The openquestionargument is a philosophical argument put forward by British philosopher G. E. Moore ... premise. He assumes that the question is a meaningful one i.e. that it is an openquestion . This begs the question and the openquestionargument thus fails. In response to this, the openquestion ... The main assumption within the openquestionargument can be found within premise 1. It is assumed that analytic ... books?id RUicWaTjPJUC&pg PA230 ref The argument takes the form of syllogistic modus tollens Premise 1 If X is good, then the question Is it true that X is good? is meaningless. Premise 2 The question Is it true that X is good? is not meaningless i.e. it is an openquestion . Conclusion X is not analytically equivalent to good. The type of question Moore refers to in this argument is an identity question, Is it true that X is Y ? Such a question is an openquestion if a conceptually competent speaker can question this otherwise the question is closed. For example, I know he is a vegetarian, but does he eat meat? would be a closed question. However, Is the Venus morning star the same thing as the Venus evening star ? is an openquestion the question cannot be deduced from the conceptual terms alone. The openquestionargument claims that any attempt to identify morality with some set of observable, natural properties will always be an openquestion unlike, say, a horse, which can be defined ... in the question Is it true that X is Y? being meaningless by Moore s own argument , to say that the question ... the question of Is X good? can be meaningful. Ergo premise 1 does not hold and the argument falls ... is H sub 2 sub O is an openquestion note that this does not address the issue of significance ... physical e.g. God s command . That is, Moore s argument attempts to show that no moral property is identical ..., all purported naturalistic definitions of good are transformable into open questions. It s still ... Begging the question The idea that Moore begs the question i.e. assumes the conclusion in a premise ... more details
Merge question answering date June 2010 In information retrieval , an open domain question answering system aims at returning an answer in response to the user s question. The returned answer is in the form of short texts rather than a list of relevant documents. The system uses a combination of techniques from computational linguistics , information retrieval and knowledge representation for finding answers. The system takes a natural language question as an input rather than a set of keywords, for example, When is the national day of China? The sentence is then transformed into a query through its logical form . Having the input in the form of a natural language question makes the system more user friendly, but harder to implement, as there are various question types and the system will have to identify the correct one in order to give a sensible answer. Assigning a question type to the question is a crucial task, the entire answer extraction process relies on finding the correct question type and hence the correct answer type. Keyword Data extraction extraction is the first step for identifying the input question type. In some cases, there are clear words that indicate the question type directly. i.e. Who , Where or How many , these words tell the system that the answers should be of type Person , Location , Number respectively. In the example above, the word When indicates that the answer ... more than one type. In situations like this, other words in the question need to be considered. First thing to do is to find the words that can indicate the meaning of the question. A lexical dictionary such as WordNet can then be used for understanding the context. Once the question type has ... in the question type analysis stage. Inference technique can also be used to validate the candidate answers. A score is then given to each of these candidates according to the number of question words ... example, the expected output answer is 1st Oct. See also Question answering References cite book last ... more details
About the subject as it is studied in logic and philosophy In philosophy and logic , an argument is an attempt ... conclusion. ref http www.iep.utm.edu argumentArgument , Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. In everyday life, we often use the word argument to mean a verbal dispute or disagreement. This is not the way ... typically presents an argument for his or her position, in the sense described above. In philosophy ... theory of argument New Jersey Laurence Erlbaum, 2000 , 46 49. ref The general structure of an argument ... H. Johnson, Manifest Rationality A pragmatic theory of argument New Jersey Laurence Erlbaum, 2000 , 46. ref ref The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd Ed. CUM, 1995 Argument a sequence of statements ... ref Many arguments can also be formulated in a formal language . An argument in a formal language ... . In a typical deductive argument , the premises are meant to provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion, while in an inductive argument , they are thought to provide reasons supporting ... http www.iep.utm.edu argumentArgument , Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ref Ways of formulating ... visible and must sometimes be made explicit by analysis. Standard argument types There are several ... the truth of a particular claim. A Deductive reasoning deductive argument asserts that the truth of the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises. An inductive argument , on the other hand ... . While statements in an argument are referred to as being either true or false , arguments are referred to as being valid or invalid see logical truth . A deductive argument is valid if and only ..., and its corresponding conditional is therefore a logical truth. A sound argument is a valid argument with true premises a valid argument may well have false premises. Deductive arguments Main Deductive argument A deductive argument is one which, if valid, has a conclusion that is Entailment entail .... If an argument is valid, and its premises are true, the conclusion must be true a valid argument ... more details
Name The Argument Type studio Artist Fugazi band Fugazi Cover Fugazi The Argument cover.jpg Released ... band Fugazi , Don Zientara Last album Instrument Soundtrack br 1999 This album The Argument br 2001 The Argument is the sixth studio album from the post hardcore band Fugazi band Fugazi released on October ... & Meaning The Argument saw Fugazi continue to expand upon the more experimental art rock leanings ... into their sound. ref name allmusic True, Chris. http www.allmusic.com album the argument r543343 review The Argument . AMG Guide. Retrieved 4 28 11 ref The album also featured the first extensive ... about a greater argument that these giant airplanes are dropping tons of homicidal weaponry, blowing the shit out of everybody, and guys are running around with guns. And that is an argument of colossal ... The band began work on the The Argument in early 2000, after touring in support of End Hits ... recommends fugaziguy.html title Guy Picciotto of Fugazi The Argument 2001 Interview work Morphizm ... . http www.ew.com ew article 0,,253657,00.html The Argument . Entertainment Weekly . pg. 110. ref rev4 Q magazine Q rev4Score Rating 4 5 ref Columnist. 2001 . The Argument . Q magazine Q . pg. 135. ref rev5 Alternative Press rev5Score Rating 4 5 ref Columnist. 2001 . The Argument . Alternative Press . pg. 82. ref rev6 NME rev6Score Rating 4 5 ref Columnist. 2001 . The Argument . NME . pg. 42. ref ... the argument The Argument . pitchfork.com. Retrieved on March 17, 2010. ref rev8 Robert Christgau rev8Score ... Italian language Italian . Retrieved on March 17, 2010. ref The Argument was released by Dischord Records ... called it bracing and intellectual ref Berger, Arion. http www.rollingstone.com music albumreviews the argument 20011113 Fugazi The Argument Rollingstone.com. Retrieved 4 28 11. ref and Chris True of AllMusic ... on strange new territory. ref name allmusic Overall critical response to The Argument was very positive ... name metacritic cite web url http www.metacritic.com music artists fugazi argument title Fugazi ... more details
Primary sources article date June 2007 Infobox single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name Question Cover ... br 2005 This single Question br 2005 Next single Hypnotize System of a Down song Hypnotize br 2005 Misc Extra album cover Upper caption UK enhanced single cover Type Single Cover Question UK Enhanced ... single of Question . Extra album cover Upper caption DVD single cover Type Single Cover Questiondvdsingle.jpg Img size Only for images narrower than 220 pixels Lower caption Cover of the DVD single of Question ... prev no 7 this track Question track no 8 next track Sad Statue next no 9 External music video Youtube ENBv2i88g6Y QuestionQuestion is a song by the band System of a Down . It is the second music ... of Question was released in the United States as Hypnotize Value Added , available only at Best Buy stores, that doesn t feature the album version of Question . Composition Question is written in the key ... Track listing Question Promo single Track listing collapsed lyrics credits yes music credits yes title1 Question lyrics1 S. Tankian music1 S. Tankian, D. Malakian length1 3 20 Question Single Track listing collapsed lyrics credits yes music credits yes title1 Question lyrics1 S. Tankian music1 ... D. Malakian, S. Odadjian length2 3 54 note2 Live Question UK enhanced single Hypnotize Value Added Best Buy Exclusive U.S. Track listing collapsed lyrics credits yes music credits yes title1 Question ..., D. Malakian music3 D. Malakian length3 3 27 note3 Live at the Big Day Out 2005 title4 Question ... 2005 Question DVD single Track listing collapsed lyrics credits yes music credits yes title1 Question lyrics1 S. Tankian music1 S. Tankian, D. Malakian length1 3 47 note1 Music Video title2 B.Y.O.B. ... gZBQsRz3xdU Question Official music video System of a Down Category System of a Down songs Category 2005 singles Category Songs produced by Rick Rubin es Question eu Question fr Question hr Question it Question nl Question pt Question ru Question sv Question uk Question ... more details
In linguistics , an A not A question is a polar question that offers two opposite possibilities for the answer. Examples in English are Are you happy or sad? and Are you happy or not? . The answer to the former must be an echo answer , stating the correct alternative I am sad however, the answer to the latter can be yes and no yes or no in response to the first and more explicitly stated alternative. Mandarin Chinese frequently uses A not A questions and answers them with echo answers, as in these examples ref Li, Charles N., and Thompson, Sandra A., Mandarin Chinese A Functional Reference Grammar , Univ. of California Press, 1981. ref rp pp.558 563 N y o bu y o ch j zi? You want not want eat orange? Y o. Want. Bu y o. Not want. T m n m n de p o h ishi bu m n m n de p o? S he slowly run or not slowly run? M n m n de p o. Slowly run. Bu m n m n de p o Not slowly run. References reflist Linguistics stub Category Human communication Category Grammar ... more details
that should be answered with a counter question. There are questions that should be put ... canon sutta anguttara an04 042.html Source A question may be either a linguistic expression ... a question may guide the questioner along an avenue of research see Socratic method . A rhetorical question is asked to make a point, and does not expect an answer often the answer is implied or obvious ... monograph e.g. Who Asked the First Question? . McKenzie lists 17 types of questions in his http ... these types in his article http questioning.org oct07 punchy.html Punchy Question Combinations . Examples of his question types include the irreverent question , the apparently irrelevant question , the hypothetical question and the unanswerable question . Questions can be wikt felicitous ... projects Descriptive question , used primarily to describe the existence of some thing or process. Relational question , designed to look at the relationships between two or more variables. Causal question , designed to determine whether one or more variables causes or affects one or more ... Base ref In surveys Dichotomous question s, usually these questions require yes no answers or require ... question s, these types of questions are designed to inquire about a level of quantitative measure. Usually ... question s also called filter questions , or contingency questions These types of questions are designed to determine if the individual answering the question needs to continue on to answer subsequent ... be changed into a question by replacing something with what and moving it, as well as adding the auxiliary ... punctuation, such as the question mark Combinations of any of the above are possible, as well as alternative ... written in Latin alphabet Latin or Cyrillic script Cyrillic , a question mark at the end ... ways of expressing affirmation and denial from the standard form of question, and they can be confusing ... negated question. For example, if one does not have a passport, both Do you have a passport? and Don ... more details
objection to the argument is that it leaves open the question of why the First Cause is unique in that it does ...Philosophy of religion sidebar The cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of a Primum movens First Cause or instead, an Uncaused cause to the universe, and by extension is often used as an argument ... . It is traditionally known as an argument from universal causation , an argument from first cause , the causal argument or the argument from existence . Whichever term is employed, there are three basic variants of the argument, each with subtle yet important distinctions the arguments from Causality in causa causality , Essence in esse essentiality , Becoming philosophy in fieri becoming , and the argument ... as the main argument for the existence of God. History this section is linked to from the article ..., though each had certain notable caveats. Plato posited a basic argument in The Laws Book X , in which ... of self originated motion to set it in motion and to maintain that motion. ref Cosmological Argument ... VIII, 4 6 Metaphysics XII, 1 6. ref Aristotle s famous argument was contrary to the atomism atomist ... Aristotle s argument, as if the intention had been to prove God s existence. Like Plato, Aristotle ... or desire , ref Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God , in Macmillan Encyclopedia ... c. 980 1037 inquired into the question of being , in which he distinguished between essence Mahiat ... of any actual infinite. Referring to the argument as the Kalam cosmological argument ... the argument he found in his reading of Aristotle and Avicenna to form one of the most influential versions of the cosmological argument. ref Scott David Foutz, http www.quodlibet.net aqu5ways.shtml ... of the argument. Argument A version of the cosmological argument could be stated as follows Every ... must exist. According to the argument, the existence of the Universe requires an explanation .... In light of the Big Bang theory , a stylized version of argument has emerged sometimes called ... more details
Good article Philosophy of religion sidebar An ontological argument for the existence of God or simply ontological argument is any one of a category of arguments for the existence of God . The exact criteria ... accepted that the first ontological argument was proposed by Anselm of Canterbury . Anselm ... and in reality. Seventeenth century French philosopher Ren Descartes deployed a similar argument. Descartes published several variations of his argument, each of which centered on the idea that God ... that a supremely perfect being is a coherent concept. A more recent ontological argument came from Kurt G del , who proposed a formal logic formal argument for God s existence. Norman Malcolm revived the ontological argument in 1960 when he located a second, stronger ontological argument in Anselm s work Alvin Plantinga challenged this argument and proposed an alternative, based on modal logic ... . The first critic of the ontological argument was Anselm s contemporary, Gaunilo of Marmoutiers ... that it has Reductio ad absurdum absurd consequences . Thomas Aquinas later rejected the argument .... Classification The traditional definition of an ontological argument was given by Immanuel Kant ... the ontological argument literally any argument concerned with being ref name Smart1969 cite ... argument cosmological and physio theoretical arguments. ref name Kenny2001 cite book author ... characteristics of an ontological argument analyticity, necessity, and a priority are found in all ontological ... in God , suggested that a better definition of an ontological argument would employ only considerations .... Craig argued that an argument can be classified as ontological if it attempts to deduce the existence ... the ontological argument may have been implicit in the works of Greek philosophers such as Plato and the Neoplatonists , ref Cite book title Rethinking the ontological argument a neoclassical theistic ... ref the mainstream view is that the ontological argument was first clearly stated and developed ... more details
open source, cross platform java fx Argument mapping and evaluation, using proof standards XML argument exchange http demmattoul.blogspot.com DeMMaTTouL open source, Linux, Windows, Mac argument mapping ... An argument map is a visual representation of the structure of an argument in informal logic . It includes the components of an argument such as a main contention , premise s, co premise s, objection argument objections , counterargument rebuttals and lemma logic lemmas . Typically an argument map ... such as evidential support. Argument mapping is often designed to support deliberation over issues, ideas and arguments in Wicked problems . Image Condorcet Method argument map.png thumb A Rationale map arguing in favour of Condorcet voting methods Argument Maps are often used in the teaching ... dates back at least to 1826, when a generalized illustration of an argument was published in Richard Whately s Elements of Logic . ref cite web title Earliest argument map? author Tim van Gelder url http timvangelder.com 2009 02 15 earliest argument map date 2009 02 15 accessdate 2009 06 20 ref ... an Stephen Toulmin The Toulmin Model of Argumentargument model that became influential in argumentation ... 1999 publisher New Scientist date accessdate 2009 07 15 ref Applications Argument maps have been applied ... author Paul Kirschner, et.al. ref It has also been proposed that argument mapping has a great potential ... and Politics date April, 2009 author Martin Hilbert ref Standards Argument Interchange Format The Argument ... for exchanging argument resources between research groups, tools, and domains using a semantically .... ref cite web url http www.arg.computing.dundee.ac.uk ?page id 197 title Contributing to the Argument ... ontology of legal concepts. See also Commons category Argument maps Argumentation theory Concept ... is argument mapping What is Argument Mapping? Facione, P. and Facione N. 2007 . http www.insightassessment.com books.html Thinking and Reasoning in Human Decision Making The Method of Argument and Heuristic ... more details
Multiple issues more footnotes August 2010 notability August 2010 refimprove August 2010 Das Argument Zeitschrift f r Philosophie und Sozialwissenschaften English The Argument Journal for Philosophy and Social Sciences , ISSN 0004 1157 is a German academic journal . It was established in 1959 as an independent West Germany West German journal of predominantly Marxism Marxist orientation. It appears six times a year. History The journal emerged from the protests against West German remilitarization. Since 1959, the editor in chief has been the Marxist philosophy philosopher Wolfgang Fritz Haug Free University of Berlin . Das Argument is published by the Berlin Institute of Critical Theory InkriT . Scope Each issue of the journal is devoted to a specific theme e.g., in 2006 these have been American Vistas , Politics of Literature , Female Migrants , Thinking History Globally and Big Contradiction China . The journal contains a substantial review section which is also derived from the original Zeitschrift f r Sozialforschung . Among the topics covered are Philosophy and Critical theory Critical Theory Plural Marxism , Western Marxism , Open Marxism , Marxist feminism Historiography Critical History , analysis of capitalism , neoliberalism neoliberal mode of production and way of life Social sciences Social Sciences Social theory , capitalist globalization , transnational class analysis Fascism theory , Ideology theory , culture theory Literary science History of the labor movement Ecology References Haug, Wolfgang Fritz http www.wolfgangfritzhaug.inkrit.de documents argu inkrit 06wfhx.pdf Zur Neugr ndung des Arguments Korte, Peter, ed. 30 Jahre Argument, Erfahrungen und Perspektiven, Interviews zu einem Jubil um , Argument Verlag, Hamburg 1988. External links Official website http www.inkrit.de argument index.htm de icon http www.inkrit.de Berlin Institute of Critical Theory ... Philosophy journals de Das Argument ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 For the racehorse Closing Argument horse A closing argument , summation , or summing up is the concluding statement of each party s counsel often called an attorney in the United States reiterating the important Logical argument arguments for the trier of fact , often the jury, in a court case . A closing argument occurs after the presentation of evidence law evidence . A closing argument may not contain any new information and may only use evidence law evidence introduced at trial. It is not customary to raise objection law objection s during closing arguments, except for egregious behavior. However, such objections, when made, can prove critical later in order to preserve appellate issues. In the United States, the plaintiff is generally entitled to open the argument. The defendant usually goes second. The plaintiff or prosecution is usually then permitted a final rebuttal argument. In some jurisdictions, however, this form is condensed, and the prosecution or plaintiff goes second, after the defense, with no rebuttals. Either party may waive their opportunity to present a closing argument. During closing arguments, counsel may not among other restrictions vouch for the credibility of witnesses, indicate their personal opinions of the case, comment on the absence of evidence that they themselves have caused to be excluded, or attempt to exhort the jury to irrational, emotional behavior. In some countries e.g. France or Germany , in criminal cases, the defendant s counsel always makes his closing argument last, after the public prosecutor or any other party. Sometimes the defendant himself is allowed to address the court directly after his or her counsel s closing argument. In a criminal law case, the prosecution will restate all the evidence which helps prove each wiktionary element element of the offence. In the USA, there are often several limits as to what the prosecution may or may not say, including precluding the prosecution from ... more details
In logic , a slingshot argument is one of a group of logical argumentargument s claiming to show that all Truth true sentence linguistics sentence s stand for the same thing. This type of argument was dubbed the slingshot by philosopher s Jon Barwise and John Perry philosopher John Perry 1981 due to its disarming simplicity. Versions of the slingshot argument have been given by Gottlob Frege , Alonzo Church , W. V. Quine , and Donald Davidson philosopher Donald Davidson . Stephen Neale 1995 claims, controversially, that the most compelling version was suggested by Kurt G del 1944 . These arguments are sometimes modified to support the alternative, and evidently stronger, conclusion that there is only one fact , or one true proposition , state of affairs states of affairs , truth condition , truthmaker , and so on. The argument One version of the argument Perry 1996 proceeds as follows. Assumptions Substitution . If two terms designate the same thing, then substituting one for another in a sentence does not change the designation of that sentence. Redistribution . Rearranging the parts of a sentence does not change the designation of that sentence, provided the truth conditions of the sentence do not change. Every sentence is equivalent to a sentence of the form F a . In other words ..., if the objects in question are denoted by a and b , the relation in question might be R x , ... steps. Responses to the argument As G del 1944 observed, the slingshot argument does not go ... at the slingshot is as simply another argument in favor of Russell s theory of definite descriptions ... or redistribution , which seem to be the other weakest points in the argument. Perry 1996 , for example ... versions that do not allow the slingshot argument to go through. See also Abstraction Logic of information ... Argument Bibliography Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography Category Philosophy of language Category Philosophical arguments Category Philosophical logic de Slingshot Argument ... more details
leaves open the question of whether the protagonist is himself dreaming. Films such as Total Recall ...Descartes The dream argument is the postulation that the act of dreaming provides preliminary evidence that the senses we trust to distinguish reality from illusion should not be fully trusted, and therefore any state that is dependent on our senses should at the very least be carefully examined and rigorously tested to determine whether it is in fact reality . Synopsis While people dream , they usually do not realize they are dreaming if they do, it is called a lucid dreaming lucid dream . This has led philosophy philosophers to wonder whether one could actually be dreaming constantly, instead of being in waking reality or at least that one can t be certain, at any given point in time, that he or she is not dreaming . In the Western philosophy West , this philosophical puzzle was referred to by Plato Theaetetus dialogue Theaetetus 158b d and Aristotle Metaphysics Aristotle Metaphysics 1011a6 . Having received serious attention in Ren Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy , the dream Logical argumentargument has become one of the most prominent skeptical hypothesis skeptical hypotheses . In the Eastern philosophy East , this type of argument is well known as Zhuangzi dreamed he was a butterfly Zhu ngzh u m ng di One night, Zhuangzi 369 BC dreamed that he was a carefree butterfly, flying happily. After he woke up, he wondered how he could determine whether he was Zhuangzi ... who question whether our own reality may be an illusion. The ability of the mind to be tricked into believing ... and argues that his theory raises a new argument for skepticism, which he attempts to refute. Jonathan ... in what the character currently believes is reality , leaving the viewer to question if the character ... 3 year 1984 pages 353 368 doi 10.1007 BF00355443 skepticism DEFAULTSORT Dream Argument Category ... in philosophy of mind Category Reality Category Skepticism fr Argument du r ve pl Argument snu pt ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 In computer programming , a default argument is an argument to a function programming function that a programmer is not required to specify. In most programming languages, functions may take one or more arguments. Usually, each argument must be specified in full this is the case in the C programming language C programming language ref http elec.uq.edu.au comp2303 Leslie C ref CPLUSPLUS CONCEPT fundefault.html ref . Later languages for example, in C allow the programmer to specify default arguments that always have a value, even if one is not specified when calling the function. For example, in the following function declaration source lang cpp int my func int a, int b, int c 12 source This function takes three arguments, of which the last one has a default of twelve. The programmer may call this function in two ways source lang cpp result my func 1, 2, 3 source source lang cpp result my func 1, 2 source In the first case the value for the argument called c is specified as normal. In the second one, the argument is omitted, and the default value of 12 will be used instead. There is no means to know if the argument has been specified by the caller or if the default value was used. The above mentioned method is especially useful when one wants to set default criteria so that the function can be called with or without parameters. Consider the following source lang cpp void printToScreen istream &input cin this outputs any input to the screen cout input source The function call source lang cpp printToScreen source will by default print input from the keyboard to the screen. As this is the most commonly used behaviour it makes sense not to specify source ... that has been opened to read via ifstream s open function call. Some other languages, like Java programming ... dmy dates date January 2012 DEFAULTSORT Default Argument Category Subroutines prog lang stub fa nl Standaardargument pl Argument domy lny ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE A fortiori argument The Latin phrase lang la argumentum a fortiori denotes argument from the stronger reason . For example, if it has been established that a person is deceased, then one can, with equal or greater certainty, argue that the person is not breathing. Usage In the natural sciences and in social and other human sciences where statistics plays a large role, the phrase is used to mean even more likely or with even more certainty . For example, if a scientist observes certain phenomena to be present in conjunction a given percentage of the time, they may make the argument that each of the individual phenomena will a fortiori be present a greater percentage of the time because the latter figures, but not the former, will include the occasions on which a given phenomenon is present but one or more of the others are not . In the art of rhetoric , i.e., speaking or writing for the acknowledged primary purpose of persuasion, the a fortiori argument draws on the speaker ... proposition. The Christian apostle Paul apostle Paul makes frequent use of the argument for purpose ... previously given or proven in the argument contains and implies a variety of weaker or less ... and implied. There are two types of the a fortiori argument a maiore ad minus from greater to smaller ... passenger, it is also forbidden to ride a bike with fourteen extra passengers, one makes an argument a fortiori . The Latin prepositional phrase taken by itself without argumentum argument is adverbial ... explicit for the sake of convenience and clarity in further treatment. If an argument s proponent attempts to corroborate a point made earlier in an argument by comparing a stronger more contentful claim made later in the argument, the proponent should take care that the relevant portion of the stronger ... begging the premise, related to but distinct from begging the conclusion ultimately in question . This argument is regularly used in Jewish Law under the name Kal vachomer Light and Heavy . In ancient ... more details
Wiktionary argument In philosophy and logic, an argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something, or give evidence or reasons for accepting a particular conclusion. Argument may also refer to anchor Mathematics Mathematics and computer science Argument complex analysis , a function which returns the polar angle of a complex number Argument computer science , a piece of data provided as input to a subroutine Argument principle , a theorem in complex analysis about meromorphic functions inside and on a closed contour An argument of a function , also known as an independent variable Language and rhetoric Argument literature , a brief summary, often in prose, of a poem or section of a poem or other work Argument linguistics , a phrase that appears in a syntactic relationship with the verb in a clause Oral argument , in US law, a spoken presentation to a judge or appellate court by a lawyer or parties when representing themselves of the legal reasons why they should prevail Closing argument , in law, the concluding statement of each party s counsel reiterating the important arguments in a court case Music Argument band , Christian alternative band from Romania Other uses Argument ship Argument ship , an Australian sloop wrecked in 1809 The Argument , the sixth studio album from the post hardcore band Fugazi The Argument Sketch , a sketch from Monty Python s Flying Circus A Controversy disagreement between two or more parties or the discussion of the disagreement disambiguation da Argument de Argument Begriffskl rung et Argument t psustus es Argumento desambiguaci n eo Argumento fr Argument hr Argument razdvojba io Argumento id Argumen ia Argumento disambiguation it Argomento nl Argument pl Argument pt Argumento desambigua o ru sk Argument sl Argument sr sv Argument ... more details
The Christological argument for the existence of God is based on certain claims about Jesus . The argument , which exists in several forms, holds that if these claims are valid, one should accept God exists. There are three main threads Argument from the wisdom of Jesus Argument from the claims of Jesus as son of God Argument from the resurrection Argument from the wisdom of Jesus The essential structure of this argument is as follows The character and wisdom of Jesus is such that his views about ... of this argument generally focuses on point 1. Some forms of evangelism take this approach ... of Jesus of Nazareth is a crucial factor in assessing the argument. The principal objections to 1 ... existence of God. Argument from the claims of Jesus to divinity See also Lewis s trilemma A related line of evangelical argument addresses the notion that Jesus Christ was a great philosopher ..., the argument proceeds in stating that neither a charlatan or a madman could be considered ... is excluded. The argument conditionally argues for the existence of God it relies on the premise that Jesus was a great moral teacher. The structure of the argument is as follows Jesus claimed to be God ... to the Argument from inconsistent revelations does not directly dispute the premises, but instead underlines the applicability of this argument to other historical religious figures, such as the Buddha ... made specific claims regarding their interaction with the divine. Furthermore, the argument could weaselword date November 2011 be interpreted as a fallacious argument from authority and therefore logically flawed. Argument from the Resurrection see also Arguments for the existence of God Christology Another argument is that the Resurrection of Jesus occurred and was an act of God, hence God must ... Lane Craig, where he demonstrated to be open to the possibility of a real crucifiction without ... DEFAULTSORT Christological Argument Category Arguments for the existence of God Category Christology ... more details
Probabilistic argument can refer to the following In some contexts, probabilistic argument means any argument involving probability theory In some contexts, it means a method of non constructive existence proof in mathematics called the probabilistic method disambig ... more details
A variety of diagonal arguments are used in mathematics . Cantor s diagonal argument was the earliest. Cantor s diagonal argument Cantor s theorem Halting problem Diagonal lemma mathdab Category Arguments ... more details
another homunculus inside its head, and so on and so forth. Therefore, so the argument goes, theories ... fallacy is closely related to Ryle s regress . DEFAULTSORT Homunculus Argument Category Logical fallacies ... more details
In celestial mechanics , the argument of latitude math u math is an angular parameter that defines the position of a body moving along a Kepler orbit . It is the sum of the more commonly used true anomaly and argument of periapsis . math u nu omega math where math u math is the argument of latitude, math nu math the true anomaly and math omega math the argument of periapis. References Wakker, K. F. 2007 . Astrodynamics , Delft University of Technology. Category Celestial mechanics sv Latitudargument ... more details
height 50 br br resize 90 The whole argument turns on the familiar question Who made God? A designer ...Philosophy of religion sidebar A teleological or design argument ref name Himma Himma, Kenneth Einar ... cathen 06608b.htm IBc The argument from design , in The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved January 7, 2010. ref is an a posteriori argument for the existence of God based on apparent design and purpose in the universe. The argument is based on an interpretation ... activities. The teleological argument suggests that, given this premise, the existence of a designer ... argument. Later, a teleological argument is the fifth of Saint Thomas Aquinas Five Ways, his rational proofs for the existence of God. The teleological argument was continued by empiricism empiricists ... one may infer the Creator exists, given the evident complexity of Nature. This argument resonates ... of the teleological argument. Commonly, they argue that any implied designer need not have the qualities ... argument while avoiding naming the designer with the aim of presenting this as science and getting ... design is a religious argument and is not science, and was being used to give pseudoscience pseudoscientific ... s role models and constant inspiration see Cosmological argument Prime Mover and Daimon classical ... argument from a natural scientist who took a great deal of interest in efficient causal analyses. ref ... 100px Cicero c. 106 c. 43 B.C. presented an early teleological argument in De Natura Deorum On the Nature .... He did not, however, make a formal argument for the existence of God rather, God s existence is already ... 1274 presented a form of the teleological argument in his Summa Theologica . In his work, Aquinas ... ref He sums up his teleological argument as follows. Quote The fifth way is taken from the governance ... Summa Theologica Article 3, Question 2 ref name IEP cite web url http www.iep.utm.edu design SH1a ... the teleological argument in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion . The character Cleanthes ... more details
Image Population curve.svg thumb 350px World population from 10,000 BC to 2000 AD The Doomsday argument DA is a probabilistic argument that claims to predict the number of future members of the human species ... 1512 ref from which it is sometimes called the Carter catastrophe the argument was subsequently ... position n , this implies Dubious The article is misleading, and the argument itself is absurd date ... in the forthcoming centuries, estimates may vary, but the main point of the argument is that it is unlikely ... of the Doomsday Argument requires the Bayesian probability Bayesian interpretation of probability Even among Bayesians some of the assumptions of the argument s logic would not be acceptable for instance ... is 60 billion N sub 1 sub , or 6,000 billion N sub 2 sub . ref Doomsday argument two case section ... of the Doomsday Argument by Korb and Oliver . ref If there is no prior knowledge of the position ..., it is 99 certain that N is smaller than 6,000 billion. Note that as remarked above, this argument assumes ... Argument Rebuttals Rebuttals section. What the argument is not The Doomsday argument DA does ... form of the argument does make these claims, by confusing probability with certainty. However ... This argument has generated a lively philosophical debate, and no consensus has yet emerged on its ... Pr n N 1 N From these two distributions, the Doomsday Argument proceeds to create a Bayesian ... 19 20 math . This is the simplest Bayes factor Bayesian derivation of the Doomsday Argument The chance ... years can be rejected. Leslie s argument differs from Gott s version in that he does not assume a vague prior probability distribution for N . Instead he argues that the force of the Doomsday Argument ... of Doomsday Argument debate is the reference class problem reference class from which n is drawn, and of which N is the ultimate size. The standard Doomsday Argument hypothesis doesn t spend very ... classes, each of which has had the standard Doomsday Argument applied to it. Sampling only WMD era humans ... more details
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