unsourced date July 2011 An order of magnitude is the class of Level of measurement scale or magnitude ... is the base 10 exponent being applied to this amount therefore, to be an order of magnitude greater is to be 10 times as large . Such differences in order of magnitude can be measured on the logarithmic ... differences. If two numbers differ by one order of magnitude, one is about ten times larger than the other ... numbers of the same order of magnitude have roughly the same scale the larger value is less than ... a few orders of magnitude less than the total, and therefore insignificant. The order of magnitude .... More precisely, the order of magnitude of a number can be defined in terms of the common logarithm ... has a logarithm in base 10 of 6.602 its order of magnitude is 6. When truncating, a number of this order ... He had a seven figure income , the order of magnitude is the number of figures minus one, so it is very easily determined without a calculator to be 6. An order of magnitude is an approximate position on a logarithmic scale . An order of magnitude estimate of a variable whose precise value is unknown is an estimate Rounding rounded to the nearest power of ten. For example, an order of magnitude ... is 10 1000000000 number billion . To round a number to its nearest order of magnitude, one ..., has 7 as its nearest order of magnitude, because nearest implies rounding rather than truncation ..., the nearest order of magnitude for 1.7 10 sup 8 sup is 8, whereas the nearest order of magnitude for 3.7 10 sup 8 sup is 9. An order of magnitude estimate is sometimes also called a zeroth order approximation . An order of magnitude difference between two values is a factor ... orders of magnitude more massive than Earth. Order of magnitude differences are called decade log ... of this larger base. The table shows what number the order of magnitude aim at for base 10 and for base 1,000,000. It can be seen that the order of magnitude is included in the number name in this example ... more details
wiktionary magnitudeMagnitude may refer to In mathematics Magnitude mathematics , the relative size of a mathematical object Magnitude vector , a term for the size or length of a vector Scalar mathematics , a quantity defined only by its magnitude Euclidean vector , a quantity defined by both its magnitude and its direction Order of magnitude , the class of scale having a fixed value ratio to the preceding class In astronomy Magnitude astronomy , a measure of brightness and brightness differences used in astronomy Apparent magnitude , the apparent brightness of a celestial object as observed from Earth Absolute magnitude , the brightness of a celestial object corrected to a standard luminosity distance Photographic magnitude , the brightness of a celestial object corrected for photographic sensitivity, symbol m sub pg sub Magnitude of eclipse or geometric magnitude, the size of the eclipsed part of the Sun during a solar eclipse or the Moon during a lunar eclipse As an earthquake unit of measure Richter magnitude scale , a measure of the energy of an earthquake Moment magnitude scale , an alternative to the Richter scale for measuring earthquakes Surface wave magnitude In popular culture Magnitude Community Magnitude , a recurring character from the television series Community disambig ca Magnitud de Magnitude es Magnitud eo Magnitudo fr Magnitude it Magnitudine he lt Magnitud nds Magnitude pt Magnitude scn Magnit dini simple Magnitude sl Magnituda fi Magnitudi ... more details
not meaningful to simply addition add or subtract them. Order of magnitude main Order of magnitude ... order of magnitude is used to denote a change in a numeric quantity, usually a measurement ... with the addition of significant zeros. Occasionally the phrase half an order of magnitude is also ...unsourced date January 2012 In mathematics, magnitude is the size of a mathematical object , a property by which the object can be compared as larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind. More formally, an object s magnitude is an order theory ordering or ranking of the class mathematics class of objects to which it belongs. History The Greeks distinguished between several types of magnitude, citation needed date January 2012 including Positive fractions Line segment s ordered by length Plane figures ordered by area Solids ordered by volume Angles ordered by angular magnitude They proved that the first two could not be the same, or even isomorphic systems of magnitude. citation needed date January 2012 They did not consider negative magnitudes to be meaningful, and magnitude is still chiefly used in contexts in which zero is either the lowest size or less than all possible sizes. Numbers Main Absolute value The magnitude of any number x is usually called its absolute value or modulus , denoted by x . Real numbers The absolute value of a real number r is defined by r r , if r ... sub 1 sub , x sub 2 sub , ..., x sub n sub . Its magnitude or length is most commonly defined as its ... cdots x n 2 . math For instance, in a 3 dimensional space, the magnitude of 4, 5, 6 is 4 sup 2 sup 5 ... vector space By definition, all Euclidean vectors have a magnitude see above . However, the notion of magnitude cannot be applied to all kinds of vectors. A function that maps objects to their magnitudes ... examples include the loudness of a sound decibel , the brightness of a star , or the Richter magnitude ... es Magnitud matem tica kk ru simple Magnitude mathematics ckb ... more details
Other uses Magnitude disambiguation Magnitude is the logarithm ic measure of the brightness of an object ... near infrared wavelengths. Background The magnitude system dates back roughly 2000 years to the Greek ... stars by their apparent brightness, which they saw as size magnitude means bigness ref Citation ... of the ancient naked eye magnitude system blockquote The fixed Stars appear to be of different ... , according to their Order and Dignity, into Classes the first Class containing those which are nearest to us, are called Stars of the first Magnitude those that are next to them, are Stars of the second Magnitude ... and so forth, till we come to the Stars of the sixth Magnitude, which comprehend ... Orders. Altho the Distinction of Stars into six Degrees of Magnitude is commonly received by Astronomers ... Stars which are reckoned of the brightest Class, there appears a Variety of Magnitude for Sirius ... and yet all these Stars are reckoned among the Stars of the first Order And there are some Stars of such an intermedial Order, that the Astronomers have differed in classing of them some putting ... the Stars of the second Magnitude, which Ptolemy reckoned among the Stars of the first Class And therefore it is not truly either of the first or second Order, but ought to be ranked in a Place between ... the magnitude Bright first magnitude stars are 1st class stars, while stars barely visible to the naked eye are sixth magnitude or 6th class . Tycho Brahe attempted to directly measure the bigness of the stars in terms of angular size, which in theory meant that a star s magnitude could be determined by more than just the subjective judgment described in the above quote. He concluded that first magnitude ... the diameter of the full moon , with second through sixth magnitude stars measuring 3 2 , 13 12 , 3 ... bodies of stars, and thus into the eighteenth century continued to think of magnitude in terms ... Minute of arc seconds of arc for first magnitude down to just under 2 seconds for sixth magnitude ... more details
Before the advent of photometer s which accurately measure the brightness of astronomical objects, the apparent magnitude of an object was obtained by taking a picture of it with a camera . These images, made on Photographic film photoemulsive film or photographic plate plates , were more sensitive to the blue end of the electromagnetic spectrum visual spectrum than the human eye or modern photometers. As a result, bluer stars have a lower i.e. brighter photographic magnitude than their modern visual magnitude , because they appear brighter on the photograph than they do to modern photometers. Conversely, redder stars have a higher i.e. fainter photographic magnitude than visual magnitude, because they appear dimmer. For example, the red supergiant star KW Sagittarii has a photographic magnitude of 11.0 to 13.2 but a visual magnitude of about 8.5 to 11. It is also common for star charts to list a blue magnitude B such as with S Doradus and WZ Sagittae . The symbol for apparent photographic magnitude is m sub pg sub and the symbol for absolute magnitude absolute photographic magnitude is M sub pg sub . ref name Nor cite book last Norton first Arthur P. title Norton s Star Atlas year 1973 page 29 isbn 0 85248 900 5 quote apparent photographic magnitude ref The photographic magnitude scale is now considered obsolete . clarifyme date April 2009 as of when, 2000 maybe? Expand this to show movement to photometric or other magnitude scales? See also Absolute magnitude Apparent magnitude Magnitude astronomy Notes Reflist astronomy stub Category Astrophysics pt Magnitude fotogr fica ru sr uk ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 In astronomy , limiting magnitude is the faintest apparent magnitude of a celestial body that is detectable or detected by a given instrument. In some cases, limiting magnitude refers to the utter threshold of detection. In more formal uses, limiting magnitude is specified along with the strength of the signal e.g., 10th magnitude at 20 Standard deviation sigma . Sometimes limiting magnitude is qualified by the purpose of the instrument e.g., 10th magnitude for Photometry astronomy photometry This statement recognizes that a photometric detector can detect light far ... , limiting magnitude frequently refers to the faintest stars that can be seen with the unaided .... For those who lives in the immediate suburbs of New York City , the limiting magnitude might be 4.0 ... Island and the Bronx , the limiting magnitude might be 3.0, suggesting that at best, only about 50 stars might be seen at any one time. From brightly lit Midtown Manhattan , the limiting magnitude is possibly ... at any given time. From relatively dark suburban areas, the limiting magnitude is frequently closer ... nearly as faint as 8th magnitude. Many basic observing references quote a limiting magnitude of 6, as this is the approximate ..., with both youth and experience being beneficial. Calculating limiting magnitude Limiting magnitude can be calculated by using a telescope. As a first approximation, the gain in magnitudes ... eye limiting magnitude is 5, the telescope will allow one to see stars as faint as about magnitude ... reach magnitude 15. See the http www.cruxis.com scope limitingmagnitude.htm Telescope Limiting Magnitude Calculator . Derived from this site the formula is math m cdot v m naked eye 2 2.5 cdot log ... http obs.nineplanets.org lm rjm.html Estimating Limiting Magnitude at http obs.nineplanets.org NinePlanets.org http www.cruxis.com scope limitingmagnitude.htm Telescope Limiting Magnitude Calculator http www.project nightflight.net limiting mag.pdf Naked Eye Limiting Magnitude by Star Count Method ... more details
distinguish2 apparent magnitude , the logarithmic scale of astronomical brightness File Solar eclipse of January 26, 2009 by Jefferson Teng.jpg thumb An annular solar eclipse has a magnitude of less than 1.0 The magnitude of an eclipse is the fraction of the diameter of the eclipsed body which is in eclipse ... the magnitude of the eclipse is always between 0.0 and 1.0, while during a total eclipse the magnitude is always at least 1.0. Technically, the magnitude is computed as such draw a straight line between ... of this line within the eclipsed body is in eclipse this is the geometric magnitude of the eclipse ... body or shadow and obtain a geometric magnitude larger than 1.0. If there is no eclipse but a near ... , counting this distance as negative, and obtain a negative geometric magnitude. This measure should not be confused with the astronomical Apparent magnitudemagnitude logarithm ic scale of brightness ... is eclipsed. Effect of the magnitude on a solar eclipse In an annular solar eclipse , the magnitude ... eclipse, the magnitude is also the ratio between the apparent diameters of the Moon and of the Sun, but this time the ratio is 1.0 or bigger. If the total solar eclipse is non central, the magnitude is a number between 1.0 and this ratio of apparent diameters. In a partial solar eclipse, the magnitude .... The distance between Earth and Sun also varies, but the effect is slight in comparison. When the magnitude ... a few hundreds of kilometers across. When the magnitude of the eclipse is less than one , the disk ... The eclipse magnitude varies not only between eclipses, but also during a given eclipse. It may happen ... magnitude varies, being exactly 0.0 at the start of the eclipse, rising to some maximum value, and then decreasing to 0.0 at the end of the eclipse. When one says the magnitude of the eclipse without further specification, one usually means the maximum value of the magnitude of the eclipse. Effect of the magnitude on a lunar eclipse The effect on a lunar eclipse is quite similar, with a few differences ... more details
About the brightness of stars the science fiction magazine Absolute Magnitude magazine Absolute magnitude also known as absolute visual magnitude when measured in the standard V photometric band is the measure of a celestial object s intrinsic brightness. It is also the apparent magnitude a star would have if it were 32.6 light year s 10 parsecs away from Earth. In astronomy , to derive absolute magnitude from the observed apparent magnitude of a celestial object its value is corrected from distance to its observer. The absolute magnitude is then equivalent to the apparent magnitude an object would ... of objects to be compared without regard to distance. Bolometric magnitude is luminosity expressed in magnitude units it takes into account energy radiated at all wavelengths, whether observed or not. The absolute magnitude uses the same convention as the visual magnitude astronomy magnitude a factor of 10 sup 0.4 sup 2.512 ratio of brightness corresponds to a difference of 1.0 in magnitude. The Milky Way , for example, has an absolute magnitude of about 20.5. So a quasar at an absolute magnitude ... cannot be directly observed from relatively short distances the absolute magnitude is defined by reference ..., the absolute magnitude of any object equals the apparent magnitude it would have if it was 10 parsecs away. In defining absolute magnitude one must specify the type of electromagnetic radiation being measured. When referring to total energy output, the proper term is bolometer bolometric magnitude. The bolometric magnitude can be computed from the visual magnitude plus a bolometric correction , math ... at a distance of 10 parsecs would appear, the higher more positive its absolute magnitude becomes. The lower more negative an object s absolute magnitude, the higher its luminosity . Many stars visible to the naked eye have such a low absolute magnitude that they would appear bright enough ... 6.0 , and Betelgeuse 5.6 . For comparison, Sirius has an absolute magnitude of 1.4 which is greater ... more details
Given a flux density f , measured in erg s per second per square centimeter per hertz, the corresponding AB magnitude is defined as math , AB 2.5 log 10 f 48.60 math The AB magnitude system is defined such that for any bandpass or filter being considered, the magnitude zero point corresponds to a flux density of 3631 Jy 1 Jy 1 Jansky 10 26 W Hz 1 m 2 10 23 erg s 1 Hz 1 cm 2 ref http ned.ipac.caltech.edu level5 Glossary Glossary A.html ipac. Original composition by B.F. Madore for LEVEL5. retrieved 20 09 2011 ref For fluxes in units of erg s cm2 A the AB magnitude is given by ref http www.stsci.edu hst wfc3 documents handbooks currentIHB wfc3 ihb.pdf ref math , AB 2.5 log 10 f 5 log 10 lambda 2.406 math External links http www.astro.utoronto.ca patton astro mags.html conversions Conversion from AB magnitudes to Johnson magnitudes References reflist cite journal last Oke first J. B. year 1974 title Absolute spectral energy distributions for white dwarfs journal Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series volume 236 issue 27 pages 21 25 DEFAULTSORT Ab Magnitude Category Observational astronomy astronomy stub ... more details
The apparent magnitude m of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer ... . The brighter the object appears, the lower the value of its magnitude . History div style clear both ... eye Apparent br magnitude Brightness br relative br to Vega Number of stars br brighter than br apparent magnitude ref cite web url http www.nso.edu PR answerbook magnitude.html archiveurl http replay.waybackmachine.org ... 02 06 title Magnitude publisher National Solar Observatory&mdash Sacramento Peak accessdate 2006 08 ... 000 The scale now used to indicate magnitude originates in the Hellenistic Greece Hellenistic ... brightest stars were said to be of first magnitude m 1 , while the faintest were of sixth magnitude m 6 , the limit of human visual perception without the aid of a telescope . Each grade of magnitude ... believed to originate with Hipparchus . This original system did not measure the magnitude of the Sun . For a more detailed discussion of the history of the magnitude system, see Magnitude astronomy Magnitude . In 1856, Norman Robert Pogson formalized the system by defining a typical first magnitude star as a star that is 100 times as bright as a typical sixth magnitude star thus, a first magnitude star is about 2.512 times as bright as a second magnitude star. The Generalized continued ... Polaris a magnitude of 2. Astronomers later discovered that Polaris is slightly variable, so they first ... und Sternhaufen Lawrence H. Aller L. H. Aller et al. , ISBN 3 540 10976 5 1982 ref The magnitude depends ... star of the celestial sphere , has an apparent magnitude of 1.4. The modern scale includes the Moon and the Sun . The full Moon has a mean apparent magnitude of 12.74 ref name moon fact and the Sun has an apparent magnitude of 26.74. ref name sun fact The Hubble Space Telescope has located stars ... history ref name SN1006 6.50 The total integrated magnitude of the night sky as seen from Earth ... and when the rings are full open 2003, 2018 0.27 The total magnitude for the Alpha Centauri ... more details
An important parameter in the calculation of seismic hazard , maximum magnitude expressed as Moment magnitude scale is also one of the more contentious. The choice of the value can greatly influence the final outcome of the results, yet this is most likely a size of earthquake that has not yet occurred in the region under study. Image Freqmag.png f mag plot left thumb 200px Frequency magnitude plot The seismic hazard calculation involves a double integration integral over the region, combined with the expected number earthquake frequency of earthquakes, from the smallest to the largest. The integration must close at the maximum magnitude. The figure shows a typical Earthquake frequency plot for a given region. This is a typical plot for continent al interiors. The circles represent actual earthquake data. Note that the dataset is complete for small magnitudes, but becomes erratic for the larger. At about M5, there are no records, simply because the historical record is usually too short. In some cases paleoseismology can fill some of the gap, but this is rare for continental regions. The last part of the curve, perhaps the most important part, can be filled in by inference. This would come from studying similar geology throughout the world using analogs to extend time , or by a study of fault mechanics . For example, large scale studies have been conducted for Stable Continental Regions SCR s , which are defined defined as regions of continental crust that have not experienced any major tectonism, magmatism, basement metamorphism or anorogenic intrusion since the early Creataceous, and no rifting or major extension or transtension since the Paleogene. http earthquake.usgs.gov scitech scr catalog.html Finally there is the common question of what is the maximum magnitude for the whole world. http www.seismo.nrcan.gc.ca questions faq e.php Unfortunately, it cannot really ... s plates plate tectonics , and the possible limits of the various magnitude scales http eqseis.geosc.psu.edu ... more details
BLP sources date July 2007 Infobox wrestler name Magnitude Kishiwada image Magnitude Kishiwada.JPG names Magnitude Kishiwada br Big Boss MA G MA br Kaiju Zeta Mandora br Toryu br Dragon Winger height convert 1.73 m ftin 0 abbr on In Japan they measure height in meters so that should be first weight convert 105 kg lb abbr on In Japan they measure weight in kilograms so that should be first birth date Birth date and age 1971 5 19 death date birth place Kishiwada , Osaka trainer debut retired nihongo Toyonari Fujita Fujita Toyonari , better known under his current stage name Magnitude Kishiwada , born May 19, 1971 in Kishiwada, Osaka , Japan is a Japan ese wrestler . Career For many years Kishiwada worked in preliminary matches in Japan s hardcore wrestling promotions, including FMW , W ING , and Big Japan Pro Wrestling , competing under his real name, and as Toryu . He eventually landed in Osaka Pro , where he became a monster heel, Big Boss MA G MA . His debut in Dragon Gate was heavily hyped. He first arrived wearing a motorcycle helmet, referring to himself as MA G MA . In what was to be his debut match, a singles match against Nobuhiko Oshima CIMA , he instead removed the helmet and embraced CIMA, joining his faction of Blood Generation and renaming himself Magnitude Kishiwada from the magnitude of an earthquake and the name of his hometown . People questioned the addition of Kishiwada to Blood Generation, since one of the principles of Blood Generation was a clean face i.e. maskless and paintless faces concept, but CIMA admitted that he only said that when he first formed the group just so Super Shisa couldn t join. Kishiwada would end Masaaki Mochizuki .... With the Muscle Outlaw z stable in Dragon Gate over, Magnitude Kishiwada has joined forces ... see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Kishiwada, Magnitude ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE ..., Magnitude Category 1971 births Category Japanese professional wrestlers Category Living people ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Context date October 2009 The magnitude condition is a constraint that is satisfied by the locus of points in the s plane on which closed loop poles of a system reside. In combination with the angle condition , these two mathematical expressions fully determine the root locus . Let the characteristic equation of a system be math 1 textbf G s 0 math , where math textbf G s frac textbf P s textbf Q s math . Rewriting the equation in polar form is useful. math e j2 pi textbf G s 0 math math textbf G s 1 e j pi 2k pi math where math k 0,1,2,... math are the only solutions to this equation. Rewriting math textbf G s math in factored form , math textbf G s frac textbf P s textbf Q s K frac s a 1 s a 2 cdots s a n s b 1 s b 2 cdots s b m math , and representing each factor math s a p math and math s b q math by their vector geometric vector equivalents, math A pe j theta p math and math B qe j phi q math , respectively, math textbf G s math may be rewritten. math textbf G s K frac A 1 A 2 cdots A ne j theta 1 theta 2 cdots theta n B 1 B 2 cdots B m e j phi 1 phi 2 cdots phi m math Simplifying the characteristic equation, math e j pi 2k pi K frac A 1 A 2 cdots A ne j theta 1 theta 2 cdots theta n B 1 B 2 cdots B m e j phi 1 phi 2 cdots phi m K frac A 1 A 2 cdots A n B 1 B 2 cdots B m e j theta 1 theta 2 cdots theta n phi 1 phi 2 cdots phi m math , from which we derive the magnitude condition math 1 K frac A 1 A 2 cdots A n B 1 B 2 cdots B m math . The angle condition is derived similarly. DEFAULTSORT Magnitude Condition Category Control theory ... more details
saved book title Orders of magnitude subtitle cover image Star sizes.jpg cover color Black Orders of magnitude Overview Order of magnitude Quantities Orders of magnitude angular velocity Angular velocity Orders of magnitude area Area Orders of magnitude charge Charge Orders of magnitude computing Computing Orders of magnitude currency Currency Orders of magnitude data Data Orders of magnitude density Density Orders of magnitude energy Energy Orders of magnitude entropy Entropy Orders of magnitude force Force Orders of magnitude frequency Frequency Orders of magnitude length Length Orders of magnitude magnetic field Magnetic field Orders of magnitude mass Mass Orders of magnitude numbers Numbers Orders of magnitude power Power Orders of magnitude pressure Pressure Orders of magnitude radiation Radiation Orders of magnitude resistance Resistance Orders of magnitude specific energy density Specific energy density Orders of magnitude specific heat capacity Specific heat density Orders of magnitude speed Speed Orders of magnitude temperature Temperature Orders of magnitude time Time Orders of magnitude voltage Voltage Orders of magnitude volume Volume Miscellany Back of the envelope calculation Fermi problem Powers of Ten Powers of Ten SI prefix ... more details
The Order can refer to in comics The Order comics , the name of two fictional comic book superhero teams in the Marvel Comics universe in computer and video games The Order, a fictional terrorist faction in the video game Freelancer video game Freelancer 2003 The Order Deus Ex The Order Deus Ex , a fictional pseudo religious organization in the computer game Deus Ex Invisible War 2003 The Order, a fictional religious group in the video game franchise Silent Hill 1999 first in series in film The Order 2001 film The Order 2001 film , a 2001 film directed by Sheldon Lettich written by and starring Jean Claude van Damme The Order 2003 film The Order 2003 film also known as The Sin Eater , a 2003 film written and directed by Brian Helgeland starring Heath Ledger in organizations Kappa Alpha Order , a fraternity The Order, a common name for the Latter Day Church of Christ , a Mormon fundamentalist denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement The Order group , an white nationalist revolutionary organization active in the United States between 1983 and 1984 See also Order disambiguation disambig de The Order nl The Order pt The Order ... more details
Wiktionary Order may refer to TOC right Ordinality Collation , the sequencing and ordering of text Alphabetical order Lexicographical orderOrder of precedence Philosophy Natural order philosophy Implicate and explicate order according to David Bohm Science and mathematics Order and disorder physics , measured by an order parameter or more generally by entropy An ordered world, the cosmos , antithetical concept of chaos Order, the category number of lighthouse Fresnel lens es, defining size and focal length Order biology , a rank between class and family, or a taxon at that rank Order mathematics , various meanings Order of reaction , a concept of chemical kinetics Order of hierarchical complexity ... Social order , a concept used in sociology, history and other social sciences, referring to the conduct of society World order disambiguation , including the concept of a world government Topological order , an organized quantum state Computer science Order of computation , the computational complexity of an algorithm Canonical order disambiguation , the order of elements that obeys a certain set of rules or specifications Z order , which graphics cover up others on computer screens Electronics and telecommunications First order hold in signal processing Modulation order , the number of different symbols that can be sent using a given modulation The polynomial order of a Filter signal processing transfer function Economics and commerce Order business , an instruction from a customer to buy Order exchange , customer s instruction to a stock broker Money order Work order Legal, political, and military Court order , made by a judge, e.g. a restraining order Executive order disambiguation , issued by the executive branch of government General order , a published directive from a commander Standing order disambiguation , a general order of indefinite duration, and similar ongoing rules in a parliament Law and order politics Military command Tactical formation , an arrangement ... more details
2008 09 14 language Chinese ref Surface wave magnitude was initially developed in 1950s by the same researchers who developed the local magnitude scale M sub L sub in order to improve resolution on larger ...Earthquakes The surface wave magnitude math M s math scale is one of the Seismic scale Magnitude scales magnitude scales used in seismology to describe the size of an earthquake . It is based on measurements in Rayleigh wave Rayleigh surface waves that travel primarily along the uppermost layers of the earth. It is currently used in People s Republic of China as a national standard GB 17740 1999 for categorising earthquakes. ref name GB 1740 1999 cite web publisher General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine of P.R.C. author XU Shaokui, LU Yuanzhong, GUO Lucan, CHEN ... www.johnmartin.com earthquakes eqsafs safs 694.htm title SURFACE WAVE MAGNITUDE M sub S sub AND BODY WAVE MAGNITUDE mb date 1991 accessdate 2008 09 14 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref Quotation The successful development of the local magnitude scale encouraged Beno Gutenberg Gutenberg and Charles Richter Richter to develop magnitude scales based on teleseismic observations of earthquakes ... that time, commonly Richter magnitude scale attributed to Richter , could be either math M s math or math M L math . Definition The formula to calculate surface wave magnitude is ref name GB 1740 1999 ... Toby and Reinhard Mittag proposed to relate surface wave magnitude to local magnitude scale M sub ... title Local magnitude, surface wave magnitude and seismic energy date 1991 02 06 accessdate ...?A dzyj200201016 title Study of Surface Wave Magnitude in China date 2002 01 01 accessdate ... cdot log 10 Delta 20.6 math See also Moment magnitude scale Seismic scale Notes and references Reflist ... accessdate 2008 09 14 http earthquake.usgs.gov learning glossary.php?termID 118 Visual Glossary magnitude ... Notes earthquake size.html Earthquake Size Seismic scales DEFAULTSORT Surface Wave Magnitude Category ... more details
The following list shows different Order of magnitude orders of magnitude of entropy . class wikitable Factor J K sup 1 Value Item 10 sup 24 9.5699 e 24 J K sup 1 entropy equivalent of one bit of information, Boltzmann s constant k ln 2 ref cite web url http www.mdpi.org entropy papers e7010068.pdf title The Meaning of Entropy author Jean Bernard Brissaud publisher Entropy, 2005, 7 1 , 68 96 date 14 February 2005 accessdate 2010 04 21 page 72 page 5 of pdf ref 1 5.74 J K sup 1 standard entropy of 1 mole unit mole of graphite ref cite web title Entropy A Study Guide url http www.science.uwaterloo.ca cchieh cact applychem entropy.html author Chung Chieh accessdate 2010 04 21 ref 10 sup 33 10 sup 35 J K sup 1 entropy of the Sun given as 10 sup 42 erg K sup 1 in Bekenstein 1973 ref name Bekenstein1973 cite journal url http www.physics.princeton.edu mcdonald examples QM bekenstein prd 7 2333 73.pdf title Black Holes and Entropy author Jacob D. Bekenstein journal Physical Review D volume 7 issue 8 pages year 1973 doi 10.1103 PhysRevD.7.2333 bibcode 1973PhRvD...7.2333B ref 10 sup 54 1.5 10 sup 54 J K sup 1 entropy of a black hole of one solar mass given as 10 sup 60 erg K sup 1 in Bekenstein 1973 ref name Bekenstein1973 10 sup 81 4.3 10 sup 81 J K sup 1 one estimate of the theoretical maximum entropy of the universe ref cite journal url http arxiv.org pdf 0909.3983v3.pdf title A Larger Estimate of the Entropy of the Universe author Chas A. Egan author2 Charles H. Lineweaver date 25 January 2010 arxiv 0909.3983v3 quote 3.1 x 10 104k ref ref Calculated 3.1e104 k 3.1e104 1.381e 23 J K 4.3e81 J K ref See also Orders of magnitude data Order of magnitude terminology References reflist Orders of magnitude wide DEFAULTSORT Orders Of Magnitude Entropy Category Orders of magnitude Entropy Category Entropy measurement stub physics stub ... more details
scale Order of magnitude Rohn Emergency Scale for measuring the magnitude intensity of any emergency ...Earthquakes The expression Richter Magnitude Scale refers to a number of ways to assign a single number to quantify the energy contained in an earthquake . In all cases, the magnitude is a Decimal base ... 4.0. ref name USGS http earthquake.usgs.gov learn topics richter.php The Richter Magnitude Scale ref Since the 1970s the use of the Richter Magnitude Scale has largely been supplanted by the moment magnitude scale . Development Image CharlesRichter.jpg thumb 200px Charles Richter, c. 1970 Developed ... were later reported with one decimal place. His motivation for creating the local magnitude ... magnitude scale used in astronomy to describe the brightness of stars and other celestial objects ... Princeton University Press isbn 9780691128078 page 121 ref Richter arbitrarily chose a magnitude ... being assigned. The smallest earthquakes that could be recorded and located at the time were of magnitude ... now routinely record quakes with negative magnitudes. M sub L sub local magnitude was not designed ... Magnitude Policy publisher USGS date March 29, 2010 ref 373 mi . For national and local seismological observatories the standard magnitude scale is today still M sub L sub . Unfortunately this scale ... around the globe, Gutenberg and Richter later developed a magnitude scale based on Seismic waves Surface waves surface waves , surface wave magnitude M sub S sub and another based on Seismic wave Body waves body waves , body wave magnitude m sub b sub . ref name Ellsworth cite journal publisher ... WAVE MAGNITUDE M sub s sub AND BODY WAVE MAGNITUDE mb year 1991 accessdate 2008 09 14 ref These are types ... magnitude 8 and therefore the moment magnitude scale, M sub w sub , was invented. ref Kanamori ref These older magnitude scales have been superseded by the implementation of methods for estimating the seismic moment , creating the moment magnitude scale , although the former are still widely used because ... more details
An code ORDER BY code clause in SQL specifies that a SQL code Select SQL SELECT code statement returns a result set with the rows being sorted by the values of one or more columns. The sort criteria do not have to be included in the result set. The sort criteria can be expressions, including but not limited to column names, user defined function user defined functions , arithmetic operations, or code CASE code expressions. The expressions are evaluated and the results are used for the sorting, i.e. the values stored in the column or the results of the function call. code ORDER BY code is the only way to sort the rows in the result set. Without this clause, the relational database system may return the rows in any order. If an ordering is required, the code ORDER BY code must be provided in the code SELECT code statement sent by the application. Although some database systems allow the specification of an code ORDER BY code clause in subselects or view database view definitions, the presence there has no effect. A view is a logical relational table, and the relational model mandates that a table is a set of rows, implying no sort order whatsoever. The only exception are constructs like code ORDER BY ORDER OF ... code not standardized in SQL 2003 which allow the propagation of sort ... a default sort order for Null SQL Null s. With the SQL 2003 extension T611, Elementary OLAP operations ... NULLS LAST code clauses of the code ORDER BY code list, respectively. Not all DBMS vendors implement ... Structure code ORDER BY ... DESC code will order in descending order, otherwise ascending order is used ... FROM Employees ORDER BY LastName, FirstName source This sorts by the LastName field, then by the FirstName field if LastName matches. References Reflist SQL DEFAULTSORT Order By Category SQL keywords Category Articles with example SQL code database stub compu lang stub cs ORDER BY sq Order by SQL uk Order by ... more details
Earthquakes Body wave magnitude math M b math is a way of determining the size of an earthquake , using the amplitude of the initial P wave to calculate the magnitude. The P wave is a type of body wave that is capable of traveling through the earth at a velocity of around 5 to 8 km s, and is the first Seismic wave wave from an earthquake to reach a seismometer . Because of this, calculating the body wave magnitude can be the quickest method of determining the size of an earthquake that is of a large distance from the seismometer. Limitations in the calculation method mean that body wave magnitude saturates at around 6 6.5 math M b math , with the figure staying the same even when the moment magnitude scale moment magnitude may be higher. See also Seismic scale Moment magnitude scale Category Seismic scales Seismic scales geophysics stub de Raumwellen Magnituden Skala es Magnitud de las ondas de cuerpo fa it Magnitudo delle onde di volume ... more details
Orders of magnitude This page is a progressive and labeled list of the SI angular velocity orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects. class wikitable List of orders of magnitude for angular velocity Factor radians per second rad s sup 1 sup Value&thinsp radians per second rad s sup 1 sup Value&thinsp small prefix small Hz Value&thinsp rpm Item 10 sup 16 sup 7.96 e 16 8.85 e 16 127 atto a Hz 7.61 e 15 8.45 e 15 Galaxy rotation curve Galactic period of the Sun ref see Sun ref rowspan 1 10 sup 11 sup 1.65 e 11 2.63 pico p Hz 1.58 e 10 90377 Sedna Sedna s average Orbital period sidereal orbit rate rowspan 1 10 sup 10 sup 8.03 e 10 127 pHz 7.66 e 9 Sidereal orbit rate of Pluto 10 sup 9 sup 1.21 e 9 192 pHz 1.15 e 8 Sidereal orbit rate of Neptune 10 sup 8 sup 1.68 e 8 2.2 nano n Hz 1.6 e 7 Sidereal orbit rate of Jupiter rowspan 2 10 sup 7 sup 1.06 e 7 16 nHz 1 e 6 Sidereal orbit rate of Mars 1.99 e 7 31.7 nHz 1.90 e 6 Sidereal orbit rate of the Earth around the Sun 10 sup 6 sup 2.66 e 6 424 nHz 2.54 e 5 Moon s sidereal orbit rate around the Earth rowspan 1 10 sup 5 sup 7.27 e 5 11.6 Hz 6.94 e 4 Earth s rotation Earth s sidereal rotation rate rowspan 2 10 sup 4 sup 1.45 e 4 23.1 micro Hz 1.39 e 3 Hour hand on an Clock Analog clocks analog clock 1.75 e 4 28 Hz 1.68 e 3 Jupiter s Rotation period sidereal rotation rate rowspan 2 10 sup 3 sup 1.75 e 3 278 Hz 0.0167 Minute hand on an Clock Analog clocks analog clock 3.5 e 3 560 Hz 0.033 The London Eye 10 sup 2 sup 10 sup 1 sup 1.05 e 1 16.7 milli m Hz 1 Second hand on an Clock Analog clocks analog clock rowspan 2 1 3.49 e 0 556 mHz 33 Gramophone record LP record 6 e 0 1.3 e 1 1 2 Hz 60 120 Diesel engine Low speed engines Low speed diesel engines used in ships rowspan 4 10 1 e 1 3 e 1 2 ... kHz 800,000 Ultrasonic dental drill 10 sup 5 sup order of 2 e 5 order of 30 kHz order of 2,000,000 ... Use Qs 0 rad s 2 3.14 rad 127 aHz orders of magnitude wide Category Orders of magnitude Angular velocity ... more details
Earthquakes The concept of Earthquake Duration Magnitude originally proposed by Bisztricsany ref Bisztricsany, E. A., 1958, A new method for the determination of the Richter magnitude scale magnitude of earthquake s. Geofiz. Kozl. , 69 76. ref in 1958 using surface wave s only is based on the realization that on a recorded earthquake seismogram the total length of the seismic wavetrain sometimes referred to as the CODA reflects its size. Thus larger earthquakes give longer seismograms as well as stronger ... that Bisztricsany first used to develop his Earthquake Duration Magnitude Scale employing surface wave durations. Earthquake Duration Magnitude Md Development In 1965, Solovev ref Solov ev, S. L., Seismicity ...., Bennet, R. E. and Meaghu, K. L., A method of estimating magnitude of local earthquakes from signal ... time to estimate Richter magnitude of local California n earthquakes. Based on their study, they suggested that it is appropriate to estimate the magnitude of local earthquakes using signal duration ... magnitude Md for earthquakes recorded on short period vertical seismograph s. Numerous studies determined the relation between coda duration and magnitude for different regions of the World. According ..., 2004. Coda duration magnitude scale of 2001 Bhuj aftershoks, India. Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 4, 2004. India . ref previous studies showed that duration magnitude estimation is quite stable for local earthquakes ranging from magnitude Md 0.0 to 5.0. Md Empirical Relationships In two most ... 100,000 events over the period 1981 2002 in the Richter local ML magnitude range of 3.5 5.8 ref Castello, B., Olivieri, M. & G. Selvaggi, 2007. Local and duration magnitude determination for the Italian ... of 121 events with Ms surface wave magnitude 4.0 in 2001 in the Bhuj area of northwestern India ... empirically derived sensitive seismic parameters such as earthquake magnitude scales is mathematically .... S., 1989. A comparison of duration magnitude to Local magnitude scale local magnitude for seismic ... more details
linked in the right hand column contain lists of times that are of the same orders of magnitudeorder of magnitude power of ten . Rows in the table represent increasing powers of a thousand 3 orders of magnitude . Conversion of units Time Conversion from year to second is year × 31 557 600 using ...Seconds class wikitable Orders of magnitude Time Factor second s Multiple Symbol Definition Comparative examples & common units This is any multiple, within reason and which is commonly used, to express not only by comparitive example the length of time but also, in other terms common units the interval of time. For example 60 Seconds 1 minute. Orders of magnitude 10 sup &minus 44 sup style text align center 5.4 10 sup 20 sup ys 5.4 10 sup 44 sup s One Planck time t sub P sub math sqrt hbar G c 5 math 5.4 10 sup 44 sup s, ref cite web url http physics.nist.gov cgi bin cuu Value?plkt title CODATA Value Planck time publisher NIST work The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty accessdate 2011 10 01 ref the time required for light to travel one Planck length , is the briefest physically ... CIA The World Factbook Rank Order Life expectancy at birth ref br 3.16 Gs approximately 1 century ... the inevitable outcome of heat death in the universe and how it may be reversed. Orders of magnitude frequency Years class wikitable Orders of magnitude time Factor annum a Multiple common units orders of magnitude 10 sup &minus 50 sup Planck time , the shortest physically meaningful interval of time ... Exploring Time from Planck time to the lifespan of the universe Orders of magnitude wide Time measurement and standards Ordersofmagnitudeseconds DEFAULTSORT Orders Of Magnitude Time Category Timelines Category Orders of magnitude time Category Orders of magnitude Time Category Eschatology de Gr enordnung Zeit fr Ordre de grandeur temps it Ordini di grandezza tempo ja pt Ordens de magnitude tempo simple Orders of magnitude time zh ... more details
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