hatnote For use in map making, see Orthographicprojection cartography . Views Orthographicprojection or orthogonal projection is a means of representing a Three dimensional space three dimensional object in Two dimensional two dimensions . It is a form of parallel projection , where all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane, ref name maynard Cite book last Maynard first Patric ... of the object is also parallel with the projection plane, ref name maynard as in multiview orthographic ... to define whether a projection is either Third Angle right or First Angle left . Origin The orthographicprojection has been known since antiquity, with its cartographic uses being well documented. Hipparchus used the projection in the 2nd century B.C. to determine the places of star rise and star set. In about 14 B.C., Roman engineer Vitruvius Marcus Vitruvius Pollio used the projection to construct ... orthographicprojection With multiview orthographic projections, up to six pictures of an object are produced ... view and right side view. Pictorials main Axonometric projection Within orthographicprojection ... of effort and best effect. Orthographic pictorials rely on the technique of axonometric projection ... projection Multiview orthographicprojectionOrthographicprojection cartography Telecentric lens Telephoto lens Orthographicprojection geometry div col end References Reflist External links http www.3doro.de ... marine navigation orthographic projection.html OrthographicProjection Video and mathematics visualization ... pt Projec o ortogonal simple Orthographicprojection sr Ortogonalna projekcija fi Ortografinen ... in affine transformation on the viewing surface. It is further divided into multiview orthographic projections and axonometric projection s . A lens providing an orthographicprojection is known as an Telecentric lens Object space telecentric lenses object space telecentric lens . The term orthographic ... Press. ISBN 0 226 76746 9. ref Vitruvius also seems to have devised the term orthographic from the Greek ... more details
File Orthographicprojection SW.jpg thumb 300px Orthographicprojection equatorial aspect of eastern hemisphere 30W&ndash 150E An orthographicprojection is a map projection of cartography . Like the stereographic projection and gnomonic projection , orthographicprojection is a perspective projection perspective or azimuthal projection , in which the sphere is projected onto a tangent plane or secant plane . The point of perspective for the orthographicprojection is at infinite distance. It depicts ... devised the term orthographic from the Greek orthos straight and graph drawing for the projection. However ... renewed interest in the orthographicprojection in astronomy and planetary science . Mathematics The formulas for the spherical orthographicprojection are derived using trigonometry . They are written ... , &phi sub 0 sub . The equations for the orthographicprojection onto the x , y tangent plane reduce ... math c math from the center of the orthographicprojection. This ensures that points on the opposite ... that the sign mathematics sign of the orthographicprojection as written is correct in all Cartesian ... of the orthographicprojection yields scattered points in x , y , which creates problems for graph ... of the orthographicprojection. See References for an ellipsoidal version of the orthographic ... title Ellipsoidal OrthographicProjection via ECEF and Topocentric ENU author Zinn, Noel ... of projections distort angles and areas close to the poles. An example of an orthographicprojection onto a cylinder is the Lambert cylindrical equal area projection . See also Orthographicprojection ... Projection from MathWorld http www.vinamaso.net marine navigation general concepts orthographic projection.html OrthographicProjection Video and mathematics Category Cartographic projections ... pp. 16 18. Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0 226 76746 9. ref History The orthographicprojection has been known since antiquity, with its cartographic uses being well documented ... more details
a projection is either Third Angle right or First Angle left . With multiview orthographic projections , up to six pictures of an object are produced, with each projection plane parallel to one ... left Gaspard Monge s four quadrants and two planes. Modern orthographicprojection is derived from ... orthographicprojection with three views corresponds more precisely to an octant of 3D space. First angle projection In first angle projection , the object is conceptually located in quadrant I , i.e. ... from the donut. Multiviews without rotation Orthographic multiview projection is derived from the principles ... from any direction of space. Orthographicprojection is distinguished by parallel projectors emanating ... the use of these principles in third angle projection. Image One thru Nine Step by Step Orthographic ... to the third plane of projection. Image Ten through Seventeen Step by Step Orthographic Auxillary ... appearance of an orthographic multiview projection and which includes an Auxiliary view showing ... drawing s. Elevations are the most common orthographicprojection for conveying the appearance of a building ..., sharing an edge, even though this does not represent a proper orthographicprojection. Plan See also ... of an auxiliary view rather than a primary view from an orthographicprojection . gallery These allow ... Multiview OrthographicProjection Category Graphical projections ar ca Sistema di dric ... according to either of two schemes first angle or third angle projection. In each, the appearances ... in box, with views of object projected in the direction of sight onto walls using first angle projection .... Image first angle unfolded.png Image showing orthographic views located relative to each other in accordance with first angle projection. gallery Third angle projection Image Orthographic example.gif thumb 200px right An example of a multiview orthographic drawing from a US Patent 1913 , showing two views of the same object. Third angle projection is used. In third angle projection , the object ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In Euclidean geometry , an orthographicprojection is an orthogonal projection . In particular, in 3D it is an affine transformation affine , parallel geometry parallel Projection linear algebra projection of an object onto a perpendicular plane mathematics plane . A simple orthographicprojection linear algebra projection onto the Plane mathematics plane z 0 can be defined by the following matrix math P begin bmatrix 1 & 0 & 0 0 & 1 & 0 0 & 0 & 0 end bmatrix math For each point v v sub x sub , v sub y sub , v sub z sub , the transformed point would be math Pv begin bmatrix 1 & 0 & 0 0 & 1 & 0 0 & 0 & 0 end bmatrix begin bmatrix v x v y v z end bmatrix begin bmatrix v x v y 0 end bmatrix math Often, it is more useful to use homogeneous coordinates , since translation geometry translation cannot be accomplished with a 3 by 3 matrix. The transformation above can be represented for homogeneous coordinates as math P begin bmatrix 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 end bmatrix math For each homogeneous vector v v sub x sub , v sub y sub , v sub z sub , 1 , the transformed vector would be math Pv begin bmatrix 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 end bmatrix begin bmatrix v x v y v z 1 end bmatrix begin bmatrix v x v y 0 1 end bmatrix math In computer graphics , one of the most common matrices used for orthographicprojection linear algebra projection can be defined by a n tuple 6 tuple , left , right , bottom , top , near , far , which defines the Clipping computer graphics clipping planes. These planes form a box with the minimum corner at left , bottom , near and the maximum corner at right , top , far . The box ... end bmatrix math DEFAULTSORT OrthographicProjection Geometry Category Euclidean geometry Category ... is defined by having a minimum corner at 1, 1, 1 and a maximum corner at 1,1,1 . The orthographic transform ... 2 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 end bmatrix math The inversion of the Projection Matrix, which can be used as the Unprojection ... more details
Wiktionarypar orthographicOrthographic may refer to OrthographicprojectionOrthographicprojection geometry Orthographicprojection cartography Orthography written language disambig ... more details
wiktionary projection projector projective tocright Projection , projector , or projective may refer to The display of an image by devices such as Movie projector Video projector Overhead projector Slide projector Camera obscura Projection screen Map projection , reduces a three dimensional planet to a flat map geography Graphical projection , the production of a two dimensional image of a three dimensional object Parallel projectionOrthographicprojection , including Plan view Plan , or floor plan ... , a view of the interior at a particular cutting plane Axonometric projection , including Isometric projection Dimetric projection Trimetric projection Oblique projection , including Cabinet projection Cavalier projection Perspective projection anchor chemistry Chemistry Fischer projection Haworth projection Newman projection Natta projection Mathematics Projection mathematics , any of several different types of functions, mappings, operations, or transformations 3D projectionProjection relational algebra Projection linear algebra Vector projectionProjection method fluid dynamics Projection ... direction, projective module s and projective object s generalize free modules Other Projection alchemy , process in Alchemy Projection areas , areas of the brain where sensory processing occurs Military power projection , the capacity of a state to implement policy by means of force, or the threat thereof, in an area distant from its own territory Psychological projection , or Freudian projection ..., thoughts, or emotions Projection fibers , in neuroscience, white matter fibers that connect ... developments based on current statistics and trends Projection music , acoustical phenomenon whereby ... and Acoustics Publ. Springer, New York, 2010 See also lookfrom intitle Project disambiguation Projection effect disambiguation disambig de Projektion eo Projekcio fr Projection ko it Proiezione he nl Projectie ja no Projeksjon pl Projekcja pt Proje o ru simple Projection sl Projekcija ... more details
Orthographic transcription is a transcription linguistics transcription method that employs the standard Orthography spelling system of each target language. ref Hayes, Bruce 2011 http books.google.com books?id QT8W4zDHKvwC&pg PT30&dq 22orthographic transcription 22 Introductory Phonology John Wiley & Sons ISBN 1444360132, 9781444360134. The term orthographic transcription simply means that the words are written down using the customary spelling system orthography of the language. For a better view of the examples shown in Hayes s book see Fromkin, Victoria 2000 http books.google.com books?id DObARq3r9MoC&pg PA525&dq 22orthographic transcription 22 Linguistics an introduction to linguistic theory Wiley Blackwell ISBN 0631197117, 9780631197119 ref ref name Vinogradov http encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com Transcription thefreedictionary.com Transcription , citing Vinogradov, V. A., in The Great Soviet Encyclopedia 1979 . Retrieved March 19, 2012. ref Examples of orthographic transcription are Pushkin and Pouchkine , respectively the English and the French orthographic transcriptions of the surname in the name Alexander Pushkin . Thus, each target language English and French transcribes the surname according to its own orthography. ref name Vinogradov Contrast with phonetic transcription , phonemic orthography , transliteration , and translation . References reflist ling stub Category Transcription linguistics Category Orthography ru ... more details
The orthographic depth of an Alphabet alphabetic orthography indicates the degree to which it deviates from simple one to one Letter alphabet letter phoneme correspondence. Orthographies may be defined as either shallow or deep, depending on the ease of predicting the pronunciation of a word from its spelling. In shallow orthographies, the spelling sound correspondence is direct given the rules anyone can immediately name the words correctly Besner & Smith, 1992, p.45 . ref Besner, D., Smith, M. C. 1992 . Basic processes in reading Is the orthographic depth hypothesis sinking? In R. Frost & L. Katz Eds. , Orthography phonology morphology and meaning Advances in psychology Vol 94 pp. 45 66 . North Holland, Oxford, England. Retrieved from http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?db pubmed&cmd Retrieve&dopt AbstractPlus&list uids 1993 97079 003 ref In other words, shallow orthographies have a one to one relationship between graphemes and phonemes, and the spelling of words is very consistent. A shallow orthography is also sometimes called a phonemic orthography . In contrast, in deep orthographies the relationship is less direct, and reader must learn the arbitrary or unusual pronunciations of irregular words Besner & Smith, 1992, p.45 . In other words, deep orthographies are writing systems that do not have a one to one correspondence between sounds phonemes and the letters grapheme graphemes that represent them. They may be irregular English , reflect etymology Hungarian , or be Morpho phonemic orthography morphophonemic Korean . According to the orthographic depth hypothesis ... by referring to their morphology via the printed word s visual orthographic structure Katz & Frost, 1992,71 ... the orthographic depth hypothesis. Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research 1992 pp. 147 ..., A., Content, A., Daelemans, W., and De Gelder, B. 1994 . Analysing orthographic depth of different languages using data oriented algorithms. ref consider orthographic depth to be the composition ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced May 2011 orphan May 2011 context May 2011 expert Linguistics date May 2011 Merge to Morphological parsing date May 2011 Orthographic rules are general rules used when breaking a word into its stem and modifiers. An example would be singular English words ending with y, when pluralized, end with ies. Contrast this to Morphological rules which contain corner cases to these general rules. Both of these types of rules are used to construct systems that can do morphological parsing . linguistics stub Category Orthography Rules Category Rules ... more details
File Behrmann projection SW.jpg 450px thumb Behrmann projection of the world. Image Tissot indicatrix world map Behrmann equal area proj.svg 450px thumb upright 2.2 right The Behrmann cylindrical equal area projection with Tissot s indicatrix Tissot s indicatrices of deformation The Behrmann projection is a Map projection Cylindrical cylindrical map projection . This is an orthographicprojection onto a cylinder secant at the 30 parallels. It is equal area, but distortion of shape increases with distance from the standard parallels. Scale is true along the standard parallels and constant between two parallels equidistant from the Equator. This projection is not equidistant. External links http www.radicalcartography.net ?projectionref Table of examples and properties of all common projections , from radicalcartography.net http www.uff.br mapprojections Behrmann en.html An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Berhrmann Projection . Category Cartographic projections cartography stub cs Behrmannovo zobrazen ... more details
for economy of effort and best effect. Orthographicprojection File Camera focal length distance.gif thumb right Parallel projection corresponds to a perspective projection with a hypothetical viewpoint ... length, or zoom . The orthographicprojection is derived from the principles of descriptive geometry , and is a type of parallel projection where the projection rays are perpendicular to the projection ... with the projection plane paper on which the Orthographic or parallel projection is drawn. ref name maynard Pictorials Axonometric projection Axonometric projection is a type of orthographicprojection where the plane or axis of the object depicted is not parallel to the projection plane, ref name ... plane as with orthographicprojection, but strike the projection plane at an angle other than ninety degrees. ref name maynard In both orthographic and oblique projection, parallel lines in space ...Refimprove date September 2009 Views Parallel projections have lines of projection that are parallel both in reality and in the projection plane. Clarify date November 2009 Parallel projection corresponds to a perspective projection with an infinite focal length the distance from the image plane to the projection point , or zoom lens zoom . Within parallel projection there is an ancillary category ... 6&ved 0CBoQ6AEwBQ v twopage&q axonometric 20orthographic&f false isbn 0801472806 ref It is the projection type of choice for Plans drawings working drawings . The term orthographic is also sometimes .... pages 232 url http books.google.com books?id WQiIj8ZS0IoC&pg PA231&dq axonometric orthographic v ... YkVp 2ZrmyMC&pg PT224&dq axonometric orthographic v onepage&q axonometric 20orthographic&f false isbn ... 502 url http books.google.com books?id H4eYq7 2YhYC&pg PA502&dq axonometric orthographic v onepage&q ... books?id JrZoGgQEhKkC&pg PA169&dq axonometric orthographic v onepage&q axonometric 20orthographic ... projection , depending on the exact angle at which the view deviates from the orthogonal. ref ... more details
views Planar projections are the subset of 3D graphical projections constructed by linearly mapping points in three dimensional space to points on a two dimensional projection plane . The projected point on the plane is chosen such that it is Line geometry collinear with the corresponding three dimensional point and the centre of projection . The lines connecting these points are commonly referred to as projectors . The centre of projection can be thought of as the location of the observer while the plane of projection is the surface on which the two dimensional projected image of the scene is recorded or from which it is viewed e.g., photographic negative, photographic print, computer monitor . When the centre of projection is at a finite distance from the projection plane, a Perspective graphical perspective projection is obtained. When the centre of projection is at infinity, all the projectors are parallel, and the corresponding subset of planar projections are referred to as parallel projections . Mathematical formulation Mathematically, planar projections are linear transformations acting on a point in three dimensional space math mathbf a x,y,z math to give a point math mathbf b u,v math on the projection plane. These transformations consist of various function composition compositions of the five transformations orthographic projection , rotation mathematics rotation , Shear mapping shear , Translation geometry translation and Projective transformation perspective . Map uses It is also used in maps to show the planet Earth and other planets or objects in space. This is good for maps of close up areas. Category Graphical projections geometry stub ... more details
angle used in orthographicprojection. Mathematically, the parallel projection of the point math x, y ... b math uniquely specify a parallel projection. When math a b 0 math , the projection is said to be orthographic ... are drawn with a 1 1 scale it is thus similar to the dimetric projection s, although it is not an orthographicprojection , as the third axis, here y , is drawn in diagonal, making an arbitrary angle ... are orthographicprojection s. The figure to the right is an oblique projection with an angle ... multicol Orthographicprojection Plans drawings Graphical projection multicol break Projection linear ..., see Projection linear algebra . Views Oblique projection is a simple type of graphical projection used ... projection yz.svg thumb left 240px Oblique projection with foreshortening by half, seen from the side. Oblique projection is a type of parallel projection it projects an image by intersecting parallel rays projectors from the three dimensional source object with the drawing surface projection plane . In both oblique projection and orthographicprojection , parallel lines of the source object produce parallel lines in the projected image. The projectors in oblique projection intersect the projection ... are not necessarily less than 1, and as a consequence lengths measured on an oblique projection may be either larger or shorter than they were in space. In a general oblique projection, spheres of the space ... an orthogonal projection. Oblique drawing is also the crudest 3D drawing method but the easiest ... overcome by aligning one plane of the image parallel to the plane of projection. Doing so creates .... Cavalier projection is the name of such a projection, where the length along the math z math axis remains ... from PlaneView3D Online ref Cabinet projection , popular in furniture illustrations, is an example ... projection sometimes cavalier perspective or high view point a point of the object is represented by three ... Cabinet projection The term cabinet projection sometimes cabinet perspective stems from its use in illustrations ... more details
, some liberties may be taken for economy of effort and best effect. Orthographicprojection The Orthographicprojection is derived from the principles of descriptive geometry and is a two dimensional representation of a three dimensional object. It is a parallel projection the lines of projection are parallel both in reality and in the projection plane . It is the projection type of choice for Plans ... to the viewing plane as with orthographicprojection, but strike the projection plane at an angle other than ninety degrees. In both orthographic and oblique projection, parallel lines in space ... break Multiview orthographicprojection , Plans drawings , Technical drawing . multicol end References ...Other uses Projection disambiguation Views Image Convention placement vues dessin technique.svg thumb right 200px Symbols used to define whether a projection is either Third Angle right or First Angle left . Graphical projection is a protocol by which an image of a Three dimensional space three dimensional ... drawing . Overview Image Orthographic camera distance focal length.gif thumb 200px Increasing the focal length and distance of the camera to infinity in a perspective projection results in a parallel projection. The projection is achieved by the use of imaginary projectors . The projected ... projection, categories each with its own protocol parallel projection Perspective graphical perspective projection gallery widths 100px heights 100px align center style padding 0px Image Isometrie.png Isometric projection . Image Milit rperspektive.PNG Oblique projection . Image Cavalier perspective 45.svg Oblique projection . Image Zentralperspektive.png Vanishing point One point perspective projection . gallery Types of projection File Graphical projection comparison.png thumb right Several types of graphical projection compared. Parallel projection In parallel projection , the lines of sight from the object to the projection plane are parallel to each other. Within parallel projection there is an ancillary ... more details
. Orthographicprojection s are a small set of transforms often used to show profile, detail or precise measurements of a three dimensional object. Common names for orthographic projections include ... the 2D point math b x math , math b y math using an orthographicprojection parallel to the y axis ... close by this is known as Perspective graphical perspective . While orthographicprojection ignores ...Please Read Discussion Page before reinserting image Views 3D projection is any method of mapping three dimensional points to a two dimensional plane. As most current methods for displaying graphical data are based on planar two dimensional media, the use of this type of projection is widespread, especially in computer graphics, engineering and Technical drawing drafting . Orthographicprojection Main Orthographicprojection discuss Talk 3D projection Merger proposal date March 2008 When the human eye looks at a scene, objects in the distance appear smaller than objects close by. Orthographicprojection ... near to the viewer are not foreshortened as they would be in a perspective projection. Perspective projection see also Transformation matrix Perspective projection l1 Transformation matrix see also ... to provide additional realism. The perspective projection requires greater definition. A conceptual aid to understanding the mechanics of this projection treating the 2D projection as being viewed through ... of the projection transformation. The following variables are defined to describe this transformation ... results in math mathbf b x,y math the 2D projection of math mathbf a math . When math mathbf c ... onto the 2D plane using the formula here, x y is used as the projection plane literature also may use ... bilginer index.html A case study in camera projection http nccasymposium.bmth.ac.uk 2009 McLaughlin ... reading Commons category 3D projection cite book title 3D Game Programming All in One author Kenneth ... PA93&dq 223D projection 22 isbn 978 1 59200 136 1 DEFAULTSORT Projection Category Linear algebra Category ... more details
For axonometric projection in video games Video games with isometric graphics Mergefrom Isometric projection discuss Talk Axonometric projection Proposal to merge Dimetric projection and Trimetric projection here date November 2009 Views Axonometric projection is a type of parallel projection , more specifically a type of orthographicprojection , used to create a pictorial drawing of an object, where the object is rotated along one or more of its axes relative to the plane of projection. ref name .... ISBN 0073655988, p.330. ref There are three main types of axonometric projection isometric , dimetric , and trimetric projection . Axonometric means to measure along axes . Axonometric projection ... in the same picture.Whereas the term orthographic is sometimes reserved specifically for depictions of objects where the axis or plane of the object is parallel with the projection plane, ref name maynard in axonometric projection the plane or axis of the object is always drawn not parallel to the projection ... this limitation, axonometric projection can be useful for purposes of illustration. History The concept ... on a new significance with the advent of visual computing . ref name Kri00 File Graphical projection comparison.png thumb right Comparison of several types of graphical projection gallery widths ... from a US Patent 1874 Image Bank of China Tower massing model.svg Example of a trimetric projection ... The three types of axonometric projections are isometric projection , dimetric projection , and trimetric projection , depending on the exact angle at which the view deviates from the orthogonal ... ?id H4eYq7 2YhYC&pg PA502&dq axonometric orthographic v onepage&q axonometric 20orthographic isbn ... projection , the most commonly used form of axonometric projection in engineering drawing, ref ... http books.google.com ?id YkVp 2ZrmyMC&pg PT224&dq axonometric orthographic v onepage&q axonometric ... . Clarify date October 2011 In dimetric projection , the direction of viewing is such that two ... more details
around the horizontal here x axis by math alpha math . This is then followed by an orthographicprojection ...for isometric projection in video games Video games with isometric graphics Merge to Axonometric projection discuss Talk Axonometric projection Proposal to merge Dimetric projection and Trimetric projection here date November 2009 Views File 3D shapes in isometric projection.svg thumb Some 3D shapes in isometric projection. span style color 000000 background fffff Black labels span denote dimensions of the 3D object, while span style color ff0000 background fffff red labels span denote dimensions of the 2D projection drawing . Isometric projection is a method for visually representing three dimensional ... projection in which the three Cartesian coordinate system coordinate axes appear equally ... Greek for equal measure , reflecting that the scale measurement scale along each axis of the projection is the same unlike some other forms of graphical projection . An isometric view of an object can be obtained by choosing the viewing direction in a way that the angles between the projection ... axis. Another way in which isometric projection can be visualized is by considering a view within ... projection, the value of the second may seem counter intuitive and deserves some further explanation ... , China, c. 15th century. main Axonometric projection First formalized by Professor William Farish ... 2.svg caption1 An example of the limitations of isometric projection. The height difference between ... forms a continuous loop. As with all types of parallel projection , objects drawn with isometric projection ... distortion, as unlike perspective projection , it is not how our eyes or photography normally ... in the illustration to the right. clear See also Graphical projection Isometric graphics in video games and pixel art References Reflist External links Commons category Isometric projection ... graphics http www.gandraxa.com isometric projection.xml Isometric Projection http gersic.com blog.php ... more details
Projection effect may refer to Front projection effect , in camera visual effect Rear projection effect , in camera visual effect Insolation Projection effect , the amount of sunlight onto a portion of the Earth relative to its tilt In astronomy, a type of observational illusion caused by viewing distant objects or phenomenon from a particular perspective. Examples include superluminal motion , the retrograde motion of the planets, and optical double stars. See also Projection disambiguation Effect disambiguation dab ... more details
disambig There are several projections used in maps carrying the name of Johann Heinrich Lambert Lambert cylindrical equal area projection preserves areas Lambert azimuthal equal area projection preserves areas Lambert conformal conic projection preserves angles, commonly used in aviation navigation maps ... more details
File Equirectangular projection SW.jpg 450px thumb Equirectangular projection of the world the standard parallel is the equator plate carr e projection . Image Tissot indicatrix world map equirectangular proj.svg thumb right 450px The equirectangular projection with Tissot s indicatrix of deformation The equirectangular projection also called the equidistant cylindrical projection , geographic projection , or la carte parall logrammatique projection , and which includes the special case of the plate carr e projection or geographic projection , is a simple map projection attributed to Marinus of Tyre , who Ptolemy claims invented the projection about 100 AD 100 . ref Flattening the Earth Two Thousand Years of Map Projections , John P. Snyder, 1993, pp. 5 8, ISBN 0 226 76747 7. ref The projection ... straight lines of constant spacing for constant intervals of Circle of latitude parallels . The projection is neither equal area nor Conformal map projection conformal . Because of the distortions introduced by this projection, it has little use in navigation or cadastral mapping and finds its ... of the equator where the scale of the projection is true math x math is the horizontal position ... of the resulting projection. The lang fr plate carr e French language French , for square plate , is the special case where math scriptstyle varphi 1 math is zero. This projection maps math x math to be the value ... called the latitude longitude or lat lon g projection or is said erroneously to be unprojected . See also Portal Atlas Cartography Cassini projection Gall Peters projection with resolution regarding the use of rectangular world maps Mercator projection Panorama References Reflist External links ... Panoramic Equirectangular Projection , PanoTools wiki. Map Projections Category Cartographic ... cil ndrica equidistante fr Projection cylindrique quidistante nl Equidistante cilinderprojectie ... simple Equirectangular projection uk ... more details
Population projection , in the field of demography , is an estimate of a future population. In contrast with intercensal estimates and censuses, which usually involve some sort of field data gathering, projections usually involve mathematical models based only on pre existing data. A projection may be made by a governmental organization, or by those unaffiliated with a government. See also Census Unreferenced date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Population Projection Category Demography statistics stub fr Projection d mographique kk lt Demografin prognoz ru ... more details
File Collignon projection SW.jpg 450px thumb Collignon projection of the world. The Collignon projection is an equal area Map projection Pseudocylindrical pseudocylindrical map projection first known to be published by douard Collignon in 1865 and subsequently cited by A. Tissot in 1881 . For the smallest choices of the parameters chosen for this projection, the sphere may be mapped either to a single diamond, a pair of squares or a triangle. Another projection that maps each hemisphere to a square is the quincuncial map . It is used in the polar areas as part of the HEALPix spherical projection, which is widely used in physical cosmology in making maps of the cosmic microwave background , in particular by the WMAP and future Planck Surveyor space missions. External links http www.progonos.com furuti MapProj Normal ProjPCyl projPCyl.html Collignon Pseudocylindrical Projections Collignon Projection , Carlos A. Furuti http melusine.eu.org syracuse mluque mappemonde doc collignon collignon.html Projection COLLIGNON m ridiens et parall les rectilignes , Manuel Luque, Giuseppe Matarazzo http www.uff.br mapprojections Collignon en.html An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Collignon Projection . Category Cartographic projections Category Equal area projections cartography stub ... more details
File Bonne projection SW.jpg 450px thumb Bonne projection of the world, standard parallel at 45 N. A Bonne projection is a pseudoconical equal area map projection , sometimes called a d p t de la guerre or a Sylvanus fact date May 2012 projection. Although named after Rigobert Bonne 1727 1795 , the projection was in use prior to his birth, in 1511 by Sylvano, Honter in 1561, De l Isle before 1700 and Coronelli in 1696. Both Sylvano and Honter s usages were approximate, however, and it is not clear they intended to be the same projection. ref Flattening the Earth Two Thousand Years of Map Projections , John P. Snyder, 1993, pp.60 62, ISBN 0 226 76747 7 ref The projection is math x rho sin E , math math y cot varphi 1 rho cos E , math where math rho cot varphi 1 varphi 1 varphi , math math E frac lambda lambda 0 cos varphi rho math and &phi is the latitude, &lambda is the longitude, &lambda sub 0 sub is the longitude of the central meridian, and &phi sub 1 sub is the standard parallel of the projection ... geography central meridian and the standard latitude shapes are not distorted. The inverse projection ... varphi 1 math . Special cases of the Bonne projection include the sinusoidal projection , when &phi sub 1 sub is zero, and the Werner projection , when &phi sub 1 sub is &pi 2. The Bonne projection can be seen as an intermediate projection in the unwinding of a Werner projection into a Sinusoidal projection an alternative intermediate would be a Bottomley projection ref http www.cybergeo.eu index3977.html Between the Sinusoidal projection and the Werner an alternative to the Bonne , Henry ... article http exchange.manifold.net manifold manuals 5 userman mfd50Bonne.htm Bonne Map Projection ... Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Bonne Projection http mathworld.wolfram.com BonneProjection.html Bonne Projection wolfram.com DEFAULTSORT Bonne Projection Category Cartographic projections Category Equal area projections Cartography stub es Proyecci n de Bonne fr Projection ... more details
The Littrow projection is the only conformal retroazimuthal map projection . A retroazimuthal projection is one in which the direction to a fixed location B the bearing at the starting location A of the shortest route corresponds to the direction on the map from A to B. The Littrow projection allows direct measurement of the azimuth from any point on the map. The Littrow projection was created in 1833 by Joseph Johann Littrow 1781 1840 . It is sometimes referred to as a Weir Azimuth diagram . External links http www.csiss.org map projections Azimuthal.html A Gallery of Map Projections Azimuthals & Related http www.csiss.org map projections Azimuthal Littrow.pdf Littrow map http www.uff.br mapprojections Littrow en.html An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Littrow Projection . Cartography stub Category Cartographic projections ... more details
Main Conformational isomerism style border 1px solid AAA float right margin left 10px colspan 2 Molecule of butane in syn clinal sc conformation align center Image Sawhorse projection butane sc.png 120px align center Image Newman projection butane sc.png align center Sawhorse br projection align center Newman br projection A Newman projection , useful in alkane stereochemistry , visualizes chemical conformation s of a carbon carbon chemical bond from front to back, with the front carbon represented by a dot and the back carbon as a circle see below . The front carbon atom is called proximal , while the back atom is called distal . This type of representation is useful for assessing the torsional angle between bonds. A Sawhorse representation , on the other hand, views a carbon carbon bond from an oblique angle. This type of representation makes it easy to visualize the molecule as a whole in 3 D. Other methods for depicting molecules are the Fischer projection , the Haworth projection and the Natta projection . This projection is named after Melvin Spencer Newman , an American chemist of Ohio State University who introduced it in 1952. References Newman, M. S. Record. Chem. Progr. Kresge Hooker Sci. Lib. 1952 , 13 , 111. Newman, M. S. A notation for the study of certain stereochemical problems. J. Chem. Educ. 1955 , 32 , 344 347. See also commons category Newman projection Haworth projection Fischer projection Natta projection Category Stereochemistry ar de Newman Projektion es Proyecci n de Newman fr Projection de Newman it Proiezione di Newman he hu Newman projekci nl Newmanprojectie ja pl Projekcja Newmana ru sv Newmanprojektion zh ... more details
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