprey s. It aids in transporting food to the esophagus . It is also called the hypopharyngeal groove. The endostyle in larval lampreys ammocetes Metamorphosis biology metamorphoses into the thyroid gland in adults, and is regarded as being Homology biology homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrate s. However, Dumont, et al. have questioned whether the endostyle in ammocetes is homologous with that of the urochordates and cephalochordates. It is generally considered as a synapomorphy of chordates. Since the endostyle is found in the three branches of chordate s, it is presumed to have arisen in the common ancestor of these Taxon taxa , along with a shift to internal feeding for extracting suspended food from the water. References reflist No footnotes date September 2009 Marine, David. 1913. http jem.rupress.org content 17 4 379.abstract The Metamorphosis of the Endostyle Thyroid Gland of Ammocoetes branchialis Larval Land Locked Petromyzon marinus Jordan or Petromyzon dorsatus Wilder , The Journal of Experimental Medicine , 17 379 395. Ogasawara, M. and Satoh, N. 1998. http www.biolbull.org cgi content abstract 195 1 60 Isolation and Characterization of Endostyle Specific Genes in the Ascidian Ciona intestinalis , The Biological Bulletin , 195 60 69. Dumont, J. E., Corvilain, B., and Maenhaut, C. 2002. http www.thyroidmanager.org Chapter1 chapter01.pdf Chapter 1 The Phylogeny, Ontogeny, Anatomy, and Metabolic Regulation of the Thyroid , Thyroid Disease Manager . Category Chordate anatomy chordate stub animal anatomy stub cs Endostyl de Endostyl es Endostilo pl Endostyl pt End stilo uk ... more details
Dynamical genetics concerns the study and the interpretation of those phenomena in which physiological Enzyme enzymatic protein complex es alter the DNA , in a more or less sophisticated way. The study of such mechanisms is important firstly since they promote useful functions, as for example the V D J recombination immune system recombination on Ontogeny individual scale and the Chromosomal crossover crossing over on Evolution evolutionary scale secondly since they may sometimes become harmful because of some malfunctioning, causing for example Neurodegenerative disease neurodegenerative disorders . Typical examples of dynamical genetics subjects are The Sherman paradox dynamic mutations , term introduced by Robert I. Richards and Grant R. Sutherland ref name pmid9397685 cite journal author Richards RI, Sutherland GR title Dynamic mutation possible mechanisms and significance in human disease journal Trends Biochem. Sci. volume 22 issue 11 pages 432 6 year 1997 pmid 9397685 doi 10.1016 S0968 0004 97 01108 0 ref to indicate mutation s caused by other mutations this phenomenon often involves the Variable number tandem repeats Variable Number Tandem Repeats , closely related to many neurodegenerative disease s, as the trinucleotide repeat disorders interpreted by Anita Harding . dynamic genome, term introduced by Nina Fedoroff and David Botstein to indicate the Transposon transposition discovered by Barbara McClintock . V D J recombination immune V D J recombination discovered by Tonegawa Susumu Susumu Tonegawa and Antibody isotype class switching , terms introduced to indicate two kinds of immune system recombinations, which are the main cause of the enormous variety of antibodies. horizontal DNA transfer discovered by Frederick Griffith that indicates the DNA transfer between two organisms. Chromosomal crossover crossing over discovered by Thomas Hunt Morgan mediated by formation and unwinding by means of peculiar enzymatic complexes such as helicase of uncommon fou ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin lacuna magna GraySubject 256 GrayPage 1235 Image Gray1142.png Caption The male urethra laid open on its anterior upper surface, lacuna magna labeled near the glans penis bottom . Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf In male anatomy , the lacuna magna also called Gu rin s sinus is the largest of several recesses in the roof of the navicular fossa of male urethra navicular fossa of the urethra . Its embryology embryologic origin is contested, but recent evidence suggests it and the navicular fossa derive from infiltrating endoderm al cells of the urethral plate . ref cite journal author Kurzrock E, Baskin L, Cunha G title Ontogeny of the male urethra theory of endodermal differentiation journal Differentiation volume 64 issue 2 pages 115 22 year 1999 pmid 10234808 doi 10.1046 j.1432 0436.1999.6420115.x ref In young males, the presence of the lacuna magna is associated with painful urination dysuria , bloody urine hematuria , and bloody spotting of underwear. ref cite journal author Bellinger M, Purohit G, Duckett J, Cromie W title Lacuna magna a hidden cause of dysuria and bloody spotting in boys journal J. Pediatr. Surg. volume 18 issue 2 pages 163 6 year 1983 pmid 6854496 doi 10.1016 S0022 3468 83 80542 9 ref ref cite journal author Sommer J, Stephens F title Dorsal urethral diverticulum of the fossa navicularis symptoms, diagnosis and treatment journal J. Urol. volume 124 issue 1 pages 94 7 year 1980 pmid 7411733 ref References references Category Male reproductive system Category Urinary system ... more details
Taxobox color lightgreen name Dictyochloropsis domain Eukaryota regnum Viridiplantae phylum Chlorophyta classis Trebouxiophyceae ordo Microthamniales genus Dictyochloropsis genus authority Geitler 1966 subdivision ranks Species biology Species subdivision Dictyochloropsis irregularis D. irregularis Dictyochloropsis reticulata D. reticulata Dictyochloropsis splendida D. splendida Dictyochloropsis symbiontica D. symbiontica synonyms Dictyochloropsis Geitler Dictyochloropsis is a genus biology genus of algae of the order biology order Microthamniales . ref See the National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Info&id 40980 webpage on Dictyochloropsis . Data extracted from the cite web url ftp ftp.ncbi.nih.gov pub taxonomy title NCBI taxonomy resources publisher National Center for Biotechnology Information accessdate 2007 03 19 ref Description Species in this genus are characterized by single uninucleate cells, and asexual reproduction takes place by means of naked zoospore s with typical insertion of the flagella . ref Tschermak Woess E. 1980 . Chaenothecopsis consociata kein parasitischer oder parasymbiontischer Pilz, sondern lichenisiert mit Dictyochloropsis symbiontica , spec. nova. Plant Systematics and Evolution 136 287 306. ref ref Tschermak Woess E. 1984 . ber die weite Verbreitung lichenisierter Sippen von Dictyochloropsis und die systematische Stellung von Myrmecia reticulata Chlorophyta . Plant Systematics and Evolution 147 299 322. ref Individual species within the genus are distinguished on the basis of chloroplast appearance observed in light microscopy light or confocal microscopy . ref kaloud P, Neustup J, Radochov B, Kub nov L. 2005 . Confocal microscopy of chloroplast morphology and ontogeny in three strains of Dictyochloropsis Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta . Phycologia 44 261 269. ref References reflist 1 External links Scientific references Taxonomic references taxon Dictyochlorops ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Brachyuranochampsa fossil range fossilrange 83.5 46.2 Late Cretaceous Eocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Sauropsida subclassis Diapsid a infraclassis Archosauromorpha unranked superordo Crurotarsi superordo Crocodylomorpha ordo Crocodilia familia Crocodile Crocodylidae genus Brachyuranochampsa genus authority Zangerl, 1944 subdivision ranks Species subdivision B. eversolei small Zangerl, 1944 type species type small B. zangerli small Mook, 1962 small Brachyuranochampsa is an extinct crocodilia n closely related to, but not within, Crocodylidae . Although reported from as old as the late Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous ref Ryan, M. J., Russell, A. P., Eberth, D. A., and Currie, P. J. 2001 . The taphonomy of a Centrosaurus Ornithischia Ceratopsidae bone bed from th Dinosaur Park Formation Upper Campanian , Alberta, Canada, with comments on cranial ontogeny. Palaios 16 482 506 ref , the only robust occurrence of Brachyuranochampsa is B. eversolei from Wyoming ref Zangerl, R. 1944 . Brachyuranochampsa eversolei , gen. et sp. nov., a new crocodilian from the Washakie beds of Wyoming. Annals of Carnegie Museum , 30 77 84 ref . Another species, B. zangerli from the lower Bridger Formation at Grizzly Buttes , has been synonymized with another primitive crocodyloid, Crocodylus affinis , also known from the Bridger Formation ref Brochu, C.A. 1997 . Morphology, fossils, divergence timing, and the phylogenetic relationships of Gavialis. Systematic Biology 47 479 522 ref References reflist External links http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 38439&is real user 1 Brachyuranochampsa in the Paleobiology Database Category Cretaceous crocodylomorpha Category Paleogene crocodylomorpha Category Prehistoric reptiles of North America es Brachyuranochampsa pl Brachyuranochampsa ... more details
Automatic taxobox fossil range fossilrange Upper Devonian Middle Permian superfamilia Prolecanitaceae subdivision ranks Families subdivision Prolecanitidae Daraelitidae Prolecanitaceae is a taxonomic superfamily of ammonite s, fossil cephalopod s. This is one of two superfamilies in the Prolecanitida. The other is the Medlicottiaceae . The Prolecanitiaceae are found in the Upper Devonian to the Middle Permian and are recognized basically by their generally smooth discoidal to lentincular mollusc shell shells which have a large umbilicus mollusc umbilicus and goniatitic to ceratitic suture anatomy sutures . In this order, suture complexity developed by the addition of lobes from the umbilical area, across the flanks, during the life ontogeny of the animal, and phylogenetically with succeeding genera. The Prolecanitaceae combines two related families, the ancestral Prolecanitidae and the derived Daraelitidae. A third family, the Prodromitidae has been abandoned and its sole genus, Prodromites included in the Prolecanitidae. These two families differ primarily in the complexity of the suture which is simpler and goniatitic in the Prodromitidae and more complex and ceratitic in the Daraelitidae. The Prolecanitaceae are distinguished from the Medlicottiacea primarily by their rounded rather than flat or grooved vente and large as opposed to small umbilici. The Prolecanitaceae are now known by the name, Prolecanitoidea, following the recent ruling of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ICZN regarding superfamilies. The suffix oidea was previously used for some time in invertebrate taxononies as the ending for subclasses, e.g. Ammonoidea. The Prolecanitaceae are also sometimes known as the suborder Prolecanitina. References Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf, 1957 Paleozoic Ammonoidea, esp. superfamily Prolecanitaceae, L69, in The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Ammonoidea. Saunders and Work Abstract Evolution of shell morphology and suture ... more details
File MLMoss1968.jpg thumb right 250px Dr. Melvin Moss, originator of the functional matrix hypothesis. In the Embryogenesis development of Vertebrate vertebrate animals , the functional matrix hypothesis is a phenomenological description of bone growth. It proposes that the origin, development and maintenance of all skeletal units are secondary, compensatory and mechanically obligatory responses to temporally and operationally prior demands of related functional matrices. ref Salentijn, L. Functional anatomy of the head and neck , Columbia University College of Dental Medicine post graduate dental lecture series, 2009 ref The fundamental basis for this hypothesis, laid out by Columbia University College of Dental Medicine Columbia Human anatomy anatomy professor Melvin L. Moss, is that bones do not grow but are grown , ref Fonseca, Raymond J. http books.google.com books?id XjLdFSotfiEC&pg PA246&lpg PA246&dq functional matrix theory&source bl&ots EDL48mQFLi&sig bzpqlQ9rJ9DTl3PUp0Xs26fw52g&hl en&ei GACvSvP J422lAeBr7XmBg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 8 v onepage&q functional 20matrix 20theory&f false Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Volume 6 , p 246. ref thus stressing the ontogeny ontogenetic primacy of function over form. ref name FHA Find Health Articles.com http www.find health articles.com rec pub 9294365 the functional matrix hypothesis revisited 3 genomic thesis.htm The functional matrix hypothesis revisited. 3. The genomic thesis , August 30, 1997 ref This is in contrast to the current conventional wisdom conventional scientific wisdom that genomic i.e. genetic , rather than epigenetic non genetic factors, control such growth. ref name FHA The theory was introduced as a chapter in a dental textbook in 1962. ref New York Times http www.nytimes.com 2006 06 29 nyregion 29moss.html Dr. Melvin Moss, 83, Theorist on How Bones of Face Grow, Is Dead , June 29 , 2006 ref See also Wolff s law References Reflist Category Developmental biology ... more details
Infobox scientist name Gregory M. Erickson image filename only image size caption birth date birth place death date death place residence citizenship nationality ethnicity fields Paleobiology workplaces Florida State University alma mater doctoral advisor academic advisors doctoral students notable students known for author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced awards religion signature footnotes Gregory M. Erickson , Ph.D. in paleobiology at Florida State University . Erickson have produced many papers on the ontogeny and forces alligator s and dinosaurus , especially on the theropod Tyrannosaurus rex . Erickson has also been contributing when naming and describing some dinosaur genera, like Guanlong 2006 and Limusaurus 2009 . He is also a strong proponent to the idea of a dinosauria n origin of birds . ref http www.bio.fsu.edu erickson . ref Erickson has also been featured in BBC s program The Truth About Killer Dinosaurs , in which he estimates the bite force of Tyrannosaurus rex . He was also featured in an episode of Science Of Sex Appeal Discovery Channel , which discuss how dinosaurs reproduced. Publications Xu Xing paleontologist Xu, Xing Clark, James M Forster, Catherine A Norell, Mark A Erickson, Gregory M Eberth, David A Jia, Chengkai & Zhao, Qi 9 February 2006 . http lesdinos.free.fr Ty160.pdf A basal tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China Nautre , 9 715 718. doi 10.1038 nature04511 References references External links http www.bio.fsu.edu faculty erickson.php Gregory M. Erickson s profile at Florida State University s homepage. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Erickson, Gregory M ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Erickson, Gregory M Category American paleontologists Category Living people ... more details
taxobox image Tragia ramosa 4.jpg regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Malpighiales familia Euphorbiaceae genus Tragia species T. ramosa binomial Tragia ramosa binomial authority John Torrey Torr. Tragia ramosa is a species of flowering plant in the Euphorbiaceae euphorb family known by the common name branched noseburn . It is native to the southwestern and southcentral United States and northern Mexico, where it grows in scrub, woodland, and other desert and plateau habitat. It is a perennial herb growing mostly erect, measuring 10 to 30 centimeters in maximum height. It is covered in long, rough Urticating hair stinging hairs . ref Thurston, E. L. 1976 . Morphology, fine structure and ontogeny of the stinging emergence of Tragia ramosa and T. saxicola Euphorbiaceae . American Journal of Botany 63 6 710 18. ref The leaves have lance shaped or oval blades with toothed edges which are borne on Petiole botany petioles . The plant is plant sexuality monoecious its inflorescence contains a few male flowers and usually one female flower. The flowers lack petals but have green sepal s. The female flower yields a small capsule. Commons Tragia ramosa References reflist External links http ucjeps.berkeley.edu cgi bin get JM treatment.pl?3618,3689,3690 Jepson Manual Treatment http plants.usda.gov java profile?symbol TRRA5 USDA Plants Profile http calphotos.berkeley.edu cgi img query?query src photos index&where taxon Tragia ramosa Photo gallery Category Tragia ramosa Euphorbiaceae stub ... more details
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