For other uses of multiplex, see multiplex disambiguation . A multiplex assay is a type of assay that simultaneously measures multiple analyte s dozens or more in a single run cycle of the assay . It is distinguished from procedures that measure one analyte at a time. Multiplex assays within a given application area or class of technology can be further stratified based on how many analytes can be measured per assay, where multiplex refers to those with the highest number of analyte measurements per assay up to millions and low plex or mid plex refers to procedures that process fewer 10s to 1000s , though there are no formal guidelines for calling a procedure multi , mid , or low plex based on number of analytes measured. Single analyte assays or low to mid plex procedures typically predate the rise of their multiplex versions, which often require specialized technologies or miniaturization to achieve a higher degree of parallelization. Multiplex assays are widely used in functional genomics experiments that endeavor to detect or to assay the state of all biomolecule s of a given class e.g., mRNA s, protein s within a specimen biological sample , to determine the effect of an experimental treatment or the effect of a mutation DNA mutation over all of the biomolecules or metabolic pathway pathway s in the sample. The ability to perform such multiplex assay experiments measuring large ... using a multiplex or other assay. Strictly speaking, a multiplex assay is not necessarily high throughput. When the execution of a single multiplex assay generates data for a large number of analytes .... Example multiplex assay techniques Nucleic acid based multiplex techniques DNA microarray used for gene ... against a panel of materials Chemical compound microarray to assay multiple chemical compounds ... 18245462 pmc 2998181 ref ELISA s are a type of assay that is not multiplex per se because each assay detects a single analyte, but it is typically parallelized via microtiter plate s to achieve ... more details
Refimprove date September 2007 Assay sensitivity is a property of a clinical trial defined as the ability of a trial to distinguish an effective Therapy treatment from a less effective or ineffective intervention. Without assay sensitivity, a trial is not internally valid and is not capable of comparing the efficacy of two interventions. Importance Lack of assay sensitivity has different implications for trials intended to show a difference greater than zero between interventions superiority trials and trials intended to show non inferiority. Non inferiority trials attempt to rule out some margin of inferiority between a test and control intervention i.e. rule out that the test intervention is no worse than the control intervention by a chosen amount. If a trial intended to demonstrate efficacy by showing superiority of a test intervention to Scientific control control lacks assay sensitivity, it will fail to show that the test intervention is superior and will fail to lead to a conclusion of efficacy. In contrast, if a trial intended to demonstrate efficacy by showing a test intervention is non inferior to an active control lacks assay sensitivity, the trial may find an ineffective intervention to be non inferior and could lead to an erroneous conclusion of efficacy. ref cite journal last Snapinn first SM title Noninferiority trials. journal Current controlled trials in cardiovascular ... itself directly demonstrates that the trial had assay sensitivity assuming the finding is not related ... of assay sensitivity. Differences in sensitivity Assay sensitivity for a non inferiority trial ... would have assay sensitivity. On the other hand, with this same data, a noninferiority trial ... may not have assay sensitivity, since this trial would not ensure that the test intervention is any ... Theory, Assay Sensitivity, Choice of Margin date 2002 02 19 accessdate 2007 09 16 url http www.fda.gov ... assay sensitivity, the planned non inferiority trial must be designed in a way similar to the past ... more details
A viability assay is an assay to determine the ability of Cell biology cell s or Tissue biology tissue s to maintain or recover its viability . For example, examining the ratio of potassium to sodium in cells indicates viability. If the cells do not have high intracellular potassium and low intracellular sodium, then 1 the cell membrane may not be intact, and or 2 the Na K ATPase sodium potassium pump may not be operating well ref cite journal author Lindner B, Seydel U title Mass spectrometric analysis of drug induced changes in Na and K contents of single bacterial cells journal Journal of General Microbiology volume 129 issue 1 year 1983 pages 51 55 url http mic.sgmjournals.org cgi reprint 129 1 51 id pmid 633967 ref ref cite journal author Pichugin Y, Fahy GM, Morin R title Cryopreservation of rat hippocampal slices by vitrification journal Cryobiology journal Cryobiology volume 52 issue 2 year 2006 pages 228 240 url http www.21cm.com pdfs hippo published.pdf id pmid 16403489 doi 10.1016 j.cryobiol.2005.11.006 ref As with many kinds of viability assays, quantitative measures of physiological ... dehydrogenase assay, a stable enzyme common in all cells which can be readily detected when cell membranes ... activity or caspase assays Resazurin Cell Viability applications Resazurin and Formazan MTT assay MTT XTT can assay for various stages in the apoptosis process that foreshadow cell death. Functional ..., Motility Cellular level motility motility is a widely used assay of sperm cell function. Fertility can be used to assay gamete survival, in general. Red blood cell s have been assayed in terms of Erythrocyte ... test Calcein Applications Calcein AM Clonogenic assay Ethidium homodimer assay Evans blue Fluorescein ... MTT assay MTT XTT Green fluorescent protein Lactate dehydrogenase LDH Methyl violet Methyl violet ... membranes of dead cells TUNEL assay See also Cytotoxicity Measuring cytotoxicity Cytotoxicity Vital stain References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Viability Assay Category Laboratory techniques Category Microbiology ... more details
Secretion assay is a process used in cell biology to identify cells that are secretion secreting a particular protein usually a cytokine . It was first developed by Manz et al. in 1995. Usually, a cell that is secreting the protein of interest is isolated using an antibody antibody complex that coats the cell and is able to catch the secreted molecules. The cell is then detected by another fluorochrome labelled antibody , and is subsequently extracted using a process called fluorescent activated cell sorting FACS . The FACS method is broadly similar to the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA antibody format, except that the encapsulated cells remain intact. This is advantageous as the cells are still living after the extraction has taken place. Further advances now mean that it is possible to extract the secreting cells using a magnetic based separation system or using a flow cytometer . A number of commercial applications exist for secretion assay. One such example is the Gel Microdrop GMD techonology, developed by One Cell Systems . One Cell asserts that GMD typically recovers a higher number of viable secreting cells than other methods, whilst ignoring any cells which are not secreting the desired protein. External links http www.onecell.com GMDProteinSecretionAssay.htm One Cell Systems Gel Microdrop GMD Secretion Assay techonology. Turcanu V, Williams NA http www.nature.com nm journal v7 n3 full nm0301 373.html Cell identification and isolation on the basis of cytokine secretion a novel tool for investigating immune responses Nat Med. 2001 Mar 7 3 373 6 References 1. Manz et al. 1995 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA Line break Protein methods Category Analytical chemistry Category Cytokines Category Cell biology Category Proteins Cell biology stub ... more details
A radiobinding assay is a method of detecting and quantifying antibodies targeted towards a specific antigen . As such, it can be seen as the inverse of radioimmunoassay , which quantifies an antigen by use of corresponding antibodies. Technique The corresponding antigen is radiolabel ed and mixed with the fluid that may contain the antibody, such as blood serum from a person. Presence of antibodies cause precipitation of antibody antigen complexes that can be collected by centrifugation into pellets. The amount of antibody is proportional to the radioactivity of the pellet, as determined by gamma counting . ref name perkinelmer http las.perkinelmer.ca content manuals man antidsdnaradiobindingassay.pdf Anti dsDNA & 91 I 125& 93 Radiobinding Assay Kit At PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Inc. Retrieved Jan 2011 ref Uses It is used to detect most autoantibodies seen in latent autoimmune diabetes . ref name knip2005 cite doi 10.2337 diabetes.54.suppl 2.S125 ref References reflist Immunologic techniques and tests medicine stub Category Immunologic tests ... more details
The hemagglutination assay or haemagglutination assay HA is a method of quantification for virus es or bacteria by hemagglutination . It is an easy, simple and rapid method which can be applied to large numbers of samples. Some viral families and many bacteria have envelope or surface protein s which are able to agglutinate stick to human or animal red blood cell s RBC and bind to N acetylneuraminic acid . As each of the agglutinating molecule attaches to multiple RBCs, a Bravais lattice lattice structure will form. The hemagglutination assay of a virus, in contrast to other forms of virus quantification such as a plaque assay or 50 Tissue Culture Infective Dose , does not give any measure of viral infectivity, because no virus replication is required in this assay. The same may not be true when using HA for bacteria. The detailed conditions depend on the type of virus or bacteria being assayed since certain pH values and ionic strengths can impact the activity of the proteins of interest in a difficult to predict manner. Normally, a virus dilution e.g. 2 fold from 1 4 to 1 4096 will be applied to an RBC dilution e.g. 0.1 to 0.7 in steps of 0.2 for approx. 30 min, often at 4C, otherwise viruses with neuraminidase activity will detach the virus from the RBCs. Then the lattice forming parts will be counted and the titer calculated. Virus concentration in virion s per Litre milliliter 10 sup 7 sup x HA titer . ref cite journal author Donald HB, Isaacs A title Counts of influenza virus particles journal J. Gen. Microbiol. volume 10 issue 3 pages 457 64 year 1954 pmid 13174769 doi ref The titer of a hemagglutination assay is determined by the last viable lattice structure found. This is because it is at the point where, if diluted anymore, the amount of Virus particles will be less than that of the RBCs and thus not be able to agglutinate them together. For bacteria, depending on species, a bacterial dilution will be applied to an equal part RBC dilution and then incubated ... more details
The Fischer assay is a standardized laboratory test for determining the oil yield from oil shale to be expected from a conventional shale oil extraction . A 100 gram oil shale sample crushed to 2.38 mm is heated in a small aluminum retort to convert 500 C F 1 at a rate of 12 C min 22 F min , and held at that temperature for 40 minutes. ref name dyni Cite paper last Dyni first John R. title Geology and resources of some world oil shale deposits. Scientific Investigations Report 2005 5294 publisher United States Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey year 2006 url http pubs.usgs.gov sir 2005 5294 pdf sir5294 508.pdf format PDF accessdate 2008 08 18 ref The distilled vapors of oil, gas, and water are passed through a Condenser heat transfer condenser and cooled with ice water into a graduated centrifuge tube . The oil yields achieved by other technologies are often reported as a percentage of the Fischer Assay oil yield. The original Fischer Assay test was developed in the early low temperature coal retorting research by Franz Joseph Emil Fischer and Hans Schrader. ref name heistand Cite paper last Heistand first Robert N. title The Fischer Assay, standard method? publisher Symposium on oil shale, tar sands, and related materials production and utilization of synfuels year 1976 location San Francisco url http www.anl.gov PCS acsfuel preprint 20archive Files 21 6 SAN 20FRANCISCO 08 76 0040.pdf format PDF accessdate 2008 08 18 ref It was adapted for evaluating oil shale yields in 1949 by K. E. Stanfield and I. C. Frost. ref cite web author L. Goodfellow, C. E. Haberman and M. T. Atwood publisher Argonne National Laboratory title JOINT SYMPOSIUM ON OIL SHALE, TAR SANDS, AND RELATED MATERIAL AND THE DIVISION OF WATER, AIR, AND WASTE CHEMISTRY ... MEETING, April 2 5, 1968. MODIFIED FISCHER ASSAY EQUIPMENT, PROCEDURES AND PRODUCT BALANCE DETERMINATIONS ... de titrage de Fischer pt Ensaio Fischer vi Fischer Assay ... more details
Orphan date August 2011 A Nociception assay nocioception or nocioperception assay evaluates the ability ..., a researcher must be conscious as to which nociception assay to use. Formalin The formalin assay is the most popular chemical assays of nociception . It entails the injection of a Concentration ... as a result of inflammation . ref name multiple Typically, the formalin assay is used on rats however ... doi pdf 10.1201 9781420042566 c2 ref One major advantage of the formalin assay over ... name rd Additionally, as described before, this assay produces a response in two discrete stages, allowing .... The Von Frey assay, introduced by Maximilian von Frey and modified by Weinstein, uses Von Frey ... versus simply annoying, so this assay is a test of mechanical nociception or simply mechanical ... rd Tail Withdrawal Two versions of the tail withdrawal assay are commonly employed in pain sensitivity ... more variable both across and within subjects than those obtained from the tail withdrawal assay. Hot Plate File Hot plateassay.jpg thumb An example of a Hot Plate assay being performed on a mouse. A heat ... is measured. ref name multiple One complication of this assay is its unsuitability for repeated ... left An example of a traditional set up for the tail flick assay. The tail flick assay or tail flick ... and body weight . ref name multiple The most critical parameter for the tail flick assay is the beam ... 8.9.15. Print. ref Hargreaves The Hargreaves assay uses a high intensity beam of light directed ... to withdraw its hindpaw . ref name multiple In contrast to the tail flick assay, rodents .... Cut off latency for the Hargreaves assay is commonly set at 10 seconds . ref name assay Varnado Rhodes ... flick assay is that it allows independent assessment of treatment effects on both sides of the body ... receptor NAChR ligands in the rat tail flick assay http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL ... noxious stimulation releases spinal PGE2 during the first phase in the formalin assay of the rat ... more details
The S ingle C ell G el E lectrophoresis assay also known as comet assay is an uncomplicated and sensitive ... assay single cell gel electrophoresis is a simple method for measuring deoxyribonucleic acid DNA ... by imaging software. ref cite journal last Collins first A. R. title The comet assay for DNA ... that cause the cells to lysis lyse . The lysis solution often used in the comet assay consists ... by Comet Assay Interest Group CaspLab http casplab.com CaspLab.com GPL software. http www.autocomet.com ... dnadamage comet assay.php Trevigen, Inc. . Trevigen has developed a complete comet assay ... slide orientation during electrophoresis. Background The concept underlying the SCGE assay is that undamaged .... The overall structure resembles a comet hence comet assay with a circular head corresponding ... the tail, the higher the level of damage. The comet assay is a versatile technique for detecting ... and sites where excision repair is taking place. The comet assay is an extremely sensitive DNA damage assay. This sensitivity needs to be handled carefully as it is also vulnerable to physical changes ... limitations to the assay are discussed e.g. in Klaude et al. 1996 and Collins et al. 1997 . ref The most common form of the assay is the alkaline version although there is as yet no definitive alkaline assay protocol. Due to its simple and inexpensive setup, it can be used in conditions where more complex assays are not available. Applications Sperm DNA fragmentation A Comet assay can determine ... of an in vitro cellular assay. Mutation Research journal Mutation Research 518 1 21 37. small doi 10.1016 ..., G. & Stetina, R. 1997 The comet assay what can it really tell us? Mutation Research 375 2 183 193. small ..., G. 1996 The comet assay mechanisms and technical considerations. Mutation Research 363 2 ... Emerging applications of the single cell gel electrophoresis Comet assay. I. Management of invasive ... doi 10.1016 0014 4827 88 90265 0 small DEFAULTSORT Comet Assay Category Chemical tests Category ... more details
Image MTT Plate.jpg thumb 200px A microtiter plate after an MTT assay. Increasing amounts of cells resulted in increased purple colouring. The MTT assay and the MTS assay are Colorimetry chemical method colorimetric assay s for measuring the activity of enzymes that reduce MTT or close dyes XTT, MTS, WSTs to formazan dyes, giving a purple color. A main application allows to assess the viability cell counting and the proliferation of Cell biology cells cell culture assays . It can also be used to determine cytotoxicity of potential medicinal agents and toxic materials, since those agents would stimulate or inhibit cell viability and growth. MTT and related tetrazolium salts Image Mttscheme.png MTT reduction scheme right MTT 3 4,5 di Di methyl thiazole thiazol 2 yl 2,5 di phenyl nowiki tetrazolium nowiki bromide, a yellow tetrazole , is reduced to purple formazan in living cells. ref name pmid6606682 cite journal author Mosmann, Tim year 1983 month December title Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays journal Journal of Immunological Methods volume 65 issue 1 2 pages 55 63 issn 0022 1759 doi 10.1016 0022 1759 83 90303 4 pmid 6606682 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii 0022 1759 83 90303 4 ref A solubilization ... nm in phosphate buffered saline. The MTS assay is often described as a one step MTT assay, which ... steps required in the MTT assay. However this convenience makes the MTS assay susceptible to colormetric interference as the intermittent steps in the MTT assay remove traces of coloured compounds, whilst these remain in the microtitre plate in the one step MTS assay. Precautions are needed to ensure accuracy when using this assay and there are strong arguments for confirming MTS results using ... title Use of an aqueous soluble tetrazolium formazan assay for cell growth assays in culture journal ... DEFAULTSORT Mtt Assay Category Biochemistry methods ca Assaig MTT de MTT Test fr Test MTT it Saggio ... more details
Multiple issues context October 2009 orphan January 2007 The HELP Assay is an abbreviation for H paII tiny fragment E nrichment by L igation mediated Polymerase chain reaction P CR . ref name pmid16809668 It is one of several techniques used for determining whether DNA has been DNA methylation Assays to Detect DNA Methylation methylated . The technique can be adapted to examine DNA methylation within and around individual genes , or it can be expanded to examine methylation in an entire genome . The technique relies upon the properties of two restriction enzymes Hpa II and Msp I. The HELP assay ref name pmid16809668 cite journal author Khulan B, Thompson RF, Ye K, et al. title Comparative isoschizomer profiling of cytosine methylation The HELP assay journal Genome Research volume 16 issue 8 pages 1046 55 year 2006 month August pmid 16809668 pmc 1524864 doi 10.1101 gr.5273806 ref compares representations generated by Hpa II and by Msp I digestion of the genome followed by ligation mediated PCR. Hpa II only digests 5 C CG G 3 sites when the cytosine in the central CG dinucleotide is unmethylated, the Hpa II representation is enriched for the hypomethylated fraction of the genome. The Msp I representation is a control for copy number changes and PCR amplification difficulties. It was recently shown that cytosine methylation patterns tend to be concordant over short 1 kb regions. ref cite journal author Eckhardt F, Lewin J, Cortese R, et al. title DNA methylation profiling of human chromosomes 6, 20 and 22 journal Nature Genetics volume 38 issue 12 pages 1378 85 year 2006 month December pmid 17072317 doi 10.1038 ng1909 pmc 3082778 ref The patterns represented by the Hpa II sites therefore tend to be representative of other CG dinucleotides locally. The analysis of HELP data involves quality analysis and normalization. An analytical pipeline written in the R programming language ... HELP help.html The protocol for the HELP assay DEFAULTSORT Help Assay Category Microbiology ... more details
The ATPase assay is a membrane assay that indirectly measures the activity of ATP binding cassette transporters efflux transporters . ATP Binding Cassette or efflux transporters mediate the transport of substrates across cell membranes against a concentration gradient. ATP cleavage is tightly linked to substrate translocation, as the energy for the substrate translocation is derived from ATP hydrolysis . ATP hydrolysis yields inorganic phosphate Pi , which can be measured by a simple colorimetric reaction. The amount of Pi liberated is directly proportional to the activity of the transporter. ref cite journal author Glavinas H, M hn D, Jani M, Oosterhuis B, Her di Szab K, Krajcsi P title Utilization of membrane vesicle preparations to study drug ABC transporter interactions journal Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology volume 4 issue 6 pages 721 32 year 2008 month June pmid 18611113 doi 10.1517 17425255.4.6.721 ref Use of ATPase Assay The ATPase assay is designed to indicate the nature of the interaction between the compound and the transporter. The ATPase assays are used in two different modes ATPase activation and ATPase inhibition. Transported substrates increase baseline ATPase activity, while inhibitors or slowly transported compounds inhibit baseline ATPase activity and or the ATPase activity measured in the presence of a stimulating agent. The ATPase assays can therefore have the potential for determining whether a compound acts as a transporter substrate and or inhibitor. ref cite journal author Kis E, Rajnai Z, Ioja E, et al. title Mouse Bsep ATPase assay a nonradioactive tool for assessment of the cholestatic potential of drugs journal Journal of Biomolecular Screening volume 14 issue 1 pages 10 5 year 2009 month January pmid 19029016 doi 10.1177 1087057108326145 ref ref cite journal author Sarkadi B, Price EM, Boucher RC, Germann UA, Scarborough GA title Expression of the human multidrug resistance cDNA in insect cells generates a high activity drug ... more details
The term dilution assay is generally used to designate a special type of bioassay in which one or more preparations e.g. a drug are administered to experimental units at different dose levels inducing a measurable biological response. The dose levels are prepared by dilution in a diluent that is inert in respect of the response. The experimental units can for example be cell cultures, tissues, organs or living animals. The biological response may be quantal e.g. positive negative or quantitative e.g. growth . The goal is to relate the response to the dose, usually by interpolation techniques, and in many cases to express the potency activity of the test preparation s relative to a standard of known potency activity. Dilution assays can be direct or indirect. In a direct dilution assay the amount of dose needed to produce a specific fixed response is measured, so that the dose is a stochastic variable defining the tolerance distribution . Conversely, in an indirect dilution assay the dose levels are administered at fixed dose levels, so that the response is a stochastic variable. Statistical models For a mathematical definition of a dilution assay an observation space math U math is defined and a function math f U rightarrow mathbb R math so that the responses math u in U math are mapped to the set of real numbers. It is now assumed that a function math F math exists which relates the dose math z in 0, infty math to the response math f u F z e math in which math e math is an error term with expectation 0. math F math is usually assumed to be continuous function continuous and monotone function monotone . In situations where a standard preparation is included it is furthermore ... e math follows a binomial distribution . Example Microbiological assay of antibiotics image DilutionAssay.png Parallel line assay An antibiotic standard shown in red and test preparation shown in blue ... Assay, 3rd Ed. Griffin, London. ISBN 0 02 844640 2 Govindarajulu, Z. 2001 . Statistical Techniques ... more details
assay, the modified nucleotide must not only be an acceptable substrate for TdT, but the detection .... References references External links MeshName TUNEL DEFAULTSORT Tunel Assay Category Programmed cell ... more details
A clonogenic assay is a microbiology technique for studying the effectiveness of specific agents on the survival and proliferation of cells. It is frequently used in oncology cancer research laboratories to determine the effect of drugs or radiation on proliferating tumor cells ref cite journal last1 Hoffman first1 Robert M. title In vitro sensitivity assays in cancer A review, analysis, and prognosis journal Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis volume 5 issue 2 pages 133 43 year 1991 pmid 2023059 doi 10.1002 jcla.1860050211 ref as well as for titration of Cell killing Particles CKPs in virus stocks. ref cite journal last1 Ngunjiri first1 J. M. last2 Sekellick first2 M. J. last3 Marcus first3 P. I. title Clonogenic Assay of Type a Influenza Viruses Reveals Noninfectious Cell Killing Apoptosis Inducing Particles journal Journal of Virology volume 82 issue 6 pages 2673 80 year 2008 pmid 18184709 pmc 2258965 doi 10.1128 JVI.02221 07 ref Although this technique can provide accurate results, the assay is time consuming to set up and analyse and can only provide data on tumor cells that can grow in culture. The word clonogenic refers to the fact that these cells are clone genetics clone s of one another. Procedure The experiment involves three major steps The treatment is applied to a sample of cells. The cells are plated in a tissue culture vessel and allowed to grow. The colonies produced are fixed, stained, and counted. At the conclusion of the experiment, the percentage of cells that survived the treatment is measured. A graphical representation of survival versus drug concentration or dose of ionizing radiation is called a cell survival curve . ref cite journal last1 Franken ... last5 Van Bree first5 Chris title Clonogenic assay of cells in vitro journal Nature Protocols volume ... last1 Hamburger first1 Anne W. title The Human Tumor Clonogenic Assay as a Model System in Cell Biology ... References reflist DEFAULTSORT Clonogenic Assay Category Microbiology techniques ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Context date July 2009 A tetramer assay is used to detect the presence of antigen specific T cell s. In order for a T cell to detect the peptide to which it is specific, it must both recognize the peptide AND the MHC complex at the surface of a cell it comes into contact with. Because the binding affinity of a T cell receptor to MHC complexed with a peptide is so low, this has historically been a challenging problem. A solution was realized by creating a tetramer of MHC molecules each presenting an identical peptide. This increases the avidity of the binding. The main component of the assay is an Major histocompatibility complex MHC tetrameric protein tetramer . This reagent has to be custom made for each antigen specific t cell that one desires to detect. The MHC tetramer consists of four units of the MHC molecule each of which is tagged with a biotin molecule. A peptide from the antigen is attached to the MHC molecules. The MHC peptides are made into a complex by the addition typically fluorescently labeled streptavidin , which has an extremely high affinity to biotin. The MHC with its bound peptide will only bind the specific T cells that respond to that peptide. The tetramer can be detected by flow cytometry via the fluorescent label. References cite journal title Phenotypic Analysis of Antigen Specific T Lymphocytes author John D. Altman, Paul A. H. Moss, Philip J. R. Goulder, Dan H. Barouch, Michael G. McHeyzer Williams, John I. Bell, Andrew J. McMichael, Mark M. Davis journal Science date 1996 10 04 volume 274 pages 94 96 url http www.sciencemag.org cgi content full 274 5284 94?ijkey a1ae599b2eec8e0197cb29f5477a32b2a6a5bdbb doi 10.1126 science.274.5284.94 issue 5284 pmid 8810254 biochem stub Category Blood tests Category Flow cytometry ... more details
orphan date December 2007 The Mesomark Assay is an in vitro test to monitor and possibly diagnose Pleural Pleural Mesothelioma and Peritoneal Mesothelioma . ref name Beyer cite journal last Beyer first HL title MESOMARK a potential test for malignant pleural mesothelioma journal Clinical Chemistry volume 53 issue 4 pages 666 672 date April 2007 pmid 17289801 doi 10.1373 clinchem.2006.079327 author separator , author2 Geschwindt RD author3 Glover CL display authors 2 last4 Tran first4 L. last5 Hellstrom first5 I. last6 Hellstrom first6 K. E. last7 Miller first7 M. C. last8 Verch first8 T. last9 Allard first9 W. J. ref Developed by Fujirebio Diagnostics and approved in late January 2007 by the Food and Drug Administration United States U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA , it works by measuring levels of soluble mesothelin related proteins SMRPs released by diseased mesothelioma cells. The SMRP levels correlate directly with tumor volume thus permitting less invasive monitoring and improved assessment of treatment response. In the future, the test may be used as an early detection measure as evidenced by recently sponsored tests by the EDRN Early Detection Research Network of the National Cancer Institute http edrn.nci.nih.gov . References references External links http www.fdi.com Fujirebio Diagnostics Homepage Category Cancer screening oncology stub med sign stub ... more details
Helle J. title A quantitative assay for ciliate chemotaxis. journal Anal Biochem year 1983 volume 135 ... e.g. trypan blue or special probes e.g. mt dehydrogenase detection with MTT assay are used. Labelled ... assay for chemokinesis in Tetrahymena. journal Biol Bull year 1994 volume 187 pages 8 15 doi 10.2307 ... Tool DEFAULTSORT Chemotaxis Assay Category Molecular biology Category Laboratory techniques Category ... chemiotattica hu Kemotaxis assay ... more details
For the division of a single program to reduce memory requirements Overlay programming Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 mergeto Chain loading date August 2011 In operating system s, an overlay is when a process computing process replaces itself with the code of another program. On Unix like systems, this is accomplished with the tt Exec operating system exec tt system call. In Unix , the only way to run new programs is to fork operating system fork the running process, and then overlay the new program on top of the child process child . This is known as the fork exec technique. See also Chain loading DEFAULTSORT Overlay Operating System Category Process computing Operating system stub ko ... more details
Resilient Overlay Networks RON is an architecture that allows distributed Internet applications to detect and recover from disconnection or interference. Current wide area routing protocols that take at least several minutes to recover from are improved upon with this application layer overlay. The RON nodes monitor the Internet paths among themselves and will determine whether or not to reroute packets directly over the internet or over other RON nodes thus optimizing application specific metrics. ref http portal.acm.org citation.cfm?id 502048 ACM Digital Library ref Design br The Resilient Overlay Network has a relatively simple conceptual design. RON nodes are deployed at various locations on the Internet. These nodes form an application layer overlay that cooperate in routing packets. Each of the RON nodes monitor the quality of the Internet paths between each other and uses this information to accurately and automatically select paths from each packet, thus reducing the amount of time required needed to recover from poor Quality of service QoS ref http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc summary?doi 10.1.1.21.4823 Resilient Overlay Networks ref References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist Categories Category Articles created via the Article Wizard Category Distributed computing ... more details
A Historic overlay district is a layer of local planning regulation in the United States which incorporates the restrictions of the underlying zoning for a given geographic area, with the main goal of Historic preservation preserving the historic character of the neighborhood. Historic Overlay Districts versus Historic Districts Historic overlay districts differ from Historic district United States historic districts in that they are solely a form of local zoning regulations, and require only passage by a city council or county commission rather than a vote by all landowners in the affected area. ref http www.cttrust.org index.cgi 2075 ref Early development Historic overlay districts have been increasingly used as a more flexible tool for municipal historic regulation since their inception in the mid twentieth century. Courts in all United States of America 50 states have generally upheld the powers of municipal governments to regulate property by use of overlay districts, and courts in many states, as well as the United States Supreme Court have upheld the use of historic overlay districts specifically. ref A S P Associates v. City of Raleigh, 298 N.C. 207, 258 S.E.2d 444 1979 see also Maher v. City of New Orleans, 516 F.2d 1051 5th Cir. 1975 and Penn Central Transp. Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104 1978 ref The stated goal of most historic overlay districts is to preserve the overall historic atmosphere and appearance of a neighborhood as a whole, rather than merely spot lighting specific buildings throughout a generally historic area. ref Maher v. City of New Orleans, 516 F.2d 1051 5th Cir. 1975 ref Historic district creation today The creation of historic districts varies ... body has the final say as to the creation of a historic overlay district. Many districts are accompanied ... statute must be in place expressly allowing the creation of historic overlay districts by towns ... ref Challenges Like most zoning ordinances, historic overlay districts and the decisions of local ... more details
Medium density overlay panel, or MDO panel, is a paintable surface made of plywood with a weather resistant resin overlay bonded to the wood by heat and pressure.The overlay, which has at least 27 resin content, ref cite book title Voluntary Product Standard PS 1 page 20 year 2009 publisher APA The Engineered Wood Association ref resists water, weather, wear and degradation. A similar product with a more rugged, smoother surface is called high density overlay HDO plywood. ref name Guide cite book title HDO MDO Plywood Product Guide year 2002 publisher APA The Engineered Wood Association url http www.plumcreek.com Portals 0 downloads productInfo MDO.pdf ref rp page 4 Development Originally developed for sign painting and concrete formwork industries, MDO is also used for other applications ref name Guide rp page 5 as a paintable surface. Paint finishes on MDO are up to three times more durable than the same finish applied to ordinary plywood It is a plywood product, with a paper face overlaid on the plywood substrate building substrate with an exterior grade usually phenol ic adhesive. MDO is designed to have a smooth, paint receptive surface. One or both faces can be surfaced with paper, and is produced in 4 x 8 sheets from 3 8 to over an inch in thickness. References Reflist External links http www.canply.org english products overlaidplywood.htm Woodworking Category Engineered wood Woodworking stub ... more details
wikify date April 2011 orphan date May 2010 Dynamic drive overlay DDO, also referred to as software translation driver is a software technique to extend a system BIOS that does not support logical block addressing LBA to access drives Logical block addressing LBA.2C ATA devices and Enhanced BIOS larger than 504 MiB . The technology was continued with similar types of problems up to the LBA 48 extension. This technique overrides some of the motherboard BIOS hard disk controller driver in RAM. To allow access to the full size of any hard disk the software must be loaded before other programs try to access the upper parts of a disk with a critical size. To ensure that this extension gets loaded early most often the boot disk s master boot record is modified and the software installed at the beginning of the disk. The most widespread vendor for such an extension is the company Ontrack Company Ontrack which is licensing its DDO component to several of the major hard disk vendors for integration into their management tools and into their products. The application of a Dynamic Drive Overlay DDO , as licensed to Samsung Corporation for example by Kroll Ontrack s version in their Disk Manager program, is for the installation of various hard drives Ultra Super IDE Parallel ATA in computers that have older bios that do not recognize hard disk drives larger than 137.4 Gigabytes. ref http pcworld.about.com magazine 2306p148id120355.htm ref The interface is a software program that is loaded at start up by the computer that allows the computer by augmenting the bios code allowing the computer to recognize and read areas of the hard disk drive that normally would not be able to read by the older bios. References reflist Category BIOS compu prog stub de Dynamic Drive Overlay ... more details
Device configuration overlay DCO is a hidden area on many of today s hard disk drive s HDDs . Usually when information is stored in either the DCO or host protected area HPA , it is not accessible by the BIOS , operating system OS , or the user. However, certain tools can be used to modify the HPA or DCO. The system uses the IDENTIFY DEVICE command to determine the supported features of a given hard drive, but the DCO can report to this command that supported features are nonexistent or that the drive is smaller than it actually is. To determine the actual size and features of a disk, the DEVICE CONFIGURATION IDENTIFY command is used, and the output of this command can be compared to the output of IDENTIFY DEVICE to see if a DCO is present on a given hard drive. Most major tools will remove the DCO in order to fully image a hard drive, using the DEVICE CONFIGURATION RESET command. This permanently alters the disk, unlike with the Host Protected Area HPA , which can be temporarily removed for a power cycle. ref name carrier POV date July 2011 Uses The Device Configuration Overlay DCO , which was first introduced in the ATA 6 standard, allows system vendors to purchase HDDs from different manufacturers with potentially different sizes, and then configure all HDDs to have the same number of sectors. An example of this would be using DCO to make an 80 gigabyte HDD appear as a 60 gigabyte HDD to both the OS and the BIOS.... Given the potential to place data in these hidden areas, this is an area of concern for computer forensics investigators. An additional issue for forensic investigators is Disk image imaging the HDD that has the HPA and or DCO on it. While certain vendors claim that their tools are able to both properly detect and image the HPA, they are either silent on the handling ... of a drive with hidden sectors in either a Host Protected Area or a Device Configuration Overlay ... date July 2011 DEFAULTSORT Device Configuration Overlay Category AT Attachment Category Computer forensics ... more details
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