unreferenced date March 2010 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Internet Optimizer , also known as DyFuCA is a spyware program which redirects Internet Explorer error pages to advertising pages. When users follow a broken link or enter an erroneous URL, they see a page of advertisements. However, because password protected Web sites HTTP Basic authentication use the same mechanism as HTTP errors, Internet Optimizer makes it impossible for the user to access password protected sites. It is classified as a Browser Helper Object or BHO, and as such, it loads whenever MS Internet Explorer starts and is not detected by firewalls or anti virus software, as it is seen as a legitimate part of the application. It is also classified as a downloader which can download, install and run software on the victim s computer without their permission. Category Spyware Malware stub sv Internet Optimizer ... more details
The query optimizer is the component of a database management system that attempts to determine the most efficient way to execute a Information retrieval query . The optimizer considers the possible query plan s for a given input query, and attempts to determine which of those plans will be the most efficient. Cost based query optimizers assign an estimated cost to each possible query plan, and choose the plan with the smallest cost. Costs are used to estimate the runtime cost of evaluating the query, in terms of the number of I O operations required, the CPU requirements, and other factors determined from the data dictionary . The set of query plans examined is formed by examining the possible access paths e.g. index scan, sequential scan and join algorithm s e.g. sort merge join , hash join , nested loop join . The search space can become quite large depending on the complexity of the SQL query. Generally, the query optimizer cannot be accessed directly by users once queries are submitted to database server, and parsed by the parser, they are then passed to the query optimizer where optimization occurs. However, some database engines allow guiding the query optimizer with hint SQL hint s. Implementation Most query optimizers represent query plans as a Tree data structure tree of plan nodes . A plan node encapsulates a single operation that is required to execute the query. The nodes .... For each relation, the optimizer records the cheapest way to scan the relation, as well as the cheapest way to scan the relation that produces records in a particular sorted order. The optimizer then considers combining each pair of relations for which a join condition exists. For each pair, the optimizer ... and performance part 3 queries indexes and query optimizer SQL Indexes, Statistics and the Query Optimizer Databases DEFAULTSORT Query Optimizer Category Database algorithms Category Database management systems Category SQL de Anfrageoptimierer ja th Query optimizer ... more details
A power optimizer is a DC to DC converter technology developed to maximize the energy harvest from solar photovoltaic or wind turbine systems. They do this by individually tuning the performance of the panel or wind turbine through maximum power point tracking , and optionally tuning the output to match the performance of the string inverter . Power optimizers are especially useful when the performance of the power generating components in a distributed system will vary widely, differences in equipment, shading of light or wind, or being installed facing different directions or widely separated locations. Power optimizers for solar applications, can be similar to microinverter s, in that both systems attempt to isolate individual panels in order to improve overall system performance. A microinverter essentially combines a power optimizer with a small inverter in a single case that is used on every panel, while the power optimizer leaves the inverter in a separate box and uses only one inverter for the entire array. The claimed advantage to this hybrid approach is lower overall system costs, avoiding the distribution of electronics. Description MPPT Most energy production or storage devices have a complex relationship between the power they produce, the load placed on them, and the efficiency of the delivery. A conventional battery, for instance, stores energy in chemical reactions in their electrolytes and plates. These reactions take time to occur, which limits the rate at which the power can be efficiently drawn from the cell. ref Venkat Srinivasan, http gigaom.com cleantech ..., naturally, to the power optimizer concept, where only the MPPT system is distributed to the panels ... an almost 70 percent share of the power optimizer market. ref http www.isuppli.com Photovoltaics News ... power optimizer Power Optimizer SolarEdge technology ref Other players include Tigo Energy and SolarMagic by National Semiconductor . Notes and references reflist DEFAULTSORT Power Optimizer Category ... more details
Primary sources date December 2010 Google Website Optimizer is a free website optimization tool that helps online marketers and webmasters increase visitor conversion rates and overall visitor satisfaction by continually testing different combinations of website content. ref name gwo cite web url http www.google.com websiteoptimizer title Website Optimizer publisher Google accessdate 2010 12 14 ref Google Website Optimizer can test any element that exists as HTML code on a page including calls to action, fonts, headlines, point of action assurances, product copy, product images, product reviews, and forms. It can be used at multiple stage in the conversion funnel . Google Website Optimizer allows webmasters to test entire pages, known as A B testing or page elements, known as Multivariate testing such as Headings, images or body copy. This tool is part of Google Analytics , though accessed through a different user interface. As it is part of Google Analytics, it uses the Google analytics scripts. References references External links http services.google.com websiteoptimizer Google website optimizer http www.pearl group.com google website optimizer joomla Open Source Google Website Optimizer Extension for Joomla Google Inc. DEFAULTSORT Website Optimizer Category Google services Category Web analytics web software stub ar de Google Website Optimierungstool ... more details
Image Binary optimizer.png thumb 180px A binary optimizer takes the existing output from a compiler and produces a better execution file with the same functionality. An object code optimizer , sometimes also known as a post pass optimizer or, for small sections of code, peephole optimization peephole optimizer , takes the output from a source language compile step the object code or binary file and tries to replace identifiable sections of the code with replacement code that is more algorithmic efficiency algorithmically efficient usually improved speed . Examples The COBOL Optimizer developed by Capex Corporation in the mid 1970 s for COBOL . This type of optimizer depended, in this case, upon knowledge of weaknesses in the standard IBM COBOL compiler, and actually replaced or Patch computing patch ed sections of the object code with more efficient code. The replacement code might replace a linear Lookup table table lookup with a binary search for example or sometimes simply replace a relatively slow instruction with a known faster one that was otherwise functionally equivalent within its context. This technique is now known as Strength reduction . For example on the IBM 360 hardware the CLI instruction was, depending on the particular model, between twice and 5 times as fast as a CLC instruction for single byte comparisons. ref http www.bitsavers.org pdf ibm 360 A22 6825 1 360instrTiming.pdf ... require charged maintenance to the optimizer to cater for possibly changed internal COBOL algorithms ... optimized versions until a supporting optimizer was released . Other optimizers using the same concept ... above, include The Sun Studio Binary Code Optimizer http developers.sun.com solaris articles binopt.html ... of a Dynamic Binary Optimizer from IBM T. J. Watson Res. Center Feb 2005 http ieeexplore.ieee.org ... &arnumber 4343832&isnumber 4343799 Spike Executable Optimizer Unix kernal http www.cesr.ncsu.edu fddo4 ... time References reflist DEFAULTSORT Object Code Optimizer Category Compiler optimizations Category ... more details
Advanced Vista Optimizer is a computer tool for Windows XP and Windows Vista . It is used to improve computer performance and speed. ref cite web url http www.pcsoftwaresbay.com optimization software reports 87 advanced system optimizer.html title PC Software Bay info accessdate 19 September 2011 ref Features Advanced Vista has utilities for optimization, speedup, cleanup, memory management, etc. ref cite web url http myvistaoptimizer.com title Myvistaoptimizer.com accessdate 4 September 2011 ref Its utilities include system cleaners, system and memory optimizers, junk file cleaners, privacy protectors, startup managers, security tools and other maintenance tools. ref name pcworld , repair missing or broken Dynamic link library DLL s and includes a file erasers. There s a what s recommended link, which is used to find the problems on the PC, to give info on how to speed up the computer, or to show settings of various program features with the scheduler. ref name software informer cite web url http advanced vista optimizer 2009.software.informer.com title Advanced Vista Optimizer at Software Informer accessdate 17 September 2011 ref The Single Click Care option scans the computer for optimization ... cite web url http www.registrycleanerstested.org blog 2010 08 advanced vista optimizer review a vista must have title RegistryCleanersTested review of Advanced Vista Optimizer accessdate 16 September ... Vista Optimizer 2008 112902 0 title Advanced Vista Optimizer 2008 publisher CIOL accessdate ... wp dyn content article 2009 04 23 AR2009042303590.html title Advanced Vista Optimizer ... name pcworld cite web url http www.pcworld.com article 163108 advanced vista optimizer 2009 works as promisedbut is it worth the price.html title Advanced Vista Optimizer 2009 Works as Promised...But Is It Worth .... ref cite web url http www.pcadvisor.co.uk reviews software 114871 advanced vista optimizer 2009 review ?tab verdictTab top title Advanced Vista Optimizer 2009 review publisher PC Advisor ... more details
mergeto SAP AG date April 2011 Context date March 2011 Notability date March 2011 SAP Advanced Planner and Optimizer consists of modules viz. Demand Planning, Supply network Supply Network planning, Production Planning and detail scheduling, Global Available to promise Available to Promise and Transportation management system Transportation management & vehicle Scheduling. Demand Planning APO Demand Planning is a set of functionalities around Demand Management, Statistical Forecasting, Promotion and Life cycle Planning processes. It is an integral part of any organizations Sales & Operations Planning Process. Demand Planning can primarily be divided in two areas Data Mart and Demand Management Functionalities. The Data Mart portion of APO DP is basically the SAP BW component with all BW related transactions and objects available. External links http help.sap.com saphelp apo helpdata en 7e 63fc37004d0a1ee10000009b38f8cf frameset.htm Official Website Category SAP company ... more details
notability date July 2011 Infobox software name ROMeo screenshot developer Invensys , SimSci Esscor operating system Microsoft Windows genre Steady State, Chemical Process Optimization license Proprietary software Proprietary website http iom.invensys.com EN Pages SimSci Esscor ROMeoOnlinePerformanceSuite.aspx ROMeo Official Homepage ROMeo ref http iom.invensys.com EN Pages SimSciEsscor ROMeoOnlinePerformanceSuite.aspx ref ref http en.wikipedia.org wiki Invensys ref Rigorous Online Modelling and Equation Based Optimization is an advanced online chemical process optimizer of SimSci Esscor division of Invensys ref http iom.invensys.com EN Pages SimSci Esscor.aspx ref It is mainly used by process engineering process engineers in the chemistry chemical , petroleum and natural gas industries. It includes a Chemical library chemical component library , thermodynamic property prediction methods, and unit operation s such as distillation column s, heat exchanger s, gas compressor compressor s, and reactor s as found in the chemical processing industries. It can perform steady state mass balance mass and energy balance calculations for modeling, simulating and optimizing continuous processes. ref Bela G. Liptak,B la G. Lipt k, http books.google.it books?id TxKynbyaIAMC&pg PA234&dq 22PRO II 22 simsci&lr &cd 2 v onepage&q 22PRO 2FII 22 20simsci&f false Instrument Engineers Handbook Process control and optimization , CRC Press 2006 , p. 234. ISBN 0849310814 ref ref R. K. Sinnott, John Metcalfe Coulson, John Francis Richardson, http books.google.it books?id DJaxUL3numgC&pg PA169&dq 22PRO II 22 simsci&lr &cd 5 v onepage&q 22PRO 2FII 22 20simsci&f false Coulson & Richardson s chemical engineering Chemical engineering design , Butterworth Heinemann 2005 , p. 169. ISBN 0750665386 ref ROMeo 6.0 has been released with increased access to native Refinery Process Models based on technology from ExxonMobil See also List of chemical process simulators References references External links ... more details
Adaptive optimization is a technique in computer science that performs dynamic recompilation of portions of a computer program program based on the current execution profile. With a simple implementation, an adaptive optimizer may simply make a trade off between Just in time compilation and interpreting instructions. At another level, adaptive optimization may take advantage of local data conditions to optimize away branches and to use inline expansion to decrease context switch ing. Consider a hypothetical banking application that handles transactions one after another. These transactions may be checks, deposits, and a large number of more obscure transactions. When the program executes, the actual data may consist of clearing tens of thousands of checks without processing a single deposit and without processing a single check with a fraudulent account number. An adaptive optimizer would compile assembly code to optimize for this common case. If the system then started processing tens of thousands of deposits instead, the adaptive optimizer would recompile the assembly code to optimize the new common case. This optimization may include inlining code or moving error processing code to secondary cache. Deoptimization In some systems, notably the Java Virtual Machine Citation needed date June 2011 , execution over a range of Java bytecode bytecode instructions can be provably reversed. This allows an adaptive optimizer to make risky assumptions about the code. In the above example, the optimizer may assume all transactions are checks and all account numbers are valid. When these assumptions prove incorrect, the adaptive optimizer can unwind to a valid state and then interpret the byte code instructions correctly. See also Java performance Adaptive optimization Adaptive optimization in Java External links http citeseer.ist.psu.edu arnold00adaptive.html CiteSeer for Adaptive Optimization in the Jalape o JVM 2000 by Matthew Arnold, Stephen Fink, David Grove, Michael Hind ... more details
CBO is a three letter abbreviation which may mean CBO FM , a CBC Radio One station in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Central Bank of Oman Central Boycott Office, a specialized agency of the Arab League based in Damascus see Arab economic boycott of Israel Certified Building Official , International Code Council certification designation for building officials Chief Brand Officer Chief business officer Chief Business Officer Collateralized Bond Obligation , a type of collateralized debt obligation Combined Bomber Offensive Community based organization Confedera o Brasileira de Orienta o the orienteering federation of Brasil Congressional Budget Office , United States American federal agency responsible for government budget calculations and analyses Cost Based Optimizer an Oracle performance feature see related entry Query optimizer Query Optimizer Oracle Database feature See also C Bo disambig DEFAULTSORT Cbo Category Broadcast call sign disambiguation pages de CBO fr CBO it CBO nl CBO ja CBO pt CBO uk CBO ... more details
via Second order cone programming , or SOCP . The CPLEX Optimizer has a modeling layer called Concert ... Interactive Optimizer executable is provided for debugging and other purposes. The CPLEX Optimizer ... CPLEX Optimization Studio consists of the CPLEX Optimizer for mathematical programming, the IBM ILOG CPLEX CP Optimizer for constraint programming, the Optimization Programming Language OPL , and a tightly ... http www.ibm.com software integration optimization cplex optimizer name IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimizer home page Official http www.ibm.com software integration optimization cplex cp optimizer name IBM ILOG CPLEX CP Optimizer home page Official http www 01.ibm.com software integration optimization cplex ... more details
JAMP is a WAMP package that includes Apache httpd , MySQL and PHP . Infobox Software logo screenshot caption developer jayysoft gmail.com released initial release 2008 05 12 latest release version 0.0.1 latest release date release date 2008 05 12 operating system Win32 genre List of AMP packages AMP license GNU General Public License or proprietary EULA website http jayysoft.wordpress.com JayySoft Components Apache HTTP Server 2.2.8 PHP 5.2.5 MySQL 5.1.24 Subversion software SVN 1.4.6 phpMyAdmin 2.11.5.2 WordPress 2.5.1 TextCube 1.6.3 expansion PHP accelerator Zend Optimizer Zend Optimizer 3.3.3 Note The website appears not to be functional for downloads. Category WAMP software stub it JAMP ... more details
Infobox Software name MOSEK developer MOSEK ApS latest release version 6.0 genre Operations Research , Optimization mathematics Mathematical optimization status Active license Proprietary software Proprietary website http www.mosek.com MOSEK website MOSEK ref http www.mosek.com index.php MOSEK Homepage ref is a software package for the solution of linear, mixed integer linear, quadratic, mixed integer quadratic, quadratically constraint, conic and convex nonlinear mathematical optimization problems. The emphasize in MOSEK is on solving large scale sparse problems. Particularly the interior point optimizer for linear and conic quadratic aka. Second order cone programming problems is very efficient. A special feature of the MOSEK interior point optimizer is that it is based on the so called homogeneous model which implies MOSEK can reliably detect a primal and or dual infeasible status as documented in several published papers. ref E. D. Andersen and Y. Ye. A computational study of the homogeneous algorithm for large scale convex optimization. Computational Optimization and Applications, 10 243 269, 1998 ref ref E. D. Andersen and K. D. Andersen. The MOSEK interior point optimizer for linear programming an implementation of the homogeneous algorithm.In H. Frenk, K. Roos, T. Terlaky, and S. Zhang, editors, High Performance Optimization, pages 197 232. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000 ref ref E. D. Andersen, C. Roos, and T. Terlaky. On implementing a primal dual interior point method for conic quadratic optimization. Math. Programming, 95 2 , February 2003 ref In addition to the interior point optimizer MOSEK includes Primal and dual simplex optimizer for linear problems. A primal network simplex optimizer for problems with special network structure. Mixed integer optimizer for linear, quadratic and conic problems. MOSEK provides interfaces to the C programming language C , C Sharp programming language C , Java programming language Java and Python programming language P ... more details
products phpexpress.htm Zend Optimizer Zend Optimizer ref cite web title Zend Optimizer ... of Zend Server and Zend Server Community Edition. Zend Optimizer speeds up PHP execution ... improvements, the stored bytecode is optimized for faster execution. Unlike Zend Optimizer, Zend Optimizer doesn t load files encoded by Zend Guard. Zend provides another component, Zend Guard ... with Zend Server http www.zend.com products server . Zend Optimizer and Zend Guard Loader Despite the name, Zend Optimizer is not a code accelerator. Rather, is a free, closed source PHP extension by Zend ... . ref name Zend Optimizer and Zend Guard Loader cite web title Zend Optimizer and Zend Guard Loader url http www.zend.com en products guard downloads accessdate June 22, 2011 ref Zend Optimizer 3.0 or greater allows to deobfuscate files and, Zend Optimizer 3.3 or greater allows to decode files. ref cite web title Zend Optimizer versions url http www.zend.com en products guard whats new accessdate June 22, 2011 ref Zend Guard Loader is similar to Zend Optimizer but works with PHP 5.3. ref name Zend Optimizer and Zend Guard Loader ref The website for these pieces of software encourages people interested ... name Zend Optimizer and Zend Guard Loader cite web title Zend Optimizer and Zend Guard Loader url ... more details
Context date October 2009 O Connell 2005, 5.10 defines this as t he percentage or fraction, whichever you choose of records in one file that will be joined with records of another file . This can be calculated when two database Table database tables are to be joined. It is primarily concerned with Query optimizer query optimisation . References O Connell, S. 2005 Advanced Databases Course Notes , Southampton, University of Southampton. Category Database algorithms comp sci stub ... more details
IPstack Venturi Transport Protocol VTP is a patented proprietary protocol proprietary transport layer protocol that is designed to transparently replace Transmission Control Protocol TCP in order to overcome inefficiencies in the design of TCP related to wireless data transport. It is owned by Venturi Wireless . The protocol is employed by various wireless broadband internet service providers such as Verizon Wireless and Unwired Unwired calls the Venturi Client application that provides transparent VTP connectivity the Unwired Optimizer in order to speed up their network and to overcome lag latency issues. External links http www.venturiwireless.com solutions Vtechnology.html Venturi Wireless Solutions Broadband Services Optimization Technology http www.unwired.com.au support faq optimiser.php Unwired Optimizer FAQ US Patent 5883893 Category TCP IP Category Internet protocols Category Internet standards Category Transport layer protocols Category Wireless networking compu network stub Wireless stub ... more details
is not properly taking advantage of existing indexes see query optimizer . Query tuning main Query optimizer The query optimizer will not always choose the best query plan for a given query. In some databases the query plan can be reviewed, problems found, and then the query optimizer given Hint SQL ..., for use by the optimizer. Some databases like Oracle provide a Plan table for query tuning. This plan ... more details
Notability date May 2009 Unreferenced date May 2009 Capex Corporation was a software house based in Phoenix, Arizona founded by three former employees of General Electric . It was subsequently acquired by Computer Associates . Products Optimizer Capex s IBM COBOL Compiler Compiler optimization optimizer using Peephole optimization This product had two significant additional components The first was called Analyzer, and the second was called Detector. The former allowed execution analysis giving a count of the number of times instructions were executed. This provided a way for the programmer to move code so that the most often executed conditions would be found first, thus saving time on needless IF statements. While this may not be significant for a few hundred input file records, it was very important when there were millions of input records. The latter, Detector, trapped execution abends , or abnormal ends to the execution of an instruction, displayed the contents of applicable fields, and could be told to apply a fix to the offending field so execution could continue. The programmer could then correct one or more error conditions later and recompile the program. Both were substantial time savers in mainframe OS MVS and DOS VSE COBOL environments. Computer Associates subsequently developed an additional product called CA OPTIMIZER II for the OS MVS environment. EZTEST CICS Interactive testing debugging tool for OS MVS and DOS VSE mainframe environments TLMS II A Tape Library Management System for IBM Mainframe OS MVS environments Manage DASD Software to accommodate Direct Access Storage Device maintenance on IBM OS MVS Mainframe systems LANPAR LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random Autotab an early batch spreadsheet program Autoplan an early batch spreadsheet program Category Defunct software companies of the United States ... more details
In database query operations, various SQL implementations use hints as additions to the SQL standard that instruct the database engine on how to execute the query. For example, a hint may tell the engine to use as little memory as possible even if the query will run slowly , or to use or not to use an index database index even if the query optimizer would decide otherwise . Implementation Different database engines use different approaches in implementing hints. MySQL uses its own extension to the SQL standard, where a table database table name may be followed by tt USE INDEX tt , tt FORCE INDEX tt or tt IGNORE INDEX tt keywords. ref MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual http dev.mysql.com doc refman 5.0 en index hints.html 12.2.8.2 Index Hint Syntax ref Oracle Database Oracle implements hints by using specially crafted SQL Other comment s in the query that begin with a tt tt symbol, thus not affecting SQL compatibility. ref Mike Ault http www.dba oracle.com t sql hints tuning.htm Oracle SQL Hints Tuning ref See also Query optimizer Query plan References reflist DEFAULTSORT Hint Sql Category SQL database stub ru SQL ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 DASL Datapoint s Advanced Systems Language was a programming language and compiler proprietary to Datapoint. Primarily influenced by Pascal programming language Pascal with some C programming language C touches, it was created in the early 1980s by Gene Hughes . The compiler output was assembly language , which was typically processed through a peep hole optimizer before the assembly language Assembler assembler and linker computing linker . Reflecting its name, DASL was used for systems programming , mainly by the vendor itself. See also Distributed Application Specification Language also abbreviated as DASL DEFAULTSORT Dasl Programming Language Category Systems programming languages prog lang stub ms Bahasa pengaturcaraan DASL ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 In computer programming , an opaque predicate is a Predicate mathematical logic predicate &mdash an expression that evaluates to either true or false &mdash for which the outcome is known by the programmer a priori , but which, for a variety of reasons, still needs to be evaluated at Run time program lifecycle phase run time . Opaque predicates have been used as watermark s, as it will be identifiable in a program s executable. They can also be used to prevent an overzealous Compiler optimization optimizer from optimizing away a portion of a program. Another use is in Obfuscated code obfuscating the control flow of a program in order to make reverse engineering harder. External links http crypto.cs.mcgill.ca garboit sp paper.pdf A Method for Watermarking Java Programs via Opaque Predicates PDF Category Computer programming compu prog stub ... more details
unreferenced date January 2009 IBM Subsystem Device Driver SDD , formerly Data Path Optimizer is software available for multiple platforms, where the core component is a device driver designed to support the multipath I O configuration requirements in IBM storage environments. Platforms supported IBM AIX operating system AIX HP UX Linux Both Redhat & SUSE Solaris Operating System Solaris Microsoft Windows Windows See also IBM SAN Volume Controller IBM Enterprise Storage Server IBM System Storage External links See Official Documentation at http www 01.ibm.com support docview.wss?rs 540&context ST52G7&q ssg1 &uid ssg1S7000303&loc en US&cs storage software stub Category IBM operating systems Subsystem Device Driver Category Storage software ... more details
SNOPT for Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer is a software package for solving large scale Optimization mathematics optimization problems written by Philip Gill, Walter Murray and Michael Saunders. It is especially effective for nonlinear problems whose functions and gradients are expensive to evaluate. The functions should be smooth but need not be convex. See also SNOPT is supported in the AIMMS , AMPL , General Algebraic Modeling System GAMS , http sourceforge.net apps mediawiki pagmo index.php?title Main Page PaGMO PyGMO and TOMLAB modeling systems SNOPT is used as solver in ASTOS AeroSpace Trajectory Optimization and Software External links http www.sbsi sol optimize.com asp sol product snopt.htm SNOPT home page http www.sbsi sol optimize.com manuals SNOPT 20Manual.pdf SNOPT manual .pdf Category Numerical software Category Mathematical optimization software ... more details
In biology , BLOTTO is a blocking reagent made from nonfat dry milk , phosphate buffered saline , and sodium azide . Its name is an acronym of Bovine Lacto Transfer Technique Optimizer. It constitutes an inexpensive source of nonspecific protein milk casein which blocks protein binding sites in a variety of experimental paradigms, notably Southern blots, Western blots, and ELISA. Its use was first reported in 1984 by Johnson and Elder s lab at Scripps. Prior to 1984, partially purified proteins such as bovine serum albumin , ovalbumin , or gelatin from various species had been used as blocking reagents but had the disadvantage of being expensive. Category immunology immunology stub ar ... more details
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