Oxygensaturation or dissolved oxygen DO is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is Dissolution chemistry dissolve d or carried in a given medium. It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an optode in liquid media, usually water. Oxygensaturation can be measured regionally and non invasively. Arterial oxygenation is commonly measured using pulse oximetry . Tissue saturation at peripheral scale can be measured using near infrared spectroscopy NIRS . This technique can be applied on both muscle as brain. Oxygen in medicine Main Oxygenation medical In medicine , oxygensaturation refers to oxygenation , or when oxygen molecules chem O 2 enter the Tissue biology tissues of the body. In this case blood is oxygenated in the lung s, where oxygen molecules travel from the air and into the blood. Oxygensaturation, or O2 sats measure the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen. Fish, invertebrates, plants, and aerobic bacteria all require oxygen for respiration. Blood is also vital to the body system. The optimal levels in an estuary for Dissolved Oxygen DO is higher than 6 ppm. Environmental oxygensaturation Main Oxygenation environmental Oxygensaturation in the environment generally refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in the soil or bodies of water. Environmental oxygenation can be important to the sustainability of a particular ecosystem . Insufficient oxygen hypoxia environmental environmental hypoxia may occur in bodies of water such as pond s and river s, tending to suppress the presence of aerobic organism s such as fish . Deoxygenation increases the relative population of anaerobic organism s such as plants and some bacteria , resulting in fish kill s and other adverse events. The net effect is to alter the balance of nature by increasing the concentration of anaerobic over aerobic ... Category Oxygen ar da Iltm tning de Sauerstoffs ttigung ko id Oksigen ... more details
undefined Oxygensaturation , a clinical measure of the amount of oxygen in a patient s blood Saturated fat , fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acid radicals Saturation ...wiktionary saturated saturation unsaturated unsaturation tocright Saturation or saturated may refer to Mathematics Saturated model , a concept in mathematical logic Saturation arithmetic , in arithmetic, a version of arithmetic in which all operations are limited to fixed range Saturation graph theory , a categorization of vertices in graph theory Saturated measure , if every locally measurable set is also measurable Telecommunications Saturation telecommunications is a neither a disambiguation page ... Chemistry Saturation chemistry is a neither a disambiguation page nor an acceptable Wikipedia article ... to users of this page. br In physical chemistry and thermodynamics Saturated solution Surface saturation ... saturation of protein binding sites Physics Thermodynamic state at lower temperature bound of superheated steam Saturation magnetic , the state when a magnetic material is fully magnetized Saturation ... thermal energy as it can without boiling or condensing Saturation, Bipolar junction transistor Regions of operation a mode of operation in a bipolar junction transistor Saturation, field effect transistor Saturation a mode of operation in a field effect transistor Saturation velocity , the maximum ... of an atom between its ground state and an optically excited state Biology Saturation genetic , in mutation ... and the air is saturated with moisture In the earth sciences, saturation generally refers to the water ... zone is below In color theory Saturation color theory , hue Saturation intent, a rendering intent in color management Other Market saturationSaturation album Saturation album , a 1993 album by the alternative ... Saturaci cs Saturace de S ttigung es Saturado fr Saturation it Saturazione he hu Szatur ci egy rtelm s t lap nl Verzadiging ja no Metning pl Saturacja ru simple Saturation ... more details
Allotropes of oxygen other uses Oxygen disambiguation pp move indef Infobox oxygenOxygen IPAc en icon ... at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition ... O 2 . Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen Group periodic table group on the periodic table and is a highly ... notably oxide s with almost all other elements. Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent and has the second ... cite web url http www.webelements.com oxygen electronegativity.html title WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements & 124 Oxygen & 124 Electronegativity publisher Webelements.com date accessdate 2011 11 07 ref By mass, oxygen is the Abundance of the chemical elements third most abundant element ... Earth s crust Earth s crust , making up almost half of the crust s mass. ref name lanl Free oxygen ... organisms, which use the energy of sunlight to produce elemental oxygen from water. Elemental ..., roughly 2.5 billion years ago. ref cite press release title NASA Research Indicates Oxygen on Earth 2.5 Billion Years ago url http www.nasa.gov home hqnews 2007 sep HQ 07215 Timeline of Oxygen on Earth.html publisher NASA date 2007 09 27 accessdate 2008 03 13 ref Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes ... in water, oxygen comprises most of the mass of living organisms for example, about two thirds ... s, carbohydrate s, and fat s, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compound s that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Elemental oxygen is produced by cyanobacteria , algae and plants, and is used in cellular respiration for all complex life. Oxygen is toxic to Obligate anaerobe obligately ... on Earth until chem O 2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere. Another form allotropes of oxygen allotrope of oxygen, ozone chem O 3 , helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation with the high ... higher low earth orbit altitudes atomic oxygen is a significant presence and a cause of corrosion ... spenvis help background atmosphere erosion.html title Atomic oxygen erosion archiveurl http web.archive.org ... more details
Degree of saturation may refer to Degree of saturation earth sciences , a ratio of liquid such as water in a porous material such as soil Degree of saturation traffic , a measure used in traffic engineering disambig ... more details
File US Navy 010703 N 5329L 005 Diver working on USS Monitor salvage.jpg thumb Saturation diver working ... deep sea salvage operations.jpg thumb Saturation diver conducts deep sea salvage operations. Saturation ... Gas, Sur D O2, Bell Bounce, Saturation editor1 last Lang editor1 first MA editor2 last Smith editor2 ... , and limiting the number of decompressions can reduce the risk. Saturation refers to the fact ..., will not increase with further exposure. In saturation diving, the divers live under pressure in a Saturation system or saturation spread , a hyperbaric environment on the surface, or an ambient pressure ... done in a decompression chamber which is part of the saturation system, and the risk of decompression ... saturation dive by spending 27 hours breathing air at 101 feet in the County Emergency Hospital ... long enough for the blood and tissues to become Saturation chemistry saturated with inert gases ... pdf faceplatefebruary2005.pdf accessdate 2010 01 15 ref Once saturation is achieved, the amount ... of saturation diving and the US Navy s Man in the Sea Program . ref name Pressure1983 ... 2 issn 0889 0242 ref The first commercial saturation dives were performed in 1965 by Westinghouse Electric ... occurs. From that point onward, no increase in decompression time is necessary. The idea of saturation ... of the saturation habitat or decompression chamber, the risk of decompression sickness during ... breathing a helium oxygen mixture. The effects depend on the rate of descent and the depth. ref name ... Dysbaric osteonecrosis Saturation diving or more precisely, long term exposure to high pressure .... Extreme depth effects A breathing gas mixture of oxygen, helium and hydrogen was developed for use ... mixture of oxygen and helium with difficulty and suffered trembling and memory lapses. ref name ... technology dry run for deepest dive .html accessdate 2009 02 22 ref A hydrogen helium oxygen ... and carry out tasks. ref name NS1992 Operating method Commonly, saturation diving allows professional ... more details
soft redirect Saturation R from incomplete disambiguation Copy to Wiktionary date August 2011 In telecommunication s, the term saturation has the following meanings In a communications system , the condition at which a electronic component component of the system has reached its maximum traffic handling capacity. Note Saturation is equivalent to one erlang unit erlang per telecommunication circuit circuit . The point at which the output of a linear device, such as a linear amplifier , deviates significantly from being a linear function of the input when the input Signalling telecommunication signal is increased. Note Modulation often requires that amplifiers operate below saturation. See also Busy hour call attempts References FS1037C MS188 Category Teletraffic Category Electronics terms telecomm stub de S ttigung Elektronik ... more details
Saturation arithmetic is a version of arithmetic in which all operations such as addition and multiplication are limited to a fixed range between a minimum and maximum value. If the result of an operation is greater than the maximum, it is set clamped to the maximum if it is below the minimum, it is clamped to the minimum. The name comes from how the value becomes saturated once it reaches the extreme values further additions to a maximum or subtractions from a minimum will not change the result. For example, if the valid range of values is from 100 to 100, the following operations produce the following values 60 43 100 60 43 150 50 43 150 100 60 43 150 40 10 11 100 99 99 100 30 5 1 100 30 5 ... fail in saturation arithmetic. This makes it unpleasant to deal with in abstract mathematics, but it has ... s did not implement integer arithmetic operations using saturation arithmetic instead, they used ... by simply discarding all but the lowest n bits. However, although more difficult to implement, saturation ..., saturation arithmetic enables efficient algorithms for many problems, particularly in digital signal processing . For example, adjusting the volume level of a sound signal can result in overflow, and saturation ... to avoid overflow for all but the most extreme input vectors, or produced using saturation arithmetic ...?id 785411.785415 Synthesis of Saturation Arithmetic Architectures ref Saturation arithmetic operations ... MMX instruction set MMX platform, specifically for such signal processing applications. Saturation ... programmers anticipate and understand the effects of overflow better. On the other hand, saturation ..., since simple implementations require branches that create huge pipeline delays. Although saturation ... , the most popular abstraction for dealing with approximate real numbers, uses a form of saturation ... continues to produce the same value. This has the advantage over simple saturation that later ... A Progress Report Report on a saturation arithmetic component for Eiffel programming language Eiffel ... more details
Saturation fire is a level of intensity of artillery or machine gun fire that is very high and is designed to fill an enemy position with artillery shells or machine gun fire. Artillery Image German Barrage Fire at Night Ypres .jpg thumb right 200px A German barrage falling on Allied trenches at Ypres, probably during the Second Battle of Ypres second battle in 1915. Saturation fire might be used to Bombardment bombard an area just before an Offensive military offensive . Another kind of intensity that is also used to bombard an area during an offensive is creeping barrage . Saturation fire is used most of the time before an offensive to bombard an enemy area and lower enemy morale and ability to fight. In the Battle of the Bulge , German troops used Werfel rocket batteries to do saturation fire on Allied positions, particularly prior to an attack. ref Battle of the Bulge Hitler s Ardennes Offensive, 1944 1945 . Danny S. Parker 2004 ref Benjamin Colby claims that the U.S. did saturation ... War, the US used saturation fire against the Vietnamese forces. In one example in 1972, US air forces did saturation fire around a bunker where seven US advisers and a number of South Vietnamese ... at enemy positions. A history of German military doctrine states that ...laying down saturation fire ... which allowed them to provide area saturation fire as the aircraft circled over a target. Another use of saturation fire in the Vietnam War was with guntrucks in convoys. These 2 frac 1 2 ton cargo vehicles with two M 60 machine gunners would ... provide a rapid, retaliatory saturation fire within ... weapons for saturation fire has been criticized by a major US gun maker. The President of Armalite Inc. states that using an automatic rifle such as his company s AR 15 for saturation fire can waste ..., along with the ... concept of saturation fire and general abandonment of the principles of individual ... Saturation Fire Category Artillery Category Machine guns ... more details
In semiconductor s, when a strong enough electric field is applied, the charge carrier carrier velocity in the semiconductor reaches a maximum value, saturation velocity . ref name e2 cite web url http everything2.com index.pl?node id 1321513 title Velocity Saturation accessdate 2006 10 23 ref When this happens, the semiconductor is said to be in a state of velocity saturation . As the applied electric field increases from that point, the carrier velocity no longer increases because the carriers lose energy through increased levels of interaction with the lattice, by emitting phonons and even photon s as soon as the carrier energy is large enough to do so. ref name co cite web url http ece www.colorado.edu bart book book chapter7 ch7 7.htm 7 7 7 title Advanced MOSFET issues accessdate 2006 10 23 ref Design considerations When designing semiconductor device s, especially on a sub micrometre scale as used in modern microprocessor s, velocity saturation is an important design characteristic. Velocity saturation greatly affects the voltage transfer characteristics of a field effect transistor , which is the basic device used in most integrated circuits designed and produced in the world. If a semiconductor device enters velocity saturation, an increase in voltage applied to the device will not cause a linear increase in current as would be expected by Ohm s law . Instead, the current may only increase by a small amount, or not at all. It is possible to take advantage of this result when trying to design a device that will pass a constant current regardless of the voltage applied, a current limiter in effect. References references Category Charge carriers Electron stub de Geschwindigkeitss ttigung ... more details
Image Logisticgrowth.png thumb 350px Logistic growth is an example for a bounded growth which is limited by saturation The graph shows an imaginary market with logistic growth. In that example, the blue curve depicts the development of the size of that market. The red curve describes the growth of such a market as the first derivative of the market volume. The yellow curve illustrates the growth weighted by the size of the market. As for logistic growth, the yellow curve shows, that even a large market size cannot strengthen growth when approaching saturation. Logistic growth never is negative, but in the saturation area, the growth is as small as before the market took off. In the example all curves are scaled to cover the range between 0 and 1. In economics , market saturation is a term used to describe a situation in which a Product business product has become diffused distributed within a market ref http www.energyrating.gov.au library pubs 2007 factsheet computer monitor.pdf Equipment Energy Efficiency Computers and Monitors ref the actual level of saturation can depend on consumer purchasing power as well as competition , price s, and technology . For example, in advanced economies an extremely high percentage of households own refrigerators more than 97 of households . Hence, the diffusion rate is more than 97 , and the market is said to be saturated i.e. further growth of sales of refrigerators will occur basically only as a result of population growth and in cases where one manufacturer is able to gain market share at the expense of others. To give another example, in advanced western households, and depending on the economy, the number of automobiles per family is greater than 1. To the extent that further market growth i.e. growth of the demand for automobiles is constrained the main buyers already own the product , the market is said to be basically saturated. Future sales depend on several factors including the rate of obsolescence at what age ... more details
Saturation current is a term used in relation to semiconductor diode s. It is more fully, and accurately, named reverse saturation current and is part of the reverse current in a diode caused by diffusion of minority charge carrier carriers from the neutral regions to the depletion region . This current is almost independent of the reverse voltage. Steadman 1993, 459 I sub S sub , the reverse bias saturation current for an ideal p n diode is given by, Schubert 2006, 61 math I mathrm S e A left sqrt frac D mathrm p tau mathrm p frac n mathrm i 2 N mathrm D sqrt frac D mathrm n tau mathrm n frac n mathrm i 2 N mathrm A right , , math where I sub S sub is the reverse bias saturation current, e is elementary charge A is the cross sectional area D sub p,n sub are the diffusion coefficient s of holes and electrons, respectively, N sub D,A sub are the donor and acceptor concentrations at the n side and p side, respectively, n sub i sub is the intrinsic carrier concentration in the semiconductor material, math tau mathrm p,n math are the carrier lifetimes of holes and electrons, respectively. References Steadman, J. W. 1993 . Electronics in R. C. Dorf, The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boca Raton CRC Press. Schubert, E. Fred. 2006 . LED basics Electrical properties in Light Emitting Diodes Cambridge Press. DEFAULTSORT Saturation Current Category Diodes it Corrente di saturazione inversa ... more details
Image Magnetization curves.svg thumb Magnetization curves of 9 ferromagnetic materials, showing saturation ..., saturation is the state reached when an increase in applied external magnetizing field H cannot .... Description Saturation is most clearly seen in the magnetization curve also called BH curve ... field increases, the B field approaches a maximum value asymptote asymptotically , the saturation level for the substance. Technically, above saturation, the B field continues increasing, but at the paramagnetic ... the ferromagnetic rate seen below saturation. ref name Bozorth harvnb Bozorth 1993 ref The relation ... with H to a maximum, then as it approaches saturation inverts and decreases toward one. ref name Bozorth ref harvnb Bakshi 2003 loc p.3 31 ref Different materials have different saturation levels. For example, high permeability iron alloys used in transformers reach magnetic saturation at 1.6 2.2 tesla ... Permeability of ferromagnet by Zureks.svg thumb Due to saturation, the magnetic permeability sub f ... Ferromagnetic materials like iron that show saturation are composed of microscopic regions called ... field, the more the domains align. Saturation occurs when practically all the domains are lined ... Saturation limits the maximum magnetic fields achievable in ferromagnetic core electromagnet ... through them is large enough to drive their core materials into saturation. This means that their inductance ... cores. ref harvnb Elliott 2010 ref On the other hand, saturation is exploited in some electronic devices. Saturation is employed to limit current in saturable core transformers , used in arc welding . When the primary current exceeds a certain value, the core is pushed into its saturation region ... point up and down in the saturation curve, controlling the AC current through the inductor. These are used ... a high saturation magnetic flux density gdate 1992 inventor Yoshihiro Hamakawa, Hisashi Takano, Naoki ... 20above 20saturation&f false doi id isbn 8184313349 DEFAULTSORT Saturation Magnetic Category ... more details
refimprove date December 2010 Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Saturation Type Album Artist Urge Overkill Cover Urge Overkill Saturation.jpg Released June 8, 1993 Recorded December 17, 1992 January 9, 1993 Genre Alternative rock Length 42 43 Label David Geffen Company Geffen Producer Butcher Bros. , Andy Kravitz Last album The Supersonic Storybook br 1991 This album Saturation br 1993 Next album Exit the Dragon br 1995 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 5 5 ref Allmusic class album id r170190 pure url yes Allmusic review ref rev2 Rolling Stone rev2score Rating 3.5 5 ref http www.rollingstone.com artists urgeoverkill albums album 88525 review 5942187 saturation Rolling Stone review ref Automatically generated by DASHBot Saturation is the fourth album by American alternative rock group Urge Overkill , released in 1993 and produced by the Butcher Bros. Saturation was Urge Overkill s debut on Geffen Records , and a deliberate attempt at a hit record. The label released Sister Havana and Positive Bleeding as singles in the U.S. and Europe. Sister Havana charted highly on both the Modern Rock Tracks modern rock and Mainstream Rock Tracks mainstream rock charts, peaking at 6 and 10, respectively, while Positive Bleeding became a minor rock radio hit. Track listing Sister Havana Tequila Sundae Positive Bleeding Back on Me Woman 2 Woman Bottle of Fur Crackbabies The Stalker Dropout Erica Kane Nite and Grey Heaven 90210 br Operation Kissinger hidden track Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Saturation Album Category 1993 albums Category Urge Overkill albums Category Geffen Records albums 1990s album stub Urge Overkill ... more details
soft redirect Saturation R from incomplete disambiguation In chemistry , saturation from the Latin word saturare , meaning to fill ref Mosby s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Mosby Year Book Inc., 1994, p. 1394 ref has diverse meanings, all based on reaching a maximum capacity. In physical chemistry , saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance and additional amounts of it will appear as a separate phase as a Precipitation chemistry precipitate ref http www.youtube.com watch?v k4tpUiS2ogg Defining Solutions ref if solid or as effervescence or inclusion if gaseous. This point of maximum concentration , the saturation point, depends on the temperature and pressure of solution as well as the chemical nature of the substances involved. This can be used in the process of Recrystallization chemistry recrystallisation to purify a chemical it is dissolved to the point of saturation in hot solvent, then as the solvent cools and the solubility decreases, excess solute precipitates. Impurities, being present in much lower concentration, do not saturate the solvent and so remain dissolved in the liquid. If a change in conditions e.g. cooling means that the concentration is actually higher than the saturation ..., saturation denotes the degree of which a binding site is fully occupied. For example, Cation exchange capacity base saturation refers to the fraction of Cation exchange capacity exchangeable cations that are base cations. Similarly, in environmental soil science , nitrogen cycle nitrogen saturation ... undergoing substitution and oxidative addition reactions. In biochemistry , the term saturation refers ... liquid equilibrium equilibrium with liquid water. At the saturation temperature for a given ... solutions DEFAULTSORT Saturation Chemistry Category Physical chemistry Category Organic chemistry ... Saturation chemistry fi Kyll isyys tl Saturasyon kimika tr Doygunluk vi No h a h c zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Transferrin saturation , abbreviated as TSAT and measured as a percentage, is a medical laboratory value. It is the ratio of serum iron and total iron binding capacity , multiplied by 100. Of the transferrin that is available to bind iron, this value tells a clinician how much serum iron is actually bound. For instance, a value of 15 means that 15 of iron binding sites of transferrin is being occupied by iron. For an explanation of some clinical situations in which this ratio is important, see Total iron binding capacity . The three results are usually reported together. Usual values Normal Reference ranges for blood tests Electrolytes and Metabolites reference range s are Serum iron 60 170 g dl 10 30 mol L TIBC 240 450 g dl Transferrin saturation 15 50 males , 12 45 females g dl micrograms per deciliter. Laboratories often use different units and normal may vary by population and the lab techniques used. Look at the individual laboratory reference values to interpret a specific test for instance, your own . File Blood values sorted by mass and molar concentration.png thumb 550px center Reference ranges for blood tests , comparing blood content of iron and related compounds shown in brown and orange with other constituents. Hematology Blood tests DEFAULTSORT Transferrin Saturation Category Blood tests Category Iron metabolism Med stub de Transferrins ttigung sv J rnm ttnad ... more details
A saturation patrol is a police or military patrol tactic method tactic wherein a large number of officers are concentrated into a small geographic area ref name safernm http www.safernm.org Top FAQs DWI FAQs.html dwi3 Safer New Mexico FAQ Page. What is a saturation patrol? Safer New Mexico Now. Retrieved January 19, 2009. ref . Saturation patrols are used for hot spot crime reduction ref name PrevCrime http www.ncjrs.gov works Preventing Crime What Works, What Doesn t, What s Promising . Chapter 8 Policing for Crime Prevention. 1996. Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park . ref , DUI checkpoints, and other location specific patrols. The methodology employs overwhelming force presence, via large concentration of patrol officer s, to create a real or perceived omnipresence ref name PrevCrime , in the hopes that it deters crime inside and outside the actual patrol location. See also Random checkpoint Force concentration Patrol References Reflist 2 External links http www.duiblock.com DUI Checkpoint Alerts DUI Checkpoint Laws, Rights, News, Checkpoint Alerts, and more. Category Law enforcement techniques Police stub ... more details
Saturation velocity is the maximum velocity a charge carrier in a semiconductor , generally an electron , attains in the presence of very high electric field s ref Fundamentals of Semiconductors Physics and Materials Properties , Peter Y. Yu, Manuel Cardona, pp.227 228, Springer, New York 2005, ISBN 3 540 25470 6 ref . Charge carrier s normally move at an average drift speed proportional to the electric field strength they experience temporally. The proportionality constant is known as Electrical mobility mobility of the carrier, which is a material property. A good Electrical conductor conductor would have a high mobility value for its charge carrier, which means higher velocity, and consequently higher current values for a given electric field strength. There is a limit though to this process and at some high field value, a charge carrier can not move any faster, having reached its saturation velocity, due to mechanisms that eventually limit the movement of the carriers in the material ref GaAs Devices and Circuits , Michael Shur, pp.310 324, Plenum Press, NY 1987, ISBN 0 306 42192 5 ref . Saturation velocity is a very important parameter in the design of semiconductor devices, especially field effect transistors , which are basic building blocks of almost all modern integrated circuits . Typical values of saturation velocity may vary greatly for different materials, for example for Silicon Si it is in the order of 1 10 sup 7 sup cm s, for GaAs 1.2 10 sup 7 sup cm s, while for SiC 6H SiC , it is near 2 10 sup 7 sup cm s. Typical electric field strengths at which carrier velocity saturates is usually on the order of 10 100 kV cm. Both saturation field and the saturation velocity of a semiconductor material are typically strong function of impurities, crystal ... such as Si saturation velocity of a carrier is same as the peak velocity of the carrier ... and eventually a lower saturation velocity in these materials. This results in an overall decrease ... more details
Genetic saturation is the reduced appearance, which occurs over time, of Divergence sequence sequence divergence rate that results from reverse mutation s, homoplasies and other multiple changes occurring at single sites along two lineage genetic lineages . Genetic saturation occurs most rapidly on fast evolving sequences, such as the hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA, or in Short tandem repeat such as on the Y chromosome. See also Molecular clock Human mitochondrial molecular clock Convergent evolution External links cite journal url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 26 3 713 a title Characterizing the Time Dependency of Human Mitochondrial DNA Mutation Rate Estimates year 2009 last Henn et al. doi 10.1093 molbev msn304 first1 B. M. last2 Gignoux first2 C. R. last3 Feldman first3 M. W. last4 Mountain first4 J. L. journal Molecular Biology and Evolution volume 26 issue 3 pages 713 713 cite journal url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 22 7 1561 year 2005 last Ho et al. doi 10.1093 molbev msi145 pmid 15814826 volume 22 issue 7 pages 1561 8 title Time Dependency of Molecular Rate Estimates and Systematic Overestimation of Recent Divergence Times first1 S. Y. W. journal Molecular Biology and Evolution last2 Phillips first2 MJ last3 Cooper first3 A last4 Drummond first4 AJ Category Phylogenetics Category Mitochondrial genetics Category Genetic genealogy ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Saturation attack is a military tactic in which the attacking side hopes to gain an advantage by overwhelming the defending side s technological, physical and mental ability to respond effectively. During the Cold War and after the conventional saturation missile attack against naval and land targets was and is a much feared eventuality. Theoretical calculations Taking the design of an anti ship missile as a theoretical example, one can begin with the goal of creating a missile which will get through and destroy its target 100 of the time. However as a designer one knows that with time an opponent will develop counter measures that means that your missile will at some later date not be 100 effective. So given that a missile will only ever be less than perfect why not design a missile that will get through to the target say only 70 or even only 50 of time, with a cost saving benefit on each missile produced. Launched singly a missile with a 50 chance of getting through to its target will only get to its target 50 of the time, but with a salvo two such missiles the chance of at least one missile getting through is 75 , with three missiles 87.5 etc, with the probability that at least one missile will get through to its target becoming closer to certainty with each missile fired. If each missile has a warhead capable of destroying the target, then no individual missile can be ignored by the target warship and counter measures. Thus, Surface to air missile SAMs and Close in weapon system CIW resources will have to be expended to defend the target. To further overload a target s ability to defend itself, an attacker can attempt to launch multiple missiles from multiple directions using different guidance options. The main subscribers to the concept of the saturation missile attack were the Soviet Union and its client states. The Komar class missile ... fighters. See also Human wave attack Force concentration Swarming military DEFAULTSORT Saturation ... more details
A saturation dome is a graphical representation of the combination of vapor and gas that is used in Thermodynamics . It can be used to find either the pressure or the specific volume as long as one already has at least one of these properties . Description A saturation dome uses the projection of a P v T diagram Pressure, Specific Volume, and Temperature onto the P v plane. This gives a P v diagram at a constant temperature. The points that create the left hand side of the dome represent the saturated liquid states, while the points on the right hand side represent the saturated vapor states commonly referred to as the dry region . On the left hand side of the dome there is compressed liquid and on the right hand side there is superheated gas. ref Klein, Sanford, and Gregory Nellis. Thermodynamics . Cambridge University Press. 2012. ref File PVT 3D diagram.png thumb PVT 3D diagram Within the dome itself, there is a liquid vapor mixture. This two phase region is commonly referred to as the wet region. The percentage of liquid and vapor can be calculated using vapor quality. ref Arora, C P. Thermodynamics . McGraw Hill, 1998, p. 65 ref The triple state line is where the three phases pressure, specific volume, and temperature exist in equilibrium. Critical Point The point at the very top of the dome is called the critical point . This point is where the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines meet. Past this point, it is impossible for a liquid vapor transformation to occur. ref name Wark Wark, Kenneth. Thermodynamics . McGraw Hill, 1977, p. 110 116 ref It is also where the critical temperature and critical pressure meet. Beyond this point, it is also impossible to distinguish between the liquid and vapor phases. States A saturation state is the point where a phase change ... the saturation dome boiling water stays at a constant of 212 until it reaches the saturated vapor ... higher than the saturation temperature 212 for water for a given pressure. ref name Moran Moran ... more details
Innovation Saturation was introduced by American economist and historian Tom Osenton in his 2004 book The Death of Demand Finding Growth in a Saturated Global Economy Financial Times Prentice Hall . Innovation Saturation is a business cycle theory that posits that every company experiences two major growth trends during its life an uptrend and a downtrend. Innovation Saturation represents the point at which growth rates stop increasing and start decreasing. The Law of Innovation Saturation According to Osenton, the law of Innovation saturation applies to every product, in every corporation, in every industry, in every sector, in every economy in the world, and states that Every product or service has its own natural consumption level. That is to say, there are relative limits to the number of consumers that will engage in an ongoing relationship with a product or service. This is commonly known as The Theory of Natural Limits . Because there are natural consumption limits, every product ... growth shifts from an uptrend to a downtrend is known as Innovation Saturation and is reached when ... Saturation in the mid to late 1970s. First viewed as a temporary event, re engineering or downsizing ... Saturation . While many point to the fact that innovation has always created new categories of products ... effective technologies. The implications of innovation saturation on a product Cheese Singles or a collection ... Saturation More often than not we are issued and consume revenue growth data in actual terms that is, actual ... in actual terms today, it does so at an ever decreasing rate after reaching Innovation Saturation sometime in the mid 1970s after the baby Boom. After reaching Innovation Saturation , a company s revenue ... the cost of quarterly dividend payments Home ownership Rates Another example of Innovation Saturation ... Innovation Saturation in history is Facebook. Launched in 2004, it quickly reached one million ... Innovation Saturation in just five years especially for a company that is expected to produce the largest ... more details
Saturation pollination is a Pollination management pollination technique for agriculture agricultural Crop agriculture crops in areas dominated by non crop plant species that are preferred by pollinators. The technique involves keeping a larger number of bee colonies than normally maintained for honey production so as to exhaust the preferred plants and ensure visitation of the crop plants by the bees. ref McGregor, S.E. 1976. Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants. USDA http gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov book ref The technique is applied in areas that are normally avoided by beekeepers because of poor honey yields. Saturation pollination is especially important for those with special pollination problems, such as crops with flower s that are unattractive to Western honey bee s kiwifruit , for example , that have nectar that is low in sugar s, or crops that have been moved from their native areas without the corresponding movement of their normal pollinators. The keel of alfalfa flowers knock young honey bees on the head when they attempt to take the nectar and the bees soon learn Citation needed date July 2010 to come in from the side to avoid getting hit with the keel s pollen bearing structure while still getting the nectar. Thus only young, inexperienced bees are doused with pollen and able to pollinate alfalfa. Saturation pollination is becoming increasingly required for many crops due to decline of wild pollinators and monoculture d crops. History of the technique The concept was developed by commercial California beekeeper Harry J. Whitcombe and University of California entomology entomologist George H. Vansell in conjunction with alfalfa seed production. ref Whitcombe ... to six hives per acre and see if the yield responded. It was called saturation pollination. But beekeepers ... spread quickly and in four seasons California tripled its alfalfa seed production. The saturation ... large scale saturation pollination had become the norm in US agriculture for many more crops which ... more details
sensors can, however, work in the whole region 0 to 100 oxygenSaturation chemistry saturation ... of sensors Oxygensaturation Pulse oximeter Pulse oximetry References reflist External links http ...TOC right An oxygen sensor , or lambda sensor , is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen O sub 2 sub in the gas or liquid being analyzed. It was developed by the Robert Bosch GmbH ... gas concentration of oxygen for internal combustion engine s in automobile s and other vehicles. Scuba diving Diver s also use a similar device to measure the partial pressure of oxygen in their breathing gas . Scientists use oxygen sensors to measure Respiration physiology respiration or production of oxygen and use a different approach. Oxygen sensors are used in oxygen analyzers which find a lot of use in medical applications such as anesthesia monitors, respirator s and oxygen concentrators. Oxygen sensors are also used in hypoxic air fire prevention system hypoxic air fire prevention systems to monitor continuously the oxygen concentration inside the protected volumes. There are many different ways of measuring oxygen and these include technologies such as zirconia , electrochemical ... Image Lambda sond till volvo240 etc.jpg thumb 250px right A three wire oxygen sensor suitable for use in a Volvo 240 or similar vehicle Automotive oxygen sensors, colloquially known as O sub ... or lean. Since oxygen sensors are located in the exhaust stream, they do not directly measure the air or the fuel entering the engine. But when information from oxygen sensors is coupled with information ... not actually measure oxygen concentration, but rather the difference between the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas and the amount of oxygen in air. Rich mixture causes an oxygen demand. This demand causes a voltage to build up, due to transportation of oxygen ions through the sensor layer. Lean mixture causes low voltage, since there is an oxygen excess. Modern spark ignited combustion engines ... more details
saved book title Oxygen subtitle An overview cover image Gase in Entladungsroehren.jpg cover color Oxygen An overview Overview Oxygen Dioxygen in biological reactions Oxygen toxicity Isotopes Isotopes of oxygenOxygen isotope ratio cycle Compounds Compounds of oxygen Allotropes Allotropes of oxygen Miscellany Geological history of oxygen Great Oxygenation Event Liquid oxygenOxygen therapy Oxygen evolution Category Wikipedia books on chemical elements Category Oxygen Wikipedia books on elements ... more details
flow should be moderated to achieve target oxygensaturation levels, based on pulse oximetry with a target ...Interventions infobox Name Oxygen therapy Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 93.96 MeshID D010102 OPS301 OtherCodes HCPCSlevel2 File Oxygen piping.png thumb right Oxygen piping and regulator, for oxygen therapy, mounted on the wall of an ambulance Image o2regulator.JPG thumb right Oxygen Regulator for portable D Cylinder, usually carried in an ambulance s resuscitation kit. Oxygen therapy is the administration of oxygen as a medical intervention, which can be for a variety of purposes in both Chronic medicine chronic and Acute medicine acute patient care. Oxygen is essential for Cell biology cell ... title Clinical Guidelines Update Oxygen date April 2009 url http www2.warwick.ac.uk fac med research hsri emergencycare prehospitalcare jrcalcstakeholderwebsite clinicalpracticeupdates oxygen guideline ... 21 oxygen, and increasing the fraction of oxygen in the breathing gas increases the amount of oxygen in the blood. It is often only required to raise the fraction of oxygen delivered to 30 35 and this is done by use of a nasal cannula . When 100 oxygen is needed, it may be delivered via a tight fitting face mask, or by supplying 100 oxygen to an Neonatal intensive care unit Incubator incubator in the case of infants. Oxygen can be administered in other ways, including specific treatments at raised air pressure, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy . High blood and tissue levels of oxygen can be helpful or damaging, depending on circumstances and oxygen therapy should be used to benefit the patient by increasing the supply of oxygen to the lungs and thereby increasing the availability of oxygen ... . Indications for use Oxygen is used as a medical treatment in both chronic and acute cases ... use of supplementary oxygen is in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD , a common long term effect of smoking , who may require additional oxygen to breathe either during a temporary ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
