on the Tsar s throne The oprichnina lang ru , IPA ru pr it n n IPA is the period ... were called oprichnik i , and the term oprichnina also applies to the secret police organization ... in Taras Hunczak, ed. Russian Imperialism . Rutgers University Press. 1974, p.140 ref The term oprichnina ... , 1975, pp.93 96 ref V.O. Klyuchevskii and S.B. Veselovskii explained the oprichnina in terms of Ivan s paranoia and denied larger social aims for the oprichnina. ref Andrei Pavlov and Maureen Perrie ... Platonov argued that Ivan IV intended the oprichnina as a suppression of the rising boyar aristocracy ... the oprichnina as Ivan s attempt to subordinate all independent social classes to the autocracy ... council or church. To pursue his investigations, Ivan decreed the creation of the oprichnina ... a levy of 100,000 rubles to pay for the oprichnina ref Isabel de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible, page 179 80 ref Organization The oprichnina consisted of a separate territory within the borders of Russia ... towns. Ivan held exclusive power over the oprichnina territory. The Boyar Council ruled the zemshchina land , the second division of the state. Until 1568, the oprichnina relied upon many administrative institutions under zemshchina jurisdiction. Only when conflict between the zemshchina and oprichnina reached its peak did Ivan create independent institutions within the oprichnina. ref Andrei ... Limited, 2003 , 112 113. ref Henri Troyat has emphasized the lowly origin of the oprichnina recruits ... development in the oprichnina era. Many early oprichniki had close ties to the princely and boyar ..., 2003 , 113. ref Territorial divisions under the oprichnina led to mass resettlement. When the property of zemshchina nobles fell within oprichnina territory, oprichniki seized their lands and forced the owners onto zemshchina land. The oprichnina territory included primarily service estates. S.B. ... of the landed nobility. Pavlov has cited the relocation of zemshchina servicemen from oprichnina ... more details
Nicholas Salos of Pskov lang ru was a Russia n self styled prophet Fool for Christ in opposition of czar Ivan IV s oprichnina . In 1570 , Ivan IV retaliated by raiding Pskov . However, during the raid Nicholas reprimanded the czar causing him to retreat his force to Alexandrov . He is regarded as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church . References ru icon http rulex.ru 01140168.htm Nicholas Salos of Pskov George Vernadsky . A History of Russia. Yale University Press, 1969 ISBN 0 300 00247 5 . Category Eastern Orthodox saints Category Russian religious leaders Category Russian saints russian history stub saint stub it Nicola di Pskov ru sr ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2007 Metropolitan Gherman or Saint Gherman born Grigory ? November 6, 1568 was an archbishop of Kazan and later Metropolitan of Moscow . Gherman took monastic vows in Volokolamsk Monastery . Here he served under Hegumen Guriy who would become archbishop of Kazan , and was engaged in copying books. Upon organizing his congregation in Kazan, St. Guriy called for Gherman and appointed him head of Bogoroditsky Monastery in Sviyazhsk . The Russian Orthodox Church attached great importance to this monastery in terms of spreading Christianity among the non Russians in the Kazan region. Upon Guriy s death in 1564, Gherman was elected his successor. At the insistence of Ivan the Terrible and against Gherman s will, he was appointed metropolitan bishop Metropolitan of Moscow in 1566. Soon, Gherman demanded from the Tsar to abolish the Oprichnina When the Tsar seized land from the aristocrats and imposed repression in a policy called the Oprichnina , Gherman demanded the Tsar to abolish it. Gherman was banished from Moscow disgracefully for this opposition. Gherman died in Moscow in 1568. His relics were then transported to Sviyazhsk, where they are resting to this day in Bogoroditsky Monastery. The Russian Church celebrates his memory on November, 6 and July 23 July, 23 the day his relics were transferred from Moscow to Sviyazhsk . start box s rel or succession box before Athanasius, Metropolitan of Moscow Athanasius title List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia years 1566&ndash 1568 after Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow Philip II end box DEFAULTSORT German, Metropolitan Category 1568 deaths Category Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow Category Russian saints Category 16th century Christian saints Category Year of birth unknown fr Germain m tropolite de Moscou it Germano metropolita pl German metropolita ... more details
Image Kalashnikov by Repin.jpg thumb right 200px The merchant Kalashnikov. Watercolour by Ilya Repin 1868 A Song about Tsar Ivan IV of Russia Ivan Vasilyevish , the Young Oprichnik , and the Valorous Merchant Kalashnikov , often abbreviated as The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov , is a poem by Mikhail Lermontov written in 1837 and first published in 1838. The plot of the poem is set during Oprichnina times. Rhythmically, Kalashnikov is patterned after bylina , the Russian folk epic. Its most famous scene describes a fistfight between the protagonists, Kalashnikov and oprichnik Kiribeevich. Adaptations The Merchant Kalashnikov opera The Merchant Kalashnikov opera by Anton Rubinstein Song About the Merchant Kalashnikov film 1909 Russian film directed by Vasily Goncharov External links http ilibrary.ru text 1151 Full text of The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov in the original Russian DEFAULTSORT Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov, The Category 1838 poems Category Poetry by Mikhail Lermontov poetry stub Mikhail Lermontov ... more details
more neutrally than his contemporaries. His narratives of the Oprichnina are the only accounts written by a member, and the history of the Oprichnina was rewritten after von Staden s accounts were found ... more details
Ruslan Skrynnikov, Ivan Groznyi Moscow AST, 2001 A. A. Zimin, Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo Moscow Mysl ... created them himself, Ivan made it a capital crime even to mention the name Oprichnina or anything ... that spread terror and might be seen as a successor. Oprichnina References Reflist Category Politics ... more details
Refimprove date October 2008 Image Sedov ivan maluta.jpg thumb Ivan IV and Maluta Skuratov , by G.Sedov Grigory Lukyanovich Skuratov Belskiy lang ru , better known as Malyuta Skuratov lang ru ? &ndash January 1, 1573 was one of the most odious leaders of the Oprichnina during the reign of Ivan IV of Russia Ivan the Terrible . Malyuta Skuratov rose to prominence in 1569 by taking part in the trial and execution of Vladimir of Staritsa , Ivan IV s only cousin and a possible claimant to the throne. In December 1569, Malyuta Skuratov strangled a former List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow Metropolitan of Moscow , Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow Philip II , by the order of Ivan the Terrible, for his criticism of the Oprichnina. ref name Cite book title Russia A History and an Interpretation last1 Florinsky first1 Michael, T. publisher The Macmillan Company location New York chapter 8 page 184 edition 11 year 1966 volume 1 ref In January 1570, Skuratov led a punitive expedition against Novgorod , killing thousands of its citizens on suspicion of treason . In 1571, Skuratov was put in charge of the investigation into the causes of the Russian army s defeat by the army of the Crimean Khanate Crimean Khan Devlet I Giray . Malyuta Skuratov was killed during the siege of Paide Weissenstein now Paide , Estonia in the Livonian War in 1573. He lies buried near the grave of his father in the Joseph Volokolamsk Monastery . One of Skuratov s daughters, Maria Grigorievna Skuratova Belskaya Maria Grigorievna , married Boris Godunov . His other daughter, who had poisoned Mikhail Skopin Shuisky , was married to Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Skopin Shuisky . Appearances in modern media Tsar film a 2009 Russian drama film directed by Pavel Lungin . References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Skuratov, Malyuta ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1573 PLACE OF DE ... more details
Expand Russian date December 2011 Vladimir Andreyevich 1533 9 October 1569 was the last appanage Russia n prince. His complicated relationship with his cousin, Ivan the Terrible , was dramatized in Sergei Eisenstein s movie Ivan the Terrible movie Ivan the Terrible . The only son of Andrey of Staritsa and Princess Euphrosyne Khovanskaya, Vladimir spent his childhood under strict surveillance in Moscow . In 1542, he was reinstated in his father s appanages, Staritsa and Vereya . There he married and lived in peace until 1553, when the tsar fell mortally ill. During the final crisis of Ivan s illness, most boyars refused to swear fealty to his baby son and decided to put Vladimir on the throne instead. To their dismay, the tsar rapidly recovered, but a great change took place in his behaviour and manners. He summoned Vladimir to Moscow and signed with him a treaty, whereby he was to live in Moscow with a small retinue and avoid contacts with Ivan s boyars. In the event of the tsar s death, Vladimir was to become regent for his minor son. Image Goritsy Auferstehungskloster 01.jpg thumb 265px Goritsy Monastery near Vologda was built by Vladimir s family. After Vladimir s mother was forced to take the veil and his boyars exiled, Ivan finally decided to call it square. In April 1555, he permitted Vladimir to marry Princess Eudoxia Romanovna Odoevskaya. With the start of Oprichnina , however, Ivan s suspicions against his cousin were resuscitated. In 1564 the Oprichniks burnt Vladimir s palace in Moscow, and most of his lands were confiscated into Oprichnina. In 1569 accused of high treason by Ivan IV Vladimir and his children were forced to take poison at Ivan s residence of Alexandrov . ref http books.google.com books?id GQcviLmjNm0C&pg The Cambridge History of Russia p. 251 ISBN 0521812275 ref His mother and wife, who resided at the Goritsy Convent near Vologda , were forcibly drowned in the Sheksna River several days later. In the lon ... more details
The Upper Oka Principalities lang ru is a term traditionally applied in Russian historiography to about dozen tiny and ephemeral polities situated along the upper course of the Oka River at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. Nowadays, the areas so designated lie within the bounds of the Tula Oblast and Kaluga Oblast of Russia . Following the Mongol invasion of Russia , the formerly mighty Principality of Chernigov gradually degenerated to a point when there were dozens of quasi sovereign entities ruled by the descendants of Mikhail of Chernigov . As the principalities were wedged in between the ever expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the west and the nascent Muscovy Grand Duchy of Muscovy to the north, their rulers were constricted to continually fluctuate between these two major powers. By the end of the 14th century, they were obliged to pay annual tribute to Lithuania. The strengthening alliance of Lithuanian rulers with Roman Catholic Poland caused shifts in the balance of power in the region. Most Orthodox rulers of the Upper Principalities, therefore, started to look to Moscow for protection against Lithuanian expansionism. Towards the end of the 15th century, most of these princelings had moved to the Muscovite court. In 1494, Lithuania finally renounced her claims to the region. The list of principalities in order of seniority File Maksimov usadba.jpg thumb 250px Estate of a petty medieval prince Belyov the seat of Princes Belyovsky until their early extinction Novosil and Odoyev the seats of Princes Odoyevsky , retained by them as an appanage until the Oprichnina Vorotynsk the seat of Princes Vorotynsky , retained by them as an appanage until the Oprichnina Mosalsk the seat of Princes Mosalsky family Mosalsky Zvenigorod on the Oka the seat of Princes Zvenigorodsky and Nozdrevaty Karachev the seat of Princes Khotetovsky Kozelsk and Peremyshl, Russia the seats of Princes Gorchakov Tarusa and Meshchevsk now Meshchovsk the seats of ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Athanasius Lang ru real name , or Andrei early 16th century 1570s was Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia from March 1564 to May 1566, writer , and iconographer . In 1530s 1540s, Athanasius served as a priest in Pereslavl Zalessky . In 1549 1550, he was appointed archpriest of the Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Moscow Kremlin and became Ivan the Terrible s personal confessor. Athanasius accompanied the tsar during his military campaign against Kazan in 1552 and held a service during the laying of the foundation stone of the Annunciation Cathedral in that city. Athanasius participated in the church sobor s of 1553 and 1554 as a witness with regards to the restoration of icon s and fresco s in the Kremlin cathedrals after the fire of 1547. In 1555 1556, Athanasius was engaged in restoring the Icon of Nikolai Velikoretsky together with Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow Metropolitan Macarius . In 1567, he participated in the restoration of the Theotokos of Vladimir Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir . It is believed that Athanasius is the author of the icon called The Belligerent Church . Also, he wrote the Life of Daniel of Pereyaslavl 1556 1562 and the Book of Generations between 1560 and 1563 . In 1562, Athanasius was admitted to the Chudov Monastery . In 1564, he was elected Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia, replacing the deceased Metropolitan Macarius. It was Metropolitan Athanasius, whom Ivan the Terrible would address his message on the introduction of the oprichnina in 1565. Athanasius would often talk to the tsar and express his concern about the disgraced. Officially, Metropolitan Athanasius left his post due to a grave sickness , but some Russian historians believe that it was his rejection of oprichnina that would cost him his post. Athanasius moved to the Chudov Monastery and lived there until his death. s start Succession box title Metrop ... more details
For similar disasters Fire of Moscow disambiguation The Fire of Moscow 1571 occurred in May of that year when the forces of the Crimean Khan title khan Devlet I Giray Russo Crimean War 1571 raided the city . The khan set the suburbs on May 24 and a sudden wind blew the flames into Moscow and the city went up in a conflagration. ref Isabel de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible . First Tsar of Russia New Haven Yale University Press , 2005 , 264. ref According to Heinrich von Staden , a German in the service of Ivan the Terrible he claimed to be a member of the Oprichnina , the city, Moscow Kremlin the palace , the Oprichnina palace, and the suburbs burned down completely in six hours. It was a great disaster because no one could escape. ref Heinrich von Staden, The Land and Government of Muscovy A Sixteenth Century Account ed. and trans. Thomas Esper Stanford Stanford University Press , 1967 , 47 Michael C. Paul, The Military Revolution in Russia 1550 1682, The Journal of Military History 68, no. 1 Jan. 2004 , 40. ref People fled into stone churches to escape the flames, but the stone churches collapsed either from the intensity of the fire or the pressure of the crowds. People also jumped into the Moscow River to escape, where many drowned. The Magazine artillery powder magazine of the Kremlin exploded and those hiding in the cellar there Asphyxiation asphyxiated . ref von Staden, The Land and Government of Muscovy, 47 Jerome Horsey, The Travels of Sir Jerome Horsey, Knight, in Russia at the Close of the Sixteenth Century . Edward A Bond, ed. London Haklyut Society, 1856 , 164 166 Paul, The Military Revolution in Russia, 40. ref The tsar ordered the dead left on the streets to be thrown into the river, which overflowed its banks and flooded parts of the town. Jerome Horsey wrote that it took more than a year to clear away all the bodies. ref Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible , 266. ref It was one the most severe fires in the history of the Moscow city . Historians estimate the ... more details
Image Aleksandrovskja sloboda v 16 century.jpg thumb right Alexandrov Kremlin in the 16th century The tsar s residence in the Alexandrovskaya village also known as the Alexandrovsky Kremlin is an old Russia n fortress which served as the actual capital of the oprichnina in the Moscow state from 1564 until 1581. It was situated on the current territory of the city of Alexandrov town Alexandrov , Vladimir Oblast . History Alexandrovskaya village dates back to the middle of the 14th century. Grand Duke Vasili III of Russia Vasily III had a country palace built there and used to bring his family and the entire court to it. The palace did not survive. The Pokrovsky Intercession of the Virgin cathedral was sanctified in 1513 and later it was blessed anew as the Trinity Troitsky Cathedral. Its appearance has changed somewhat since the 16th century some of the architectural details such as windows, e.g., belong to a later period. Originally, red brick and white stone were used in the outer decoration of the cathedral but brick parts were later painted over. Some of the interior fresco paintings date back to the 14th century as do the white stone carvings in the interior portals. Image Sobor in Alexandrova Sloboda.jpg thumb right Pokrovsky Cathedral in Alexandrov Kremlin Ivan IV of Russia Ivan the Terrible moved to the Alexandrovskaya fortress in 1565. The residence was immediately fortified with a bulwark , wooden walls, and a moat . The village became the actual capital of the country. The oprichnina was founded there and the march on the Novgorod Republic started from the village. As Novgorod was looted Ivan brought the famous gates of its Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod St. Sophia Cathedral 1336 to the village and had them installed at the southern entrance of the Assumption Trinity cathedral. The gates combine religious and fantastic subjects there is, for instance, the image of a centaur . The gates were made with the use of the old technique in which the door was f ... more details
Image Mednoye.jpg thumb 275px Polish war cemetery at Mednoye Image Jasna G ra Miednoje.jpg thumb right A plaque commemorating the tragedy in Miednoye Jasna G ra , Cz stochowa , Poland Onesource date December 2007 Mednoye lang ru & 769 is a types of settlements in Russia village in Kalininsky District, Tver Oblast Kalininsky District of Tver Oblast , Russia , located on the Tvertsa River , 28 km west of Tver , by the Moscow &ndash Saint Petersburg St.Petersburg highway. Population 3,047 1992 . Mednoye was first mentioned as a votchina of one of Tver boyar s in some documents dating from the 14th century. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the village prospered due to its location on the road leading from Tver to Torzhok and Novgorod . During the Oprichnina , there were 104 households in the village. In the 19th century, Mednoye was a post station on the route from Moscow to St. Petersburg. One chapter of Alexander Radishchev s Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow is dedicated specifically to this village. During World War II Mednoye was a centre of heavy tank fighting October 1941 which formed part of the Battle of Moscow . It also became known as a NKVD mass execution site. Between April 3 and April 19, 1940, 6,311 Poland Polish officers from the Ostashkov POW camp were brought to the area of Mednoye and subsequently shot to death behind the village of Yamka during the Katyn massacre . Apart from the Katyn war cemetery , the landmarks of Mednoye include the Church of Our Lady of Kazan 1764 , the 18th century post station, and the memorial house of Sergey Lemeshev . External links http www.gulagmuseum.org museums museum 15 15 22.htm Offici l site of the State memorial complex Mednoye coord 56.9283333433 N 35.4763888989 E source ruwiki region RU scale 100000 format dms display title Category Rural localities in Tver Oblast Category Katyn massacre de Mednoje eo Miednoje pl Miednoje ru ... more details
Anthony ru was Metropolitan bishop Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus from 1572 to 1581. Very little is known of Anthony s life prior to being named metropolitan. From 1568 to his appointment as metropolitan, he was Archbishop of Polotsk and Velikie Luki . He was appointed metropolitan by Ivan the Terrible . Anthony s tenure was sometimes difficult, as Ivan the Terrible, in addition to setting up the Oprichnina and engaging in a number of wars that significantly harmed Muscovite society, set about attacking the church during his reign. In 1573 and 1580, Anthony convened church councils to deal with monastic landholdings, probably tied to Ivan s efforts since the 1550s to secularize monastic lands, an effort that was checked by the Stoglav Council in 1551. In 1575, Ivan executed several boyars and okolnichi as well as a number of important ecclesiastics in Cathedral Square in the Moscow Kremlin among them were Archbishop Pimen of Novgorod and Archimandrite Evstafii of the Chudov Monastery . The heads of the archbishop and archimandrite along with several other churchmen were thrown into the courtyard of the metropolitan s palace, either as a warning to Anthony or as a suggestion that he was somehow tied to or responsible for their fate. ref Jack Culpepper, The Kremlin Executions of 1575 and the Enthronement of Simeon Bekbulatovich, Slavic Review 24, No. 3 Sept. 1965 503 506, esp. 503 4 ref Anthony died in the beginning of 1581. References Reflist s start s rel or succession box before Cyril, Metropolitan of Moscow Cyril title List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia years 1572&ndash 1581 after Dionysius II, Metropolitan of Moscow Dionysius II s end Category Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow fr Antoine m tropolite de Moscou pl Antoni metropolita Moskwy ru ... more details
in response to real or imagined conspiracies, as well as anyone who protested against the oprichnina ..., Astrakhan, Livonia, the Oprichnina and the Polotsk Campaign . Vol. 10. Gulf Breeze, FL, Academic ... 1987 , p. 61 76 ref Ivan in Novgorod Initial Attack In the summer of 1569 Ivan and the oprichnina council ... Dec 1564 to Feb 1565, when he had fled Moscow prior to the creation of the oprichnina. They moved ... of Novgorod is the most repulsive episode in the brutal history of the oprichnina. The cruel senseless slaughter of innocent people made oprichnina synonymous with lawlessness and excess. ref Skrynnikov ... more details
surround himself with men he can trust iron men, the Oprichnina and offers his rather startled son ... of Philip s kinsmen executed. Fyodor Basmanov, the first of the Oprichnina, helps Ivan figure out that the Tsarina ... to a banquet with the Oprichnina. Ivan gets Vladimir drunk while the Oprichnina sing and dance around ... s revelation, suggests Vladimir try being Tsar for a while, and has the Oprichnina bring throne ... changes dramatically en route to Part II. After becoming one of the Oprichnina, Fyodor is shown ... more details
sovereign, thus sowing seeds for his future Oprichnina wide scale crackdown on the Russian ... IV s reign, the Shuiskys stood aloof from the macabre politics of the Oprichnina . Probably the most ... more details
The zemsky sobor lang ru was the first Russia n parliament of the feudal Estates type, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term roughly means assembly of the land . Image Zemskysobor.jpg 250px thumb Zemsky sobor , by Sergei Ivanov painter Sergei Ivanov It could be summoned either by tsar , or patriarch , or the Boyar Duma . Three categories of population participated in the assembly Nobility and high bureaucracy, including the Boyar Duma . The Holy Sobor of high Orthodox clergy. Representatives of merchants and townspeople third estate . The first zemsky sobor was held by tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1549. During his reign he held a number of such gatherings and they became a common tool used to enact major pieces of legislation or to decide controversial issues. Although the Sobors were primarily a tool used to rubberstamp decisions that Ivan had already made, sometimes initiative was taken by the lower nobility and townsfolk. For instance, the tsar was scandalized when the assembly of 1566 asked him to abolish the Oprichnina . When the Rurik Dynasty died out in 1598 it was a sobor that appointed Boris Godunov as the next tsar. Another grand council, featuring even peasants, elected Michael I of Russia Mikhail Romanov to take the throne in 1613 after the Time of Troubles . During Mikhail s reign, when the Romanov dynasty was still weak, such assemblies were summoned annually. Once the Romanovs were firmly in power, however, the sobor gradually lost its power. A major council assembled to ratify the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654 was the last for thirty years. The last sobors were held by the great Galitzine in 1682, to abolish the mestnichestvo , and in 1684, to ratify the Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686 Eternal Peace with Poland . 1922 Zemsky Sobor of Amur region Four years after the death of the last Russian tsar, on July 23, 1922, Mikhail Diterikhs General M.K. Dieterichs of the Far Eastern White movement White Army convened the Zemsky Sobor of Amur regi ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Vasily Yakovlevich Shchelkalov in Russian language Russian ? 1610 or 1611 and Andrey Yakovlevich Shchelkalov ? Circa c. 1597 were two influential diplomat s and heads of the Posolsky Prikaz during the reigns of Ivan the Terrible , Feodor I of Russia Feodor I , and Boris Godunov in Muscovy Russia . Andrey Yakovlevich Shchelkalov The name of Andrey Yakovlevich Shchelkalov first appeared in 1550, when he was entered in the so called Book of a Thousand , or Tysyachnaya kniga . The book contained Genealogy genealogical information on noble Muscovy Muscovite families 1070 people altogether, hence, the name of the book and their land allotments around Moscow . In 1560, Andrey Shchelkalov was assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Lithuania n ambassador s as a police officer . Two years later, he became a dyak clerk dyak government official . In 1566, Andrey Shchelkalov was promoted to the rank of duma dyak the lowest rank in the Boyar Duma . He also took part in the Zemsky Sobor that same year and put his signature under its resolutions. Andrey Shchelkalov rose to power during the Oprichnina period of mass executions of well known government officials in the summer of 1570. He was appointed head of the Posolsky Prikaz foreign affairs , Razryadny Prikaz dealt with the service class people , military affairs, and southern cities of Russia , Pomestny Prikaz land distribution , Kazan Palace Prikaz administrative, judicial and financial affairs of the Russian Southeast and one of the regional offices of the Chetvertnoy Prikaz administrative, judicial, fiscal, and financial affairs of the taxpayers . In 1581, Andrey Shchelkalov conducted negotiations with a papal legate Antonio Possevino , and with the England English ambassador Jeremiah Baus in 1583, which would write in a personal letter from August 12, 1584 that Andrey Shchelkalov and Nikita Romanov a boyar , who started the R ... more details
Anikey Stroganov lang ru 1488 1570 was a founder of numerous saltern s in Solvychegodsk and Perm , a colonizer of the Drainage basin basin of the Kama River Kama and Chusovaya River s. He was the progenitor of the Stroganov family of highly successful Russian merchant s, industrialist s, landowner s, and politician statesmen . Anikey Stroganov was the fourth and younger son of Feodor Stroganov Feodor Lukich Stroganov . He was born in Novgorod but soon after his births Stroganov s migrated to Solvychegodsk. After deaths of his childless brothers Stefan, Iosif and Vladimir, his father became a monk and all the family wealth, included several large estates and saltworks received Anikey. He improved and expanded his salt business and when his sons Yakov Stroganov Yakov , Grigori Anikeyevich Anikeyevich Grigori and Semyon Stroganov Semyon grew up, Anikey founded new salterns in the Kola Peninsula Kolskaya Guba . In the beginning of the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible Stroganov received the right to control the trade rules prescribed for England English merchant, traveling from Arkhangelsk to Moscow . This right was confirmed in three documents of 1552, 1555 and 1560. Stroganov performed also other tsars duties, like collecting of obrok in Solvychegodsk. Stroganov established trade routed with the Siberia n tribes. On 4 April 1558, Ivan the Terrible granted to the middle son of Anikey Stroganov, Grigori and his successors large estates along the Kama and Chusovaya Rivers with tax and other privileges for 20 years. Stroganov organized migration there and founded several settlements. On 16 August 1566 Anikey Stroganov received new privilege at his own request their lands were included in the oprichnina . Seizing lands from the local population by conquest and colonizing them with incoming Russian peasants, the Stroganovs developed farming , hunting , saltworks, fishing , and ore mining in these areas. They built towns and fortress es and, at the s ... more details
infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name Russka title orig translator image Image Rutherfurd Russka first ed.jpg 200px prefer 1st edition image caption First edition cover. author Edward Rutherfurd illustrator cover artist country United Kingdom language English language English series genre Historical novel publisher Century Hutchinson pub date July 1991 english pub date media type Print Hardcover Hardback & Paperback pages 704 pp first edition, hardback isbn ISBN 978 0712624664 first edition, hardback oclc 21293710 preceded by followed by Russka is a historical novel by Edward Rutherfurd , published in 1991 by Crown Publishers . It quickly became a New York Times bestseller . ref cite news title Paperback Best Sellers December 20, 1992 last first work NYTimes online url http query.nytimes.com gst fullpage.html?res 9E0CE4DE1239F933A15751C1A964958260 date 1992 12 20 accessdate 2008 02 21 ref Plot summary The narrative spans 1,800 years of Russian history. The families that provide the focus for the story are the Bobrovs, Romanovs, Karpenkos, Suvorins and Popovs. Between them these five families span the main ethnic groups and social levels of the society in this northern empire. Historical characters encountered through the narrative include Genghis Khan , Ivan the Terrible and his secret police, the westernizing Peter the Great , Catherine the Great , and the Bolsheviks of the twentieth century. The stories of different characters in those families use real known stories of different Russian families. For example, the peasant family turned nobility thanks to their business is based on the Stroganovs . The noble who was a friend of Ivan IV of Russia and asked his territory to be part of the Oprichnina was also based on a member of the Stroganovs, but at a different period. Publication details 1991, UK, Century ISBN 978 0712624664 , pub date ? July 1991, hardback First edition 1991, USA, Crown Pub ISBN 978 0517580486 , pub dat ... more details
Forbidden Years ru were part of a tightening of the service obligations of serfs in Russia leading to full scale serfdom in the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. They were first instituted by Tsar Ivan IV r. 1533 1584 in 1581 as a temporary measure, but eventually became permanent. Under the provisions of Article 57 of the Sudebnik of 1497 promulgated by Grand Prince Ivan III , serfs were permitted to transfer from one estate to another once a year, during the week before and a week after St. George s Day in the autumn November 26, the Feast of the Dedication of the Church of St. George in Kiev provided they had fulfilled all corv e barshchina or in Russian and or quitrent obrok or in Russian obligations and had paid a fee, the pozhiloe , to the landlord they were leaving. In Ivan IV s Sudebnik of 1550 , this right of transfer remained Article 88 , but the pozhiloe was increased and a tax the transition fee or za povoz was added. ref V. I. Koretskii, Iz istorii zakreposhcheniia krestian v Rossii v kontse XVI nachale XVII v. k probleme zapovednykh let i otmeny Iureva dnia , Istoriia SSSR 1957 , No. 1. ref Due to the hardships brought about by Ivan IV s Livonian War 1558 1582 , the excesses of the Oprichnina 1565 1572 , Tatar raids such as the one on Moscow in 1571 and a series of crop failures and other natural disasters, the Tsar temporarily suspended this right of movement or transfer in an ukaz decree issued in 1581. ref See Chapter Eight of Ruslan Skrynikov s Boris Godunov Zapovednye i urochnye rody Tsara Fedora Ioanovicha. Moscow Nauka, 1978 . ref This move, in fact, proved permanent, as it was never lifted. His son s government made this limitation permanent in an ukas of September 1, 1597 thought on November 24 of that year, it made the statute of limitations called fixed years urochniye leta or on the return of run away serfs five years . The Sobornoye Ulozheniye Ulozhenie of 1649 did away wi ... more details
paranoically suspicious of nobility. Oprichnina Main Oprichnina File 0NevrevNV Oprichniki BISH.jpg thumb ... decreed the creation of the oprichnina. ref Isabel de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible, pp. 179 80 ref The oprichnina consisted of a separate territory within the borders of Russia, mostly in the territory of the former Novgorod Republic in the north. Ivan held exclusive power over the oprichnina territory ... under the oprichnina. They owed their allegiance and status to Ivan, not to heredity or local ... Philip and the prominent warlord Alexander Gorbaty Shuisky . In 1566 Ivan extended the oprichnina ... R. G., Ivan Grosny , M., AST, 2001 ref Many survivors were Deportation deported elsewhere. Oprichnina ... failed to prove themselves worthy against a regular army. In 1572, Ivan abolished the Oprichnina and disbanded ... war had nearly destroyed the economy, Oprichnina had thoroughly disrupted the government, while The Grand ... altering Russia s political structure. The creation of the Oprichnina marked something completely ... structure into a despotism... the Oprichnina proved to be not only the starting point, but also ... of the title of Czar, transgressions and sudden changes in policy during the Oprichnina contributed ... more details
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