Opticalnetworking can refer to Optical communication Fiber optic communication Synchronous opticalnetworkingOptical Transport Network OTN Passive optical network disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Multiwavelength opticalnetworking MONET , is a method for communicating digital information using laser s over optical fiber . The method provides the next level of communication networks after SONET optical networks. MONET optical networks provide an even greater Bandwidth computing bandwidth capacity. This new method employs Wave division multiplexing WDM technology for transporting large amounts of telephone and data traffic and allow for interoperability between equipment from different vendors. First developed by the secretive National Security Agency as author James Bamford points out in his book, Body of Secrets Anatomy of the Ultra Secret National Security Agency . It was also discussed at the 1996 Military Communications Conference. References http www.bell labs.com project MONET Multiwavelength OpticalNetworking Consortium http www.amazon.com dp 020130967X Multiwavelength Optical Networks A layered Approach by Thomas E. Stern and Krishna Bala http www.amazon.com dp 0385499086 Body of Secrets Anatomy of the Ultra Secret National Security Agency by James Bamford http ieeexplore.ieee.org xpl freeabs all.jsp?tp &arnumber 568597&isnumber 12345 Military Communications Conference, 1996 Category Synchronous opticalnetworking Category Fiber optic communications Category Network protocols ... more details
Multiple issues weasel January 2010 COI January 2010 Infobox company company name ADVA AG OpticalNetworking ... 2010 accessdate 13 March 2011 publisher ADVA OpticalNetworking ref operating income 9.3 million small ... num employees 1,200 small end 2010 small ref name AR2010 intl yes ADVA OpticalNetworking is a telecommunications ... and video services. ADVA OpticalNetworking has a global workforce of over 1,000 employees and its ... history 1994 ADVA OpticalNetworking was founded by Brian Protiva, in Martinsried Munich, Germany. Funded ... bandwidth network connectivity. 1995 ADVA OpticalNetworking launches its first product the Escon Multiplexer. This product was used by Westf lische Landesbank. 1996 ADVA OpticalNetworking adds sales offices in mainland Europe and one in New Jersey, USA. 1997 ADVA OpticalNetworking sells media converters to its first carrier customer COLT Telecom Group . 1998 ADVA OpticalNetworking launches its second product generation the Optical Channel Multiplexer OCM . 1999 ADVA OpticalNetworking ... Networking launches its fourth generation of products the FSP 3000 and the FSP 500. 2000 ADVA Optical ... Ltd. and Siemens Norway Telecom R&D Division. 2001 ADVA OpticalNetworking opens an R&D, production and administration facility in Meiningen 2001 2003 ADVA OpticalNetworking builds market share in North America and Asia, signing OEM agreements with Fujitsu and Hitachi Ltd . 2003 ADVA OpticalNetworking ... SDH access solution 2004 ADVA OpticalNetworking acquires Metro Packet Systems, Inc. 2004 ADVA OpticalNetworking launches its first FSP 150 Ethernet access product. 2006 ADVA OpticalNetworking acquires Covaro Networks, Inc. and Movaz Networks, Inc. 2008 ADVA OpticalNetworking achieves annual revenue of EUR 217.7 million. 2009 ADVA OpticalNetworking achieves annual revenue of EUR 232.8 million. 2010 ADVA OpticalNetworking achieves annual revenue of EUR 291.7 million. Chief officers CEO ... aligned, high quality services across networks. Markets ADVA OpticalNetworking focuses on two network ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 Synchronous OpticalNetworking SONET and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber ... redundancy check CRC . In synchronous opticalnetworking, this is modified slightly ... Hierarchy Synchronous OpticalNetworking. Journal of Computer Science 4.12 2008 1003 011. Print. ref ... Multiwavelength opticalnetworkingOptical mesh network Optical Transport Network G.709 Notes Reflist ... Networks Based on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH Category Synchronous opticalnetworking Category ... Synchronous opticalnetworking nl SONET ja Synchronous Optical Network pl Synchroniczna sie optyczna ... such as Optical Carrier OC 3 OC 3c into which ATM cells, IP packets, or Ethernet frames are placed ... over SONET SDH POS networking. Therefore, it is inaccurate to think of SDH or SONET as communications ... Signal 3, concatenated or Optical Carrier transmission rates OC 3 OC 3c , depending on whether ... 1 Synchronous Transport Signal 1 or Optical Carrier transmission rates OC 1 OC 1 , operating at 51.84 ..., though the OC designation refers to the signal in its optical form. It is therefore incorrect ... 04 07 title Synchronous Optical Network SONET work Web ProForums publisher International Engineering ... Unreferenced section date November 2010 Another type of high speed data networking circuit is 10 ... size 95 SONET SDH Designations and bandwidths SONET Optical Carrier level SONET frame format SDH level ... above note Optical Carrier OC 1 OC 1 STS 1 STM 0 align right 50,112 align right 51,840 OC 3 STS 3 STM ... on the types of cross connects built across the optical system. Note that the data rate progression ... The physical layer refers to the first layer in the OSI networking model. ref Tyson, Jeff. How OSI ... Introduction to SONET. Networking Computer and Wireless Networking Basics Home Networks Tutorials. Web ... an optical signal that has already traveled a long distance into electrical format and then retransmitting ... more details
unreferenced date November 2011 notability date November 2011 Infobox video game title NetworKing collapsible state show image image Image NetworKing.png 128px NetworKing icon caption developer NASA publisher NASA distributor NASA series engine Unity game engine Unity version platforms Mac OS X , Microsoft Windows , web browser with Unity game engine Unity plug in released Video game release 2011 genre satellite simulation modes single player ratings media downloadable requirements NetworKing is an educational simulation computer game by NASA for Mac OS X , Microsoft Windows and web browsers with the Unity plug in released in 2011. In NetworKing the player assumes the role of a satellite manager responsible for growing the communications network. External links http www.nasa.gov multimedia 3d resources scan.html NetworKing Homepage http www.nasa.gov multimedia 3d resources scan manual.html Manual Unity engine games improve categories date November 2011 Category Mac OS X games Category Windows games Category 2011 video games Category Educational video games Category Simulation video games Category NASA Category Unity engine games Simulation videogame stub NASA stub ... more details
Networking cables are used to connect one network device to other or to connect two or more computers to share printer computing printer , Image scanner scanner etc. Different types of network cables like Coaxial cable , Optical fiber cable , Twisted Pair cables are used depending on the network s network topology topology , Network Protocols protocol and size. The devices can be separated by a few meters e.g. via Ethernet or nearly unlimited distances e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet . While Wireless network wireless may be the wave of the future, most computer networks today still utilize cables to transfer signals from one point to another. ref http www.networktutorials.info cabling.html Network Cables ref Twisted pair main Twisted pair Twisted pair cabling is a form of wiring in which two conductors the forward and return conductors of a single Electronic circuit circuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference EMI from external ... and Foiled. Optical fiber cable main Optical fiber cable An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fiber s. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic ... connection s. Patch cable main Patch cable A patch cable is an electric al or optical cable, used ... networking network adapters. Cross Cable is used to connect the same devices such as pc to pc, hub to hub, switch to switch etc Power lines Although power wires are not designed for networking ... modular connector Transmission line Structured cabling Light Peak Optical interconnect Parallel optical interface Interconnect bottleneck Optical communication Optical cable Green computing InfiniBand ... CXP connector Active Cables C Form factor Pluggable Fiber optic communication Optical link List of device ... 59thewonderfulworldofwire.pdf The wonderful world of wire DEFAULTSORT Networking Cables Category Cables Category Ethernet cables Category Signal cables Category Networking hardware cs S ov kabel da ... more details
nations and uses mesh networking based on the IEEE 802.11s standard to create a robust and inexpensive ... accessdate 2008 02 23 ref In Cambridge, UK, on the 3rd June 2006, mesh networking was used at the Strawberry ... Urbana Community Wireless Network CUWiN project is developing mesh networking software based on open ... metric. Additionally, the Wireless Networking Group ref cite web title Wireless Networking Group ... Wireless Networking Group url http www.crhc.illinois.edu wireless papers kyasanur2006Tech.pdf ref SMesh ... have also incorporated concepts from Mesh Networking. An examples is ITU T G.hn , a standard ... in communication networks ZigBee Optical mesh network Netsukuku Mesh network applications Wireless mesh network History of wireless mesh networking Distinct radio node deployments of Wireless Mesh Networking BioWeb Wireless ad hoc network Wireless community network Mobile ad hoc network MANET VANET ... networking References reflist External links Only links to sites that provide actual information about mesh networking. No links to sites that primarily exist to sell products or services. please ... view id 212 Robin Chase discusses Zipcar and Mesh networking Robin Chase talks at the Ted conference about the future of mesh networking and eco technology http www.mesh networks.org Mesh Networks Research ... topology Category Networks Category Wireless networking ca Xarxa en malla de Vermaschtes Netz es ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 Taste networking , also called value networking , is a specific mode of social networking that uses personal tastes as a basis for making social connections in an online environment. Whereas the majority of existing social network service s use schools, workplaces, geographic locations or pre existing friends to connect users, sites that use the taste networking model use tastes and values. Assessing users preferences in any number of areas the model s pioneering site, MyTrybe covers the full spectrum of arts and entertainment categories music, film and TV, gaming, the visual arts, and so on, plus a variety of lifestyle topics food, travel, fashion and news , taste networking services connect users based on their similarities. The theory behind this model is that it allows users to make more personally relevant social connections than does the standard social networking model. By using more granular tastes and values, that is, rather than the broad commonalities implied by membership to a school, workplace, or the like, this model is able to make high quality, individually tailored connections. One major advantage of the concept is that it allows for the seamless integration of both online social networking and content delivery. Within a taste networking environment, content has a particular relevance social connections are made based on substantive preferences that can be expressed and tracked easily through content. And, since users are already filtered by their preferences in this model, content can be easily personalized as well. MyTrybe, for example, is a dual service, offering both social networking and social bookmarking platforms. It offers users the chance to network with others based on their shared taste, and to get personalized content recommendations through that network called a Trybe in this case . References Glazowski, Paul. MyTrybe ... at 10 20 AM PST. http mashable.com 2008 02 01 mytrybe Category Social networking services Category ... more details
For other uses, see Metric disambiguation . Context date October 2009 Refimprove date January 2009 Metrics is a property of a routing route in computer networking , consisting of any value used by Routing Protocol to determine whether one route should perform better than another. The routing table stores only the best possible routes, while link state or topological databases may store all other information as well. For example, Routing Information Protocol uses hopcount number of hops to determine the best possible route. A Metric can include measuring link utilisation using SNMP number of hops hop count speed of the path packet loss router congestion conditions Lag latency delay path reliability path Bandwidth computing bandwidth throughput SNMP query routers Load computing load Maximum transmission unit MTU In EIGRP , metrics is represented by an integer from 0 to 4294967295. In Microsoft Windows XP routing it ranges from 1 to 9999. A Metric can be considered as ref http dx.doi.org 10.1016 j.comnet.2004.11.003 S. D. Rao, C. S. R. Murthy Distributed dynamic QoS aware routing in WDM optical networks , Computer Networks, Volume 48, Issue 4, 15 July 2005, Pages 585 604 ref additive the total cost of a path is the sum of the costs of individual links along the path, concave the total cost of a path is the minimum of the costs of individual links along the path, multiplicative the total cost of a path is the product of the costs of individual links along the path. A survey of routing metrics can be found http rainer.baumann.info public tik262.pdf here . Service Level Metrics Service Level Metrics are concerned with the end user s experience of using the product. Availability The availability of a computer network or an individual service may be expressed using the notation hh d ww. For a 24 hour service, seven days a week, available all year around, this would be expressed 24 7 52 where the 52 stands for the number of weeks in a year . Service providers usually express ... more details
Infobox company company name HP Networking company type Division of Hewlett Packard key people Meg Whitman President, CEO and Chairman of HP br Bethany Mayer SVP, GM of HP Networking industry Computer Network s products Networking hardware Network hardware parent Hewlett Packard homepage http www.hp.com networking www.hp.com networking HP Networking is the Computer network networking division of Hewlett Packard , within the HP Enterprise Business segment. HP s networking division was previously known ... and 3Com entities as HP Networking. Organization HP Networking was formed in April 2010 as the combination ..., 2011 ref ref Cite web url http www.theregister.co.uk 2010 04 19 hp networking title HP Networking Emerges ... in Roseville, CA, USA. Developer of networking switches and wireless solutions. Global sales. The acquired ... H3C Technologies Co., Ltd. Based in HangZhou, China. Developer of networking switches, routers ..., Texas. Developer of networking security solutions, particularly intrusion prevention systems. Global sales. History HP has been in the networking and switching business for decades. ref http www.channelregister.co.uk ... RND , then the Workgroup Networks Division WND , before becoming the ProCurve Networking Business PNB ... ProCurve Networking operates as a relatively independent business&cd 1&hl en&ct clnk&gl us&client ... April 12, 2010 accessdate March 24, 2011 ref Product Highlights HP Networking HPN sells networking products for businesses, schools and government entities. Click HP Networking Products here for a comprehensive list of HP Networking products. At Interop Las Vegas in April 2010, HP began publicly using HP Networking as the name for its networking division and outlined how products would be branded under the new entity. ref Cite web url http www.theregister.co.uk 2010 04 19 hp networking title HP Networking Emerges publisher The Register date April 19, 2010 accessdate March 24, 2011 ref A Series ... applications including voice platform VCX. Training HP Networking offers product, solution and sales ... more details
Multiple issues wikify January 2011 essay like September 2010 Neologism date May 2011 Speed networking ... networking is often referenced as a derivative of speed dating , ref http excellenceinbusiness.org ?s speed networking Speed Networking for Business Success By Terry Frerker, Excellence In Business ... KB ref Speed networking, a more recent concept, arose from the combination of speed dating and business networking and is thought to have started in the United States and, perhaps, simultaneously in the United ... Dictionary ref Speed networking was first utilized during the US economic downturn of the early ... networking can be similar individuals paired or grouped together for the purpose of introduction the practices ... their exposure. ref http www.entrepreneur.com marketing networking article180954.html Speed Networking and Beyond By Ivan Misner, Entrepreneur, June 28, 2007. ref Organization Speed networking can ... based model where individuals speak to a preselected group. Most speed networking events begin ..., speed networking events all have time limits placed on the interactions and a moderator that will time and announce these intervals. In addition, if the speed networking model calls for specific ... speed networking Round robin In the round robin model of speed networking attendees meet each other ... long event. Station based In the station based model of speed networking, attendees meet each other ... station based speed networking event may yield 7 to 10 contacts during an hour long event. Group based In the group based model of speed networking attendees do not meet individually but instead are assigned ... the event but usually last five to 15 minutes. Applications Speed networking has many applications. A variety of organizations use speed networking to structure events alumni associations, chambers ... networking include membership drives, networking events, mentoring programs, career fairs, team building exercises and vendor pairings. Speed networking is particularly useful when many organisations ... more details
constructed by the Joint Tactical Radio System JTRS networking services. 2 JTRS is a software defined ... and Wideband Networking Software to create mobile ad hoc network s. 3 It also provides system ... and surface coverage and good optical paths to satellites. The mission of an airborne communications ... between aircraft entering and exiting mission orbits. References Airborne Networking Architecture ... publications ref nr airborne report04.doc AN Architecture , 2004 Airborne Networking Kenneth Stranc Mitre Corporation http www.mitre.org news events xml4bin pdf stranc airborne.pdf Airborne Networking , 2004 Airborne Networking Challenges Ben Ames, Military and Aerospace Electronics Magazine http mae.pennnet.com articles article display.cfm?article id 217724 Airborne Networking Challenges , 2004 Category Computer networking ... more details
Distinguish Network marketing Unreferenced date July 2010 Business networking is a socioeconomic activity by which groups of like minded businesspeople recognize, create, or act upon business opportunities .... There are several prominent business networking organizations that create models of networking activity ... technology in support of business networking. Many businesspeople contend business networking .... This is because business networking is a low cost activity that involves more personal commitment ... one to one relationship with the fellow member. Business networking can be conducted in a local business community, or on a larger scale via the Internet . Business networking websites have grown ... sources. Business networking can have a meaning also in the Information and communications technology ... to the large firms they deal with. Online business networking Businesses are increasingly using business ... online. In general these networking tools allow professionals to build up their circle of business partners they trust. By connecting these business partners the networking tools allow individuals to search ... accessible also for small and medium sized companies. Face to face business networking Professionals ... face to face networking over online based networking because the potential for higher quality relationships ... knowing and meeting who they intend to do business with. Face time Face to face business networking is often facilitated by referral networking clubs. General business networking Before online networking, there was and has always been, networking face to face. Schmoozing or rubbing elbows are expressions ... rapport. Networked Businesses With networking developing, many businesses now have this as a core part ... used by Thomas Power, chairman of Ecademy, an online business network, in May 2009. Business networking ... based innovations. A truly ICT business networking approach rethinks and rebuilds the operating support ... To Leverage Your Online Business Networking Activities , April 18, 2010 citation title Business networking ... more details
notability date October 2011 Unreferenced date November 2007 Distributed Networking is a distributed computing network system, said to be distributed when the computer programming and the data to be worked on are spread out over more than one computer, usually over a network. Prior to low cost computer power on the desktop, computing was centralized. Although such centers still exist, distribution networking applications and data operate more efficiently over a mix of desktop workstations, local area network servers, regional servers, Web servers, and other servers. A popular trend has been client server computing which is simply the view that a client computer can provide certain capabilities for a user and request others from other computers that provide services for the clients. The World Wide Web Web s Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an example of this idea. Enterprises that have grown in scale over the years and those that are continuing to grow are finding it extremely challenging to manage their distributed network in the traditional client server computing model. The recent developments in the field of cloud computing has opened up new possibilities. Cloud based networking vendors have started to sprout offering solutions for enterprise distributed networking needs. Whether it turns out to revolutionize the distributed networking space or turns out to be another fad remains to be seen. See also Distributed data store Distributed file system Cloud based networking Cloud computing , a more general concept whose current implementations are often dependent on data center s rather than a distributed network compu network stub Category File sharing networks Category Distributed data storage ja ... more details
tone date August 2009 Brand networking is the engagement of a social networking service around a brand by providing consumers with a platform of relevant content, elements of participation, and a currency, score, or ranking. Brands are using brand networking to create communities that serve as a fully encompassing interactive destination to incentivize brand participation online and off. This evolved level of user participation with the brand creates strong relationships with consumers and leverages sales and generates fan equity. ref name aacv.org Brand Networking Social Media Ownership, Return on Involvement and Open Social Networks http www.aacv.org Association of Advertising & Creative Versioning Retrieved on April 5, 2009 ref History The development and growth of social networking in the early 2000s gave birth to brand networking. Brands saw the immediate potential to reach and interact with consumers through online platforms like Facebook and MySpace . At first the ability to reach consumers by way of these platforms was inadequate brands had the option to join as members or simply advertise on these sites. The potential existed to not only display advertisements to consumers, but to engage them to interact with the brand. This is when brands made the shift to create their own networking platforms. Less evolved attempts to connect brands with consumers via networking typically ... which is all geared toward the show . Structure Brand Networking is more than a social networking .... Three key elements, in unity, create brand networking relevant content, elements of participation ... through the combination of typical social networking features online personalized page, friends ... or e commerce destinations. The final element of brand networking involves incentivizing participation ... are distributed for activity outside of the networking site. By incentivizing usage offline the brand ... boards, reviews Yes Yes No References Reflist Category Social networking services Category Brand ... more details
Active networking is a communication pattern that allows packets flowing through a telecommunications network to dynamically modify the operation of the network. How it works Active network architecture is composed of execution environments similar to a unix shell that can execute active packets , a Node networking node operating system capable of supporting one or more execution environments. It also consists of active hardware, capable of routing or switching as well as executing code within active packets. This differs from the traditional network architecture which seeks robustness and stability by attempting to remove complexity and the ability to change its fundamental operation from underlying network components. Network processor s are one means of implementing active networking concepts. Active networks have also been implemented as overlay network s. What does it offer? Active networking allows the possibility of highly tailored and rapid real time changes to the underlying network operation. This enables such ideas as sending code along with packets of information allowing the data to change its form code to match the channel characteristics. The smallest program that can generate a sequence of data can be found in the definition of Kolmogorov complexity . The use of real time Genetic Algorithm genetic algorithms within the network to compose network services is also enabled by active networking. Fundamental challenges Active network research addresses the nature of how best to incorporate extremely dynamic capability within networks. ref Bush, S. F., A Simple Metric ... As the limit in reduction of transistor size is reached with current technology, active networking ... networking . See also Nanoscale networking Network processing References Reflist 2 Further ... 1 58053 745 6 External links http www.research.ge.com bushsf AVNMP.html Active Networking at GE ... Networking Category Network architecture Category Computer networks mk Active networking ... more details
Autonomic Networking follows the concept of Autonomic Computing , an initiative started by IBM in 2001 ..., but also burdens existing networking infrastructure with more and more tasks that sooner or later ... to the ANS. Components of autonomic networking As autonomics conceptually derives from biological entities ... threats. In the case of autonomic networking, the state of the network may be defined by inputs from .... The autognostic system interoperates with Autonomic Networking Configuration management configuration management to control network elements and interfaces Autonomic Networking Policy management policy management to define performance objectives and constraints Autonomic Networking Autodefense autodefense ... with all of the other sub systems including Autonomic Networking Autognostics autognostics receives direction for and validation of changes Autonomic Networking Policy management policy management implements policy models through mapping to underlying resources Autonomic Networking Security security applies access and authorization constraints for particular policy targets Autonomic Networking ... at least indirectly with all other sub systems but primarily interacts with Autonomic Networking ... Autonomic Networking Configuration management configuration management providing constraints on device configuration Autonomic Networking Security security providing definitions of roles, access ... Networking Security security receives definition of roles and security constraints, and defines risk for proactive mitigation Autonomic Networking Configuration management configuration management ... or detected attack Autonomic Networking Autognostics autognostics receives notification of detected ... directly with Autonomic Networking Policy management policy management receiving high level directives related to access and priority Autonomic Networking Configuration management configuration management sending specifics for access and admission control Autonomic Networking Autodefense autodefense ... more details
Networking hardware or networking equipment typically refers to devices facilitating the use of a computer network . Typically, this includes Gateway telecommunications gateways , Router computing router s, network bridge s, network switch switches , ethernet hub hubs , and repeater s. Also, hybrid network devices such as multilayer switch es, protocol converter s and bridge router s. And, proxy server s, firewall networking firewall s and network address translator s. Also, multiplexer s, network interface controller s, wireless network interface controller s, modem s, ISDN terminal adapter s and line driver s. And, wireless access point s, networking cables and other related hardware. Computer networking devices are units that mediate data in a computer network. ref cite web url http www.wisegeek.com what are network devices.htm title What are Network Devices? publisher wiseGEEK accessdate 2012 03 21 ref ref cite web url http www.theitlibrary.com Network devices.html title Networking Devices publisher iT Library accessdate 2012 03 21 ref Computer networking devices are also called network equipment, Intermediate Systems IS Citation needed date March 2012 or InterWorking Unit IWU . Citation ... of networking hardware today is copper based Ethernet Network interface card adapters , helped largely by its standard inclusion on most modern computer systems. 802.11 Wireless networking has become ... within computer networking is datacenter equipment such as file server s, database server s and storage ... diverse devices which may be considered networking hardware include mobile phone s, Personal digital ... networking devices Gateway telecommunications Gateway device sitting at a network node for interfacing ... networking Firewall a piece of hardware or software put on the network to prevent some communications ... System List of Networking hardware vendors Personal computer hardware Residential gateway References ... USF Explanation of network hardware Category Networking hardware Category Computer networking be x ... more details
In IEEE IEEE 802.11 802.11 Wi Fi terminology, a station STA is a device that has the capability to use the 802.11 protocol. For example, a station may be a laptop , a desktop PC, PDA , Wireless access point access point or Wi Fi phone. A STA may be fixed, mobile or portable. Generally in wireless networking terminology, a station, wireless client and Node networking node are often used interchangeably, and no strict distinction existing between these terms. With a station also being referred as transmitter or receiver based on its transmission characteristics. IEEE 802.11 2007 formally defines station as Any device that contains an IEEE 802.11 conformant medium access control MAC and physical layer PHY interface to the wireless medium WM . See also Basic Service Set Service set identifier External links http standards.ieee.org getieee802 download 802.11 2007.pdf Standards document IEEE 802.11 2007 Category Wi Fi Compu network stub pt Esta o rede de computadores ... more details
Visual networking refers to an emerging class of user applications that combine digital video and social networking capabilities. It is based upon the premise that visual literacy, the ability to interpret, negotiate and make meaning from information presented in the form of a moving image, is a powerful force in how humans communicate, entertain and learn. The duality of visual networking subsuming entertainment and communications , professional and personal content, video and other digital media, data networks and social networks to create immersive experiences, when, where and how the user wants .... History of visual networking The rise of visual networking is relatively recent phenomenon driven by the emergence of social networking capabilities and the ability to deliver interactive video over a broadband network. It is a natural evolution of the current social networking phenomena whereby social networking annotations are layered over broadband video to create highly interactive and immersive ... of video and social networking across a wide range of entertainment, communication and learning .... Social networking meets video At the core of visual networking is the concept that people can ... , social networking establishes interconnected Internet communities sometimes known as personal ... watched something or how many sites link to it. Early examples of visual networking YouTube is the best early example of a visual networking experience. YouTube is a video sharing website where users ..., where the viewpoint is out of the control of the viewer. Other visual networking applications While still in its infancy, visual networking applications are beginning to emerge that span both consumer ... References The Dawn of Visual Networking Social Networking and Video Make a Powerful Brew Roger L. Kay, 2008 , How visual networking could spell the end for the iPod R. Enderle, 2008 Visual Collaboration Andrew Davis, 1999 The Five Big Technology Trends of 2008 Enderle, 2008 Category Social networking ... more details
Slum Networking is a holistic approach for improving urban infrastructure , developed by Himanshu Parikh http archnet.org library parties one party.tcl?party id 421 of Ahmedabad , India . It addresses a range of facilities needed by slum dwellers http web.mit.edu urbanupgrading upgrading resources bibliography TOC Slum Networking.html road s and Sidewalk footpath s storm drain storm drainage sanitation and sanitary sewer sewerage water supply earthworks engineering earthworks and soft landscaping street lighting solid waste management This is achieved minimal donor funding by maximizing community participation decision making participation and using microcredit systems. Technical aspects Image World Bank Funded public toilet in Indore City before Slum Networking Project.png thumb World Bank funded public toilet block in Indore City, surrounded by a cesspit Unsourced image removed image Indore City Street before Slum Networking Project.png thumb Street in Indore City before the slum networking project Unsourced image removed Image Indore City Street after slum networking.png thumb Street in Indore City after the slum networking project Drainage and sanitary sewer sewerage are made lower cost by making them follow the topography . Thus sewers do not need to be buried deeply, digging is reduced, and pumping of sewage is avoided as the sewers follow the natural drainage paths. In a lecture ref http www.ewb uk.org node 954 EWB UK Lecture , Cambridge, January 2004 MP3 format 81.4 MB ref for Engineers Without Borders UK , Himanshu Parikh explained that his research into the growth of slums had led to the realisation that slums always develop along the natural drainage paths. Therefore the cheapest way to provide sewerage to a city is to build major sewers through the slums and connect the higher and usually richer areas of the city to them. This then provides sewerage to the whole ... http www.efm.leeds.ac.uk CIVE Sewerage articles Slum 20Networking.htm Slum Networking A Holistic ... more details
In peer to peer networking, a supernode is any node networking node that also serves as one of that network s relayers and proxy server s, handling data flow and connections for other users. This semi distributed architecture allows data to be decentralized without requiring excessive overhead at every node. However, the increased workload of supernodes generally requires additional network bandwidth computing bandwidth and Central processing unit CPU time. Some peer to peer designs allow for the user to control whether their node is a supernode others do not. For example, Skype by default is configured as a supernode, an issue that has caused controversy. Despite criticism, Skype has contended that supernodes on their network act only to maintain information about who is online at a given time, and are not used to route calls between users. Beginning with version 3.0, Skype allows users to avoid becoming a supernode by modifying the Windows Registry . External links http saikat.guha.cc pub iptps06 skype An Experimental Study of the Skype Peer to Peer VoIP System http ictupdate.cta.int en Feature Articles The mesh potato network The Mesh Potato Network South African Project On Cheap Telephone Systems In Rural Areas Internet stub Category File sharing de Supernode ... more details
information or mobile phone tracking can enable location based service s to enrich social networking .... Uses Geosocial networking allows users to interact relative to their current locations ..., geosocial networking can allow users to coordinate around collaborative filtering collaboratively ... networking is known as collaborative mapping . Furthermore, geolocated messages could assist ... to geolocating. Ad hoc networking A mobile ad hoc network is an opt in group of mobile devices ... freely with each other. This sort of social networking is used mostly during events so the host operating ... on 2012 01 09. ref and Hot Potato. Food sourcing A less used form of geosocial networking is one ... making lunch a social networking game ?scp 6&sq social 20networking&st Search work The New York Times first Nick last Bilton title Making Lunch a Social Networking Game date 13 August 2010 ref Freelancing ... title Like Shopping? Social Networking? Try Social Shopping date 11 September 2006 ref Sites have ... Location awareness List of social networking websites Virtual community Geographic information system References Reflist 35em Please do not list geo social networking companies they will be removed as spam DEFAULTSORT Geosocial Networking Category Social networks Category Collaborative mapping Category Geosocial networking es Red geo social nl Geosocial networking no Lokasjonsbaserte sosiale nettverk ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 In a telecommunications network or computer network , downstream refers to data sent from a network service provider to a customer. ref cite book title Broadband Services, Applications, and Networks Enabling Technologies and Business Models publisher International Engineering Consortium page 130 isbn 978 1 931695 24 4 url http books.google.com books?id ipmF3npkMngC&pg PA130 ref File Upstream downstream.svg thumb upright 1.2 Residential services often have higher downstream rates than upstream, while business services are often symmetric Although the best voiceband modems are called 56 kbit s modem s, downstream speeds can be limited to a few tens of Bits per second kilobits per second with even lower upstream speeds. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADSL and cable modem s, two popular Internet access technologies, greatly improved downstream speeds reaching several Mbit s. Mobile broadband and satellite Internet access providers also often have lower upstream speeds than downstream. One process sending data primarily in the downstream direction is download ing . However, the overall download speed depends on the downstream speed of the user, the upstream speed of the server, and the network between them. In the client server model , downstream can refer to the direction from the Server computing server to the client computing client . See also Upstream networking Upstream References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Downstream networking Category Data transmission Network stub de Stromabw rts und stromaufw rts it Downstream nl Downstream pt Jusante ... more details
Image UDP encapsulation.svg 450px thumb Encapsulation sequence of user data in the TCP IP protocol stack. In computer network ing, encapsulation is a method of designing modular communication protocols in which logically separate functions in the network are abstraction computer science abstracted from their underlying structures by inclusion or information hiding within higher level objects. The physical layer is responsible for physical transmission of the data. Link encapsulation allows local area networking and IP provides global addressing of individual computers UDP adds application or process selection, i.e., the TCP and UDP port port specifies the service such as a web server Web or Trivial File Transfer Protocol TFTP server. In discussions of encapsulation, the more abstract layer is often called the upper layer protocol while the more specific layer is called the lower layer protocol . Sometimes, however, the terms upper layer protocol s and lower layer protocol s are used to describe the layers above and below IP, respectively. Encapsulation is a characteristic feature of most networking models, including the OSI Model and TCP IP suite of protocols. See also Cross layer optimization Information hiding Tunneling protocol References unreferenced date January 2008 External links http learn networking.com tcp ip how encapsulation works within the tcpip model How Encapsulation Works Within the TCP IP Model http www.visualland.net view.php?cid 1028&protocol Encapsulation&title 2. 20Router 20encap&ctype 1 Animation of router encapsulation and decapsulation Category Network protocols de Datenkapselung Netzwerktechnik fa fr Encapsulation r seau lv Iekapsul ana nl Inkapselen netwerk ja pl Enkapsulacja sie ru sv Inkapsling datorkommunikation vi ng g i m ng m y t nh ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
