Infobox Anatomy Name Oropharynx Latin pars oralis pharyngis GraySubject 244 GrayPage 1142 Image Illu pharynx.jpg Caption Pharynx Image2 Illu03 mouth.jpg Caption2 Mouth Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve pharyngeal plexus Lymph MeshName Oropharynx MeshNumber A04.623.603 DorlandsPre p 07 DorlandsSuf 12617349 The Oropharynx oral part of the pharynx reaches from the Uvula to the level of the hyoid bone . It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium , into the mouth , while in its lateral wall, between the two palatine arches , is the palatine tonsil . Normal oropharyngeal flora Fusobacterium Although older resources have stated that Fusobacterium is a common occurrence in the human oropharynx, the current consensus is that Fusobacterium should always be treated as a pathogen. ref name ludlam2004 cite journal title Real time PCR investigation into the importance of Fusobacterium necrophorum as a cause of acute pharyngitis in general practice author Aliyu SH, Marriott RK, Curran MD, et al. journal J Med Microbiol volume 53 year 2004 pages 1029&ndash 35 doi 10.1099 jmm.0.45648 0 pmid 15358827 issue Pt 10 ref HACEK organisms The name is formed from their initials ref name pmid18087053 cite journal author Morpeth S, Murdoch D, Cabell CH, et al. title Non HACEK gram negative bacillus endocarditis journal Ann. Intern. Med. volume 147 issue 12 pages 829 35 year 2007 month December pmid 18087053 doi url ref Haemophilus H aemophilus Actinobacillus A ctinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Cardiobacterium hominis C ardiobacterium hominis Eikenella E ikenella corrodens Kingella K ingella All of these organisms are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly, prefer a carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially ... in nature but are normal flora of the oropharynx. Additional images gallery Image Pharyngitis.jpg Viral pharyngitis. The oropharynx is swollen and red. Image Gray994.png Sagittal section of nose mouth ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 An oropharyngeal lesion is a wound or sore spot on the oropharynx , or back of the mouth . This includes sores on the upper throat , tonsil s, soft palate , and base of the tongue . Causes of oropharyngeal lesions include Wiktionary oral oral cancer , mouth ulcer ulcers , and infections such as Ebola . DEFAULTSORT Oropharyngeal Lesion Disease stub Category Oral pathology ... more details
in the lining of the oropharynx , These may become cancer and spread into nearby normal Tissue biology ... the oropharynx . Stage 2 Cancer has formed and is larger than 20 millimetres but not larger than 40 millimetres. Also it has not yet spread outside the oropharynx . Stage 3 Cancer is larger than 40 millimetres and has not spread outside the oropharynx Any size and has spread to only one lymph node .... Stage 4A Cancer has spread to tissues near the oropharynx, including the voice box , roof of the mouth ... than 60 millimetres and may have spread to Tissue biology tissues around the oropharynx . Stage ... and neck cancer that begins in the oropharynx , the middle part of the throat that includes the soft ... cancer Cancer Head and neck cancer Cancer of the larynx Thyroid cancer Oropharynx Larynx ... more details
to restore a healthy epithelial cell layer. Certain parts of the respiratory tract , such as the oropharynx ... is better suited to the constant sloughing and abrasion. The squamous layer of the oropharynx is continuous ... foreign particles toward the oropharynx , for either expectoration or swallowing to the stomach where ... particulate matter, and drag it cranially toward the oropharynx . References Reflist Altiere and Thompson ... more details
wall of the nasopharynx. File Gray994.png thumb left The nasopharynx , oropharynx , and laryngopharynx ... bursa . Oropharynx The oropharynx or mesopharynx lies behind the oral cavity, extending from the uvula ... closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent Pulmonary aspiration aspiration .The oropharynx ... sinus pyriform sinus , postcricoid area, and the posterior pharyngeal wall. Like the oropharynx ... behind Image Pharyngitis.jpg Acute catarrhal pharyngitis. The oropharynx is swollen and red gallery ... more details
Refimprove date February 2011 Advert date May 2009 Caphosol EUSA Pharma is a mouthwash mouth rinse designed to moisten, lubricate and clean the mouth oral cavity including the Mucous membrane mucosa of the mouth, tongue and Human pharynx Oropharynx oropharynx which has been shown to prevent and treat oral mucositis in patients receiving radiation therapy or chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer . cn date February 2011 Uses Caphosol can be used as an adjunct to standard oral care in the prevention and treatment of the mucositis that may be caused by radiation therapy or high dose chemotherapy. Caphosol can also be used to treat dryness of the mouth and oropharynx hyposalivation, xerostomia , regardless of the cause and regardless of whether the condition is temporary or permanent. Clinical Evidence Bone Marrow Transplant The safety and efficacy of Caphosol has been demonstrated in a double blind prospective, randomized clinical trial in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation ref name Papas 2003 cite pmid 12692611 ref . This trial demonstrated that Caphosol, used in conjunction with fluoride treatments, offers significant benefits over standard care, and is a significant adjunct in the management of oral mucositis associated with high dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In this study the duration and severity of oral mucositis, and requirements for opioid medication, were evaluated in 95 patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. The treatment arm received 4 topical fluoride treatments plus Caphosol, while the control arm received a fluoride rinse 0.01 NaF aqueous solution . Patients were instructed to rinse 4 times per day at the start of cancer treatment and up to 10 times per day if they developed severe oral mucositis. The results showed More than twice as many bone marrow transplant patients avoided oral mucositis by using Caphosol Duration of oral mucositis was almost halved in patients using Caphosol Caphosol patients used 72 less morphine ... more details
unreferenced article date December 2006 Expert subject Anatomy date February 2009 Nasal hair or nose hair is the hair in the human nose nose . Its main function is to keep foreign or unwanted particles from entering the lungs through the nasal cavity. Adult humans have hairs in the anterior nasal passage . Template Human hair Nasal hair should not be confused with cilia of the nasal cavity , which are the microscopic cellular strands that, unlike macroscopic nasal hair, draws mucus up toward the oropharynx via their coordinated, back and forth beating. Removal Image Nasal hair.jpg thumb left Nasal hair. A number of devices have been sold to trim nasal hair, including miniature rotary clippers, and attachments for electric shaver s. The trimmers shorten the hair to such lengths so that they do not appear outside of the nasal passage. A pair of tweezers can be used which facilitates removal and an antiseptic cream applied after treatment on the end of a cotton bud to reduce the risk of infection and soreness. References reflist Nose anatomy DEFAULTSORT Nasal Hair Category Nose ca P l nasal de Nasenhaar ka ne ja simple Nasal hair fi Nen karvat sv N sh r ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name Thyroglossal duct Latin ductus thyroglossalis GraySubject GrayPage Image Illu08 thyroid.jpg Caption Duct not labeled, but arises nearest to region identified as pyramidal lobe Image2 Kiemenbogen.jpg Caption2 Pattern of the branchial arches. I IV branchial arches, 1 4 branchial pouches inside and or pharyngeal grooves outside BR a Tuberculum laterale BR b Tuberculum impar BR c Foramen cecum tongue Foramen cecum BR d Ductus thyreoglossus BR e Sinus cervicalis System CarnegieStage 14 Precursor GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Embryologica TE E5.4.2.0.0.1.22 The thyroglossal duct is an embryology embryological anatomical structure forming an open connection between the initial area of development of the thyroid gland and its final position. The thyroid gland starts developing in the oropharynx in the fetus and descends to its final position taking a path through the tongue , hyoid bone and muscles of the neck neck muscles . The connection between its original position and its final position is the thyroglossal duct. This duct normally atrophy atrophies and closes off before childbirth birth but can remain open in some people. Clinical significance A thyroglossal duct that fails to atrophy is called a persistent thyroglossal duct , a condition that may lead to the formation of a thyroglossal duct cyst . External links eMedicineDictionary thyroglossal duct Embryology of endocrine system Development of digestive system Category Head and neck Category Embryology developmental biology stub es Conducto tirogloso pt Ducto tireoglosso ... more details
Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 27.7 MeshID OPS301 OtherCodes HCPCSlevel2 A uvulotomy or staphylotomy is any cutting operation performed on the uvula . ref Biology Online. ref The procedure was performed in European medieval medicine . The Norwegian Eir kr H konarson bled to death following such an operation. ref Finlay 2004, p. 133. ref Uvulotomy is employed in folk medicine in Tigray Region Tigray . ref Ethnomed. ref In the 19th century uvulotomy came to be used as a treatment for snoring. ref Oommen 1988, p. 18. ref See uvulopalatopharyngoplasty . Its CPT 2009 code is 42140, Uvulectomy . References reflist Finlay, Alison editor and translator 2004 . Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway . Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90 04 13172 8 Mathew, Oommen P. et al. 1988 . Respiratory Function of the Upper Airway . Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0 8247 7802 2 http www.biology online.org dictionary Uvulotomy Uvulotomy Biology Online entry http ethnomed.org cultures tigrean tig cp.html Tigrean Cultural Profile EthnoMed article Procedures on the mouth and pharynx Category Mouth and oropharynx surgery ... more details
C10 , C.X or C 10 may refer to Politics Committee of Ten, Economic committee established in 2008 comprising 2 representatives each from Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western, and Central Africa. Co hosted by the African Union , UN Economic Commission for Africa UNECA , and the African Development Bank . ref name All Africa http www.allafrica.com stories 201006021223.html , What is the Committee of Ten. ref Military Albatros C.X , a World War I German military reconnaissance aircraft Fokker C.X , a 1933 Dutch biplane scout and light bomber KC 10 Extender , an aerial refueler used by the United States Air Force Kawasaki C X , a 2007 Japanese transport aircraft XC 10 Robin , used by the United States Army Air Corps to test radio controlled flight HMS C10 HMS C10 , a United Kingdom Royal Navy submarine which saw service during World War I USS Detroit C 10 USS Detroit C 10 , a United States Navy cruiser which operated in the Caribbean prior to World War I Handley Page Jetstream aircraft designated C 10A by the United States military Commercial products The Chevrolet C K Chevrolet or GMC C 10 , a model designation for a line of pickup trucks JNR Class C10 , a class of Japanese steam locomotive C10, an international standard paper size 28 40 mm , defined in ISO 216 Other C10 Minimum Age Agriculture Convention, 1921 ATC code C10 Lipid modifying agents , a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System Vlakplaas , also called Unit C 10, was a section of the South African Police responsible for assassinating opponents of Apartheid during the 1980s Chromosome 10 human , one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes Bill C 10 disambiguation , the official numbering for several Canadian bills Head and neck cancer Malignant neoplasm of oropharynx ICD 10 code Committee of Ten , US Education Committee Caldwell 10 NGC 663 , an open cluster in Cassiopeia References reflist Letter NumberCombDisambig de C10 fr C10 it C10 ja C10 ... more details
Cleanup date May 2011 SignSymptom infobox Name Odynophagia Image Caption DiseasesDB 17942 ICD10 ICD10 R 13 r 13 ICD9 ICD9 787.20 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Odynophagia from the Greek roots odyno , pain phagia, from phagein, to eat ref http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 25604 Odynophagia definition on MedTerms 12 June 2003 ref is pain ful swallowing , in the mouth oropharynx or esophagus . It can occur with or without dysphagia , or difficult swallowing. ref name Merck Manual Professional Edition http www.merck.com mmpe sec02 ch007 ch007b.html sec02 ch007 ch007b 20 Merck Manual Professional Edition Chest Pain ref Odynophagia often results in inadvertent weight loss . It can be caused by many conditions, including very hot or cold food or drink, drugs, ulcers and mucosa l destruction, upper respiratory tract infection s, immune disorder s, cancer s, and motor disorders. ref name Merck Manual Professional Edition Esophageal candidiasis is the most common cause of odynophagia. Citation needed date May 2011 Presentation One presenting with odynophagia will report or complain of pain while swallowing. This pain while swallowing can be described as an ache, burning sensation, or occasionally a stabbing pain that radiates to the back. ref name HN cite book title Harwood Nuss Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine editor Allan B. Wolfson year 2005 edition 4th pages 307 8 isbn 0 7817 5125 X ref See also Phagophobia References reflist External links GPnotebook 1959460853 Odynophagia http rad.usuhs.edu medpix medpix image.html?imageid 53685 Calcified stylohoyoid ligament Eagle syndrome causing odynophagia pain Use dmy dates date May 2011 Category Symptoms and signs Digestive system and abdomen disease stub ca Odinof gia cs Odynofagie es Odinofagia fr Odynophagie hr Odinofagija it Odinofagia pl Odynofagia pt Odinofagia ... more details
Infobox Lymph Name PAGENAME Latin anulus lymphoideus pharyngis GraySubject GrayPage Image Lymph node regions.svg Caption Regional lymphatics. Waldeyer ring labeled at center top. Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Waldeyer s tonsillar ring or pharyngeal lymphoid ring is an anatomical term describing the Lymphatic system lymphoid tissue ring located in the pharynx and to the back of the oral cavity . It was named after the nineteenth century Germans German Anatomy anatomist Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer Hartz . ref WhoNamedIt synd 2061 ref The ring consists of from superior to inferior Pharyngeal tonsil also known as adenoids when infected Tubal tonsil where the auditory tube Eustachian tube opens in the nasopharynx Palatine tonsil s commonly called the tonsils in the vernacular, less commonly termed faucial tonsils Lingual tonsils There also normally is a good amount of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue MALT present between these tonsils intertonsillar around the ring, and more of this lymphoid tissue can variably be found more or less throughout at least the nasopharynx naso and oropharynx . Some animals, but not humans, have one or two additional tonsils Soft palate tonsil Paraepiglottic tonsil References reflist Lymphatic organ anatomy anatomy stub Category Lymphatics of the head and neck de Lymphatischer Rachenring hr Waldeyerov limfni prsten it Anello di Waldeyer nl Ring van Waldeyer ja pl Pier cie gard owy Waldeyera pt Anel linf tico de Waldeyer ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Isthmus of the fauces Latin isthmus faucium GraySubject 242 GrayPage 1110 Image Gray1014.png Caption A view of the isthmus of the fauces through the mouth cavity. The cheeks have been slit transversely and the tongue pulled forward. Isthmus faucium labeled at center right. Image2 Illu pharynx.jpg Caption2 Pharynx Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre i 14 DorlandsSuf 12462809 The isthmus of the fauces or the oropharyngeal isthmus is a part of the oropharynx directly behind the mouth cavity , bounded superiorly by the soft palate , laterally by the palatoglossal arch es, and inferiorly by the tongue . The fauces are regarded as the two pillars, formed by the palatoglossus muscle palatoglossus and the palatopharyngeus muscle , respectively, and covered with mucous membrane . The anterior one is known as the palatoglossal arch , and the posterior one is known as the palatopharyngeal arch . Between these two arches is the palatine tonsil . Each palatoglossal arch runs downwards, laterally and forwards, from the soft palate to the side of the tongue. The approximation of the arches due to the contraction of the palatoglossal muscles constricts the isthmus, and is essential to swallowing deglutition . Faucitis File faucitis01.jpg thumb Faucitis in a 12 year old DSH cat that presented with inappetance, tenderness of the mouth, and inability to groom itself. Gingivitis , erosive lingual ulcer s and faucitis were evident clinically Inflammation of the fauces is known as faucitis and is seen in animals. In cats, faucitis is usually a secondary disease to gingivitis , but can be a primary disease. In this species, faucitis is usually caused by bacterial infection bacterial and viral infection s although food allergy food allergies need to be excluded in any diagnosis. Treatment is symptomatic treatment symptomatic and includes broad spectrum antibiotic s and in severe cases where cats are inappetant, corticosteroid s ofte ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB 32589 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj article eMedicineTopic 1078960 MeshID Angina bullosa haemorrhagica is a condition of the mucous membrane s characterized by the sudden appearance of one or more blood blisters within the oral cavity. ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 808 The lesions, which may be caused by mild trauma to the mouth tissues such as hot foods, typically rupture quickly and heal without scarring or further discomfort. ref http emedicine.medscape.com article 1078960 overview Angina Bullosa Hemorrhagica at EMedicine ref The condition is not serious except in rare cases where a large bulla that does not rupture spontaneously may cause airway obstruction. The blisters usually affect the palate or oropharynx and are often long lived to the extent that patients burst them for symptomatic relief. ref name Edward W.Odell Edward W. Odell, 2010. Clinical Problem Solving in Dentistry ref Diagnosis The condition is diagnosed on the basis of exclusion of other conditions and the typical presentation, particularly the constant presence of blood as the blister fluid. Angina bullosa haemorrhagica does not cause desquamative gingivitis ref name Edward W.Odell Edward W. Odell, 2010. Clinical Problem Solving in Dentistry ref See also Mucocele Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Mucous membrane List of cutaneous conditions References reflist Cutaneous condition stub Category Conditions of the mucous membranes ... more details
Multiple issues orphan April 2010 notability January 2010 unreferenced January 2010 Statements also statements on cancer, statements on head and neck cancer is an international medical symposium , which takes place every two years since 2004. Researcher, medical scientists and physicians on the field of head and neck cancer meet to discuss recent scientific and clinical findings. The first event took place in Frankfurt am Main , Germany in 2004. Concept Statements on head and neck cancer was founded in 2004 by the non profit society Verein Pr vention und Therapie e.V. . The makeup is based on a multimodal concept of discussion, communication and information. A limited number ca. 100 of international scientists and experts of head and neck cancer are invited to this symposium. Representatives of different special fields lecture on diverse actual topics. Subsequently a podium discussion is held including the audience . Website A special website was introduced to cover discussions that follow such a symposium. All lectures and arguments are placed in video format. The user can register himself for free and place own contributions as posts and videos. This website serves as a platform for exchange and critical discussion of expert knowledge of head and neck cancer. Head and Neck Cancer The concept is focused on cancer of the head and neck excluding brain tumors , the subject of otorhinolaryngology , head and neck surgery and oral and maxillofacial surgery . This includes cancer of the larynx , pharynx , oral cavity oropharynx and nasopharynx additionally cancer of salivary glands and cancer of unknown primary origin CUP . Future Prospects The next symposium will take place in spring 2011. An extension to topics including pulmonary and esophageal malignant tumors is intended. It is scientifically assumed that cancer is not respecting anatomical borders and therefore an integrated multimodal concept of therapy regimens for treatment is needed. References Empty section dat ... more details
A HEENT examination is a portion of a physical examination ref name MahadevanGarmel2005 cite book author1 Swaminatha V. Mahadevan author2 Gus. M. Garmel title An introduction to clinical emergency medicine url http books.google.com books?id PL9OKbfcHasC&pg PA267 accessdate 6 March 2011 date 5 July 2005 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 9780521542593 pages 267 ref it principally concerns the Head, Ears, Eyes, Nose and Throat. Components of the exam may include Steps IPPA Inspection of scars or skin changes Palpation of temporomandibular joint , thyroid , and lymph nodes Percussion may involve the skin above the Frontal sinus frontal sinuses and paranasal sinuses to detect any signs of pain Auscultation for carotid bruits Tests specific to HEENT examation Eyes eye examination and acuity including ophthalmoscope Ears hearing examination and evaluation of tympanic membrane otoscope used in evaluation of ears, nose, and mouth A neurologic examination is usually considered separate from the HEENT evaluation, though there can be some overlap. Sample writeup class wikitable Category Item Sample text human head Head NC AT or Normocephalic , atraumatic Eyes opthalmoscope Extraocular muscles EOM intact, EOMI , PERRLA , anicteric , no injection , Fundus eye fundus WNL, no papilledema human nose Nose otoscope No Nasal congestion congestion Ear s otoscope Eardrum TM intact, noninflammed Throat otoscope Oropharynx WNL or no erythema or exudate Mouth otoscope Moist mucous membrane s, no thrush , no Vesicle dermatology vesicles , no lesion s, good dentition Neck No lymphadenopathy LAD , thyroid WNL, neck supple Jugular venous pressure JVD and bruit may be reported here or in CV See also HEENT References reflist med stub Category Medical terms Medical records and physical exam ... more details
Infobox disease Name Hairy leukoplakia Image Caption ICD10 ICD10 K 13 3 k 00 ICD9 ICD9 528.6 ICDO OMIM DiseasesDB 5594 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 938 MeshID D017733 Hairy leukoplakia also known as oral hairy leukoplakia ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 385 is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. Causes Hairy leukoplakia is seen in severe defects of immunity medical immunity , particularly in HIV infection. The cause of this condition is an opportunistic infection by the Epstein Barr virus EBV . After the primary EBV infection has been overcome, the virus stays latent in the B cell s and also causes lytic cycle lytic infection in the oropharynx , controlled by the immune system. Uncontrolled lytic infection in the oropharynx is manifested as oral hairy leukoplakia in immunosuppressed hosts. Oral hairy leukoplakia is not associated with any malignant potential. fact date November 2011 In 1992, the University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine reported on two cases of oral hairy leukoplakia occurring in patients without any risk factors for HIV infection, or any other evidence of immune deficiency. ref cite journal doi 10.1016 0030 4220 92 90070 7 author Eisenberg E, Krutchkoff D, Yamase H. title Incidental oral hairy leukoplakia in immunocompetent persons. A report of two cases. journal Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. volume 74 issue 3 pages 332 3 year 1992 pmid 1328983 ref It has been observed in patients on steroid therapy. ref name pmid19033322 cite journal author Piperi E, Omlie J, Pambuccian S, Koutlas IG title Oral Hairy Leukoplakia in HIV Negative Patients Report of 10 Cases journal Int. J. Surg. Pathol. volume 18 issue 3 pages 177 83 year 2008 month November pmid 19033322 doi 10.1177 106689690832786 ... more details
Inadequate lead date April 2011 Image Laryngeal mask 100.jpg thumb A laryngeal mask The laryngeal mask airway is a supraglottic airway device invented by Archie Brain , a British anaesthetist. Description File ProSeal Laryngeal Mask Airway inflated 001.jpg thumb ProSeal Laryngeal Mask Airway inflated 001 Laryngeal masks consist of a tube with an inflatable cuff that is inserted into the Human pharynx pharynx . Laryngeal mask airways come in a variety of sizes ranging from large adult size 5 to infant size 1 . The laryngeal mask functions as a peripharyngeal sealer, in contrast to another category of supraglottic airways which are base on tongue sealers, such as the Esophageal Tracheal Combitube and the King Laryngeal tube LT . A newer generation of the laryngeal mask actually utilizes both airway sealing mechanisms peripharyngeal sealing and base of tongue sealing , and they result in higher average seal pressures during controlled and assisted ventilation of the patient. The apex of the mask, with its open end pointing downwards toward the tongue, is pushed backwards towards the Palatine uvula uvula . The cuff follows the natural bend of the oropharynx, and is seated over the piriform sinus pyriform fossae . Once placed, the cuff around the mask is inflated with air to create a tight seal. Air entry is confirmed by listening for air entry into the lungs with a stethoscope , by presence of capnography end tidal carbon dioxide and by monitoring the degree and pressure at which the air leaks around the mask in the oropharynx. Indications Laryngeal masks are used in anesthesia and in emergency medicine for airway management . ref name Davies1990 The main use of the laryngeal mask is in elective anaesthesia, however it is also useful in situations where manipulation of the head or neck to facilitate Tracheal intubation endotracheal intubation is difficult e.g. trapped patient or potential cervical spine injury or when intubation is unsuccessful. It is not inserted as fa ... more details
Infobox disease Name Rhinosporidiosis Image Rhinosporidiosis.jpg Caption Rhinosporidiosis in oropharynx DiseasesDB 31328 ICD10 ICD10 B 48 1 b 35 ICD9 ICD9 117.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 2029 MeshID D012227 Rhinosporidiosis is an infection caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi . ref name pmid17657050 cite journal author Arseculeratne SN title Recent advances in rhinosporidiosis and rhinosporidium seeberi journal Indian J Med Microbiol volume 20 issue 3 pages 119 31 year 2002 pmid 17657050 doi url http www.ijmm.org article.asp?issn 0255 0857 year 2002 volume 20 issue 3 spage 119 epage 131 aulast Arseculeratne ref ref name pmid15735413 cite journal author Arseculeratne SN title Rhinosporidiosis what is the cause? journal Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. volume 18 issue 2 pages 113 8 year 2005 month April pmid 15735413 doi 10.1097 01.qco.0000160898.82115.e8 url http meta.wkhealth.com pt pt core template journal lwwgateway media landingpage.htm?issn 0951 7375&volume 18&issue 2&spage 113 ref Classification This organism was previously considered to be a fungus , and rhinosporidiosis is classified as a fungal disease under ICD 10 . It is now considered to be a parasite, ref name pmid16945122 cite journal author Morelli L, Polce M, Piscioli F, et al. title Human nasal rhinosporidiosis an Italian case report journal Diagn Pathol volume 1 issue 1 pages 25 year 2006 pmid 16945122 pmc 1560165 doi 10.1186 1746 1596 1 25 url http www.diagnosticpathology.org content 1 25 ref classified under Mesomycetozoea . ref name urlRhinosporidiosis cite web url http www.stanford.edu group parasites ParaSites2002 rhinosporidiosis index.htm title Rhinosporidiosis work accessdate ref Authors of detailed studies have revealed superficial similarities between Dermocystidium and Rhinosporidium when using light microscopy, but substantial morphological differences between the groups exist ..., oropharynx, conjunctiva, rectum and external genitalia. Though the floor of the nose and inferior ... more details
Automatic taxobox image Fusobacterium novum 01.jpg image caption Fusobacterium novum in liquid culture. authority Knorr 1922 display children 1 Fusobacterium is a genus of rod shaped baccilli with pointed ends, Anaerobic organism anaerobic , Gram negative bacteria, similar to Bacteroides . ref cite book author Madigan M Martinko J editors . title Brock Biology of Microorganisms edition 11th publisher Prentice Hall year 2005 isbn 0 13 144329 1 ref Fusobacterium contribute to several human diseases, including periodontal disease s, Lemierre s syndrome , and topical skin ulcers . Although older resources have stated that Fusobacterium is a common occurrence in the human oropharynx , the current consensus is that Fusobacterium should always be treated as a pathogen. ref name ludlam2004 cite journal title Real time PCR investigation into the importance of Fusobacterium necrophorum as a cause of acute pharyngitis in general practice author Aliyu SH, Marriott RK, Curran MD, et al. journal J Med Microbiol volume 53 year 2004 pages 1029 35 doi 10.1099 jmm.0.45648 0 pmid 15358827 issue Pt 10 ref In 2011, researchers discovered that this bacteria flourishes in colon cancer cells, and is often also associated with ulcerative colitis , although researchers have not determined if the organism actually causes these diseases or if it simply flourishes in the environment these diseases create. ref cite news url http healthland.time.com 2011 10 18 a surprising link between bacteria and colon cancer ?iid pf main mostpop1 author Alice Park title A Surprising Link Between Bacteria and Colon Cancer publisher Time.com date 18 October 2011 accessdate 18 October 2011 ref In contrast to Bacteroides spp., Fusobacteria have a potent lipopolysaccharide . Clindamycin was the most active antibiotic against Fusobacterium species, followed by Chloramphenicol , Carbenicillin , and Cefoperazone which were about equally active and then Cefamandole ref http www.hopkinsguides.com hopkins ub citation 644 ... more details
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