Oxygenation may refer to Oxygenation environmental , a measurement of dissolved oxygen concentration in soil or water Oxygenation medical , the process by which concentrations of oxygen increase within a tissue Water oxygenation , the process of increasing the oxygen saturation of the water Dioxygen complex , the chemical details of how metals bind oxygen Great Oxygenation Event , an ancient event that led to the rise of oxygen within our atmosphere. dab de Oxygenierung ... more details
The oxygenation index is a calculation used in intensive care medicine to measure the fraction of inspired oxygen FiO2 and its usage within the body. Equation math OI frac F i O 2 M PAW P a O 2 math ref Ortiz RM, Cilley RE, Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pediatric respiratory failure. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1987 Feb 34 1 39 46. ref FiO2 Fraction of inspired oxygen MPAW Mean airway pressure PaO2 Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood References references Mechanical ventilation Category Respiration ... more details
about Oxygen saturation in general Oxygen saturation Oxygenation occurs when oxygen molecules chem O 2 enter the Tissue biology tissues of the body. For example, blood is oxygenated in the lung s, where oxygen molecules travel from the air and into the blood. Oxygenation is commonly used to refer to medical oxygen saturation. The opposite of the process is called de oxygenation . Oxygen saturation File Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.png thumb Haemoglobin saturation curve. In medicine , oxygen saturation S sub O sub 2 sub sub , commonly referred to as sats , measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen. At low partial pressures of oxygen, most hemoglobin is deoxygenated. At around 90 the value varies according to the clinical context oxygen saturation increases according to an oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve and approaches 100 at partial oxygen pressures of 10 kPa. A pulse oximeter relies on the light absorption characteristics of saturated hemoglobin to give an indication of oxygen saturation. Measurements An Sa sub O sub 2 sub sub arterial oxygen saturation value below 90 causes hypoxemia which can also be caused by anemia . Hypoxemia due to low Sa sub O sub 2 sub sub is indicated by cyanosis . Venous oxygen saturation Sv sub O sub 2 sub sub is measured to see how much oxygen the body consumes. Under clinical treatment, a Sv sub O sub 2 sub sub below 60 indicates that the body is in lack of oxygen, and ischemic diseases occur. This measurement is often used under treatment with a heart lung machine extracorporeal circulation , and can give the perfusionist an idea of how much flow the patient needs to stay healthy. Tissue oxygen saturation St sub O sub 2 sub sub can be measured by near infrared spectroscopy . Although the measurements are still widely discussed, they give an idea of tissue oxygenation in various conditions ... , but oxygen saturation does not directly reflect tissue oxygenation. The affinity of hemoglobin ... more details
seealso oxygen saturation water aeration Environmental oxygenation can be important to the sustainability of a particular ecosystem . Insufficient oxygen hypoxia environmental environmental hypoxia may occur in bodies of water such as pond s and river s, tending to suppress the presence of aerobic organism s such as fish . Deoxygenation increases the relative population of anaerobic organism s such as plants and some bacteria , resulting in fish kill s and other adverse events. The net effect is to alter the balance of nature by increasing the concentration of anaerobic over aerobic species . Oxygenation by water aeration can be part of the environmental remediation of a usually Water stagnation stagnant body of water. For example, Bubbly Creek in Chicago , Illinois , was hypoxia environmental hypoxic deficient in oxygen due to its use as an sanitary sewer open sewer by Chicago s meat packing industry but has been oxygenated by introducing compressed air into its waters, increasing the fish population. Fact date April 2009 A similar technique has previously been used in the Thames . Fact date April 2009 File WOA05 sea surf O2 AYool.png thumb right Annual mean sea surface dissolved oxygen for the World Ocean . Data from the World Ocean Atlas http www.nodc.noaa.gov OC5 WOA05 2005 . File WOA05 180E AOU AYool.png thumb right Pacific Ocean sections of dissolved oxygen and apparent oxygen utilisation . Data from the World Ocean Atlas http www.nodc.noaa.gov OC5 WOA05 pr woa05.html 2005 . In water aquatic environments, oxygen saturation is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen O sub 2 sub dissolved in the water. Supersaturation can sometimes be harmful for organisms and cause decompression sickness . Dissolved oxygen DO is measured in standard solution units such as millilitres O sub 2 sub per liter ml L , Mole unit millimoles O sub 2 sub per liter mmol L , milligrams O sub 2 sub per liter mg L and moles O sub 2 sub per cubic meter mol m sup 3 sup . For example, in freshwater ... more details
Image Oxygenation atm 2.svg thumb right 420px O sub 2 sub build up in the Earth s atmosphere . Red and green lines represent the range of the estimates while time is measured in billions of years ago Ga . br Stage 1 3.85 2.45 Ga Practically no O sub 2 sub in the atmosphere. br Stage 2 2.45 1.85 Ga O sub 2 sub produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock. br Stage 3 1.85 0.85 Ga O sub 2 sub starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces. br Stages 4 & 5 0.85 0.54 Ga & 0.54 Ga present O sub 2 sub sinks filled and the gas accumulates. ref Heinrich D. Holland The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans. In Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol. 361, 2006, p. 903 915 http rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org content 361 1470 903.full.pdf ref The Great Oxygenation Event GOE , also called the Oxygen Catastrophe or Oxygen Crisis or Great Oxidation , was the biota ecology biologically induced appearance of Oxygen Allotropes free oxygen O sub 2 sub in Earth s atmosphere. This major environmental change happened around 2.4 billion years ago. Photosynthesis was producing oxygen both before and after the GOE. The difference was that before the GOE, organic matter and dissolved iron chemically captured any free oxygen. The GOE was the point when these minerals became saturated and could not capture any more oxygen. The excess free oxygen started to accumulate in the atmosphere. The rising oxygen levels may have wiped out a huge portion of the Earth s anaerobic organism anaerobic inhabitants ... of the Great Oxygenation Event suggests that oxygen was first produced by photosynthetic organisms prokaryotic ... Oxygenation Event triggered an explosive growth in the diversity of mineral s on Earth ... the Great Oxygenation event. ref name sciam1 http www.scientificamerican.com article.cfm?id evolution ... The Great Oxygenation Event in geological time caption Million years ago. Age of Earth 4,650 collapsible yes Row1 Note row from 2500 to 0 1 at 2400 1 text Great Oxygenation 2 at 2100 2 text End of Huronian ... more details
in preparation for transfer to an Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation unit on Friday, July 21, in San ... settings that are necessary to maintain adequate oxygenation and ventilation off ECMO are determined ... With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Archives of Neurology 2011 ref ref name 978 0618610037 cite ... to a clinical algorithm including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. journal Intensive Care Med year ... author Peek GJ, Moore HM, Moore N, Sosnowski AW, Firmin RK title Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ... membrane oxygenation in adults with severe respiratory failure a multi center database. journal Intensive ..., and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO as components of an integrated approach to ARDS. journal ... system procedures Intensive care medicine DEFAULTSORT Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ... Membranoxygenierung fr ECMO it ECMO he Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation no Ekstrakorporal ... more details
Diagnostic infobox Name Horowitz index Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO MedlinePlus eMedicine MeshID LOINC LOINC 50984 4 , LOINC 50989 3 HCPCSlevel2 Reference range The Horovitz quotient synonyms oxygenation after Horovitz , Horowitz index is mainly in the intensive care used parameter for lung function , with the extent of damage to the lungs can be described. The simple abbreviation as oxygenation can lead to confusion with other conceptualizations of oxygenation index OI lead. The Horovitz quotient is defined as the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure paO 2 , see, blood gas analysis and the concentration of oxygen in the inhaled air inspiratory oxygen concentration, FiO 2 . In healthy lungs is the Horovitz quotient depends on age usually between 350 and 450 A value below 300 is indicative of a moderately severe lung injury acute lung injury , ALI , a value below 200 as a criterion for a severe lung injury acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS . See also Arterial blood gas medicine stub Category Intensive care medicine de Horovitz Quotient ... more details
Oxygen saturation or dissolved oxygen DO is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is Dissolution chemistry dissolve d or carried in a given medium. It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an optode in liquid media, usually water. Oxygen saturation can be measured regionally and non invasively. Arterial oxygenation is commonly measured using pulse oximetry . Tissue saturation at peripheral scale can be measured using near infrared spectroscopy NIRS . This technique can be applied on both muscle as brain. Oxygen in medicine Main Oxygenation medical In medicine , oxygen saturation refers to oxygenation , or when oxygen molecules chem O 2 enter the Tissue biology tissues of the body. In this case blood is oxygenated in the lung s, where oxygen molecules travel from the air and into the blood. Oxygen saturation, or O2 sats measure the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen. Fish, invertebrates, plants, and aerobic bacteria all require oxygen for respiration. Blood is also vital to the body system. The optimal levels in an estuary for Dissolved Oxygen DO is higher than 6 ppm. Environmental oxygen saturation Main Oxygenation environmental Oxygen saturation in the environment generally refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in the soil or bodies of water. Environmental oxygenation can be important to the sustainability of a particular ecosystem . Insufficient oxygen hypoxia environmental environmental hypoxia may occur in bodies of water such as pond s and river s, tending to suppress the presence of aerobic organism s such as fish . Deoxygenation increases the relative population of anaerobic organism s such as plants and some bacteria , resulting in fish kill s and other adverse events. The net effect is to alter the balance of nature by increasing the concentration of anaerobic over aerobic species . Respiratory physiology Category Aquatic ecology Category Blood Category Water quality ... more details
Wiktionary Ashen could mean Made from ash tree ash wood Having a colour resembling ash the unburnable solid remains of a fire . In a medical context, ashen equate with cyanosis, referring to a bluish hue resulting from a lack of oxygenation of hemoglobin in the blood. Ashen, Essex Ashen , a demo by the funeral doom metal band Celestiial Ashen game Ashen light , a subtle glow that is seen from the night side of the planet Venus. disambig ... more details
saved book title Oxygen subtitle An overview cover image Gase in Entladungsroehren.jpg cover color Oxygen An overview Overview Oxygen Dioxygen in biological reactions Oxygen toxicity Isotopes Isotopes of oxygen Oxygen isotope ratio cycle Compounds Compounds of oxygen Allotropes Allotropes of oxygen Miscellany Geological history of oxygen Great Oxygenation Event Liquid oxygen Oxygen therapy Oxygen evolution Category Wikipedia books on chemical elements Category Oxygen Wikipedia books on elements ... more details
Image AeratedWater.jpg thumb 210px Aerated water coming from a faucet Aerated water is, correctly speaking, distilled water to which wiktionary purification purified air is added to improve its flavor. The term is, however, frequently applied to carbonated water . Purpose of aeration Sulfur chemical compound compounds dissolved in water are not necessarily dangerous, but can give the water a bad taste or foul smell. These compounds can be removed in several ways, the most effective being by exposure to chlorine gas. However, aeration can also be effective if the amount of sulfur in the water is relatively low. During aeration, water is pumped into a non pressurized tank and agitated. This physically removes many of the sulfur compounds, which are then vented. Exposure to oxygen in the air also oxidizes some of the compounds, creating atomic sulfur which can be filtered from the water. Aeration is also an effective means of removing radon from water. Small tanks and Pond aeration ponds for keeping aquatic animals such as fish or lobsters often rely on aeration to maintain sufficient level of Oxygenation environmental oxygenation in the water. This can be achieved by pumping air into the water, allowing it to bubble to the surface or by a fountain jet agitating the water. Both these methods create an agitated, large amount of surface area between the water and the air, thus allowing transfer of gases. Wave action on the shores of large bodies of water can provide aeration of the water in the vicinity, thus providing enhanced oxygenation which can benefit various aquatic lifeforms. See also Drinking water Water purification Pond aeration References Grocers cite web title Hydrogen Sulfide Removal Methods publisher Excel Water Technologies Inc. url http www.excelwater.com eng b2c h2s.php accessdate 2007 03 09 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20070306065622 http www.excelwater.com eng b2c h2s.php? archivedate 6 March 2007 DASHBot deadurl no Category Water lt Gazuotas v ... more details
Celliant is a brand name synthetic polymer bi component fiber made from polyethylene terephthalate with optically active particles embedded into the core. Created by Hologenix, LLC, fabrics containing Celliant have been shown to increase oxygenation in body tissue and demonstrated to reduce minor aches and pains ref cite journal author York RM, Gordon IL title Effect of optically modified polyethylene terephthalate fiber socks on chronic foot pain journal BMC Complement Altern Med volume 9 issue pages 10 year 2009 pmid 19386127 pmc 2680395 doi 10.1186 1472 6882 9 10 url http www.biomedcentral.com 1472 6882 9 10 ref . Initially marketed as Holofiber, Hologenix changed the name to Celliant to avoid confusion about the nature of the core of its fiber. Celliant has been shown to interact with electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic emssions e.g. infrared light produced by the human body to achieve the increased oxygenation ref http www.nytimes.com 2003 12 22 technology 22fiber.html NYTimes Technology The Trouble With Marvels If It Sounds That Good, Will the Skeptical Buy It? ref . Applications Because of oxygenation s performance benefits ref Costill, D.L. and Wilmore, J.H. 1994 .Cardiorespiratory Function and Performance. Physiology of Sport and Exercise.Champaign, IL Human Kinetics. ref , Celliant is being used in products by athletic apparel manufacturers like Saucony ref http community.saucony.com index.php?page PressRoom&id 28 Saucony Launches Amp Pro 2 Apparel Collection ref and Reebok ref http www.boston.com business ticker 2011 01 andrews will pi.html Andrews will pitch Reebok ZigTech ref . Celliant is currently being used in bedding, home therapy, medical bandages, and veterinary products ref http www.celliant.com company info retailers Celliant retailers ref . References Reflist External links http www.celliant.com Category Synthetic fibers Category Technical fabrics Category Brand name materials ... more details
. However, under special circumstances such as hypothermia , hyperbaric oxygenation , apneic oxygenation see below , or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation , much longer periods of apnea may ... position to rescue such a person. Apneic oxygenation Because the exchange of gases between the blood ... oxygen can be delivered to the circulation even if a person is apneic. This phenomenon apneic oxygenation ... from the lungs, and pure oxygen is Insufflation medicine insufflated , apneic oxygenation could theoretically ... above would remain the limiting factor. Apneic oxygenation is more than a physiologic curiosity. It can ... airways. However, because of the limitations described above, apneic oxygenation is inferior ... and for short procedures. In 1959, Frumin described the use of apneic oxygenation during anesthesia ... of apnea. ref cite journal author M.J. Frumin, R.M. Epstein and G. Cohen title Apneic oxygenation in man ... Apneic Oxygenation in Man.7.aspx accessdate 24 July 2010 ref Apnea test in determining brain death ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Provascular anticancer therapy is a strategy that exploits the differential reactivity of mature tumor blood vessel s to increase the efficacy of conventional anticancer treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy . ref cite journal author Feron O title Targeting the tumor vascular compartment to improve conventional cancer therapy journal Trends Pharmacol. Sci. volume 25 issue 10 pages 536 42 year 2004 month October pmid 15380938 doi 10.1016 j.tips.2004.08.008 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0165 6147 04 00231 7 ref Based on the identification of an altered regulation of vascular reactivity in tumors, the provascular approach aims at selectively inducing a transient dilation of functional tumor microvessel s, leading to increased tumor perfusion , increased drug delivery and increased tumor oxygenation and radiosensitivity. References reflist treatment stub Category Cancer treatments ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Since 1977, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers PVHO committee has published standards governing the construction of a number of devices which are defined as Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy . The current standard is http catalog.asme.org Codes PrintBook PVHO1 2007 Safety Standard.cfm PVHO 1 2007 List of PHVO types decompression chamber s diving bell s high altitude chambers hyperbaric chamber s hyperbaric stretcher s medical hyperbaric oxygenation facilities personnel transfer capsules recompression chamber s submarine s Nuclear reactor containments, aircraft cabin aerospace cabins , caisson engineering caisson s or mild hyperbaric chambers are not considered to be PVHOs according to the standard. Category American Society of Mechanical Engineers Category Diving support equipment Category Decompression equipment Engineering stub ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Retrograde perfusion is an artificial method of providing blood supply to an organ by delivering oxygenated blood through the vein s. It may be performed during surgery that interrupts the normal arterial supply of blood to that organ. For instance, when performing surgery that interrupts the cerebral arteries, a Hose tubing hose placed into the femoral artery and the superior vena cava can redirect blood up the internal jugular vein to supply the brain. ref Cite journal author Levy WJ, Levin SK, Bavaria JE title Cerebral oxygenation during retrograde perfusion journal Ann. Thorac. Surg. volume 60 issue 1 pages 184 6 year 1995 month July pmid 7598586 doi url ref References Reflist Category Surgical techniques Surgery stub ... more details
, N.Y. Avery Pub. Group, 1998. ISBN 9780895297594 ref and of Hyperbaric Oxygenation for Cerebral Palsy and the Brain Injured Child A Promising Treatment . ref Neubauer, Richard A. Hyperbaric Oxygenation ..., 2002. ISBN 9780941332996 ref His most cited scientific article is Hyperbaric Oxygenation As An Adjunct ... more details
the physiology of oxygenation at extreme altitudes, and for this purpose he organized expeditions to the peak ... SHORT DESCRIPTION Physiologist, studied the Oxygenation medical oxygenation of blood DATE OF BIRTH ... more details
sub CO2 sub relative to the achieved level of oxygenation arterial P sub O2 sub . A high A a gradient could indicate a patient breathing hard to achieve normal oxygenation, a patient breathing normally and attaining low oxygenation, or a patient breathing hard and still failing to achieve normal oxygenation. If lack of oxygenation is proportional to low respiratory effort, then the A a gradient is not increased ... more details
nofootnotes date May 2011 refimprove date May 2011 wiktionary An extracorporeal medical procedure is a medical procedure which is performed outside the body. Circulatory procedures A procedure in which blood is taken from a patient s circulation to have a process applied to it before it is returned to the circulation. All of the apparatus carrying the blood outside the body is termed the extracorporeal circuit . Hemodialysis Hemofiltration Plasmapheresis Apheresis Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO Cardiopulmonary bypass during open heart surgery. Other procedures Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy ESWL , which is unrelated to other extracorporeal therapies, in that the device used to break up the kidney stones is held completely outside the body, whilst the lithotripsy itself occurs inside the body. Extracorporeal radiotherapy , where a large bone with a tumour is removed and given a dose far exceeding what would otherwise be safe to give to a patient. Fact date January 2008 External links http www.medicalglossary.org surgical procedures operative extracorporeal circulation definitions.html Extracorporeal Circulation . MedicalGlossary.org Category Medical terms fr Circulation extra corporelle it Circolazione extracorporea pt Circula o extracorp rea ... more details
GOE may mean Government Olympic Executive Goldthorpe railway station , England National Rail station code GOE Grade of Execution in the ISU Judging System figure skating Great Oxygenation Event , a massive environmental change at the beginning of the Paleoproterozoic era. Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble , an ensemble used in Random matrix theory. Gouais blanc , French wine grape also known as Goe Special forces Special Operations Group Argentina , Grupo de Operaciones Especiales, a special operations force of the Argentine Air Force GOE Brazil , Grupo de Opera es Especiais Grupo de Opera es Especiais Portugal , a special operations unit of the Portuguese Pol cia de Seguran a P blica. Grupo de Operaciones Especiales Spain , a special operations unit of the Spanish Army Miscellaneous GOE , an acronym invented by T man for a certain Prof with first name Edwin See also Go disambiguation disambiguation es GOE fr GOE it GOE ... more details
The apnea hypopnea index AHI is an index of sleep apnea severity that combines apnea s and hypopnea s. The apneas pauses in breathing must last for at least 10 seconds and are associated with a decrease in blood oxygenation. Combining these gives an overall sleep apnea severity score that evaluates both number sleep disruptions and degree of oxygen desaturation low blood level . The AHI, as with the separate apnea index and hypopnea index, is calculated by dividing the number of events by the number of hours of sleep. AHI values are typically categorized as 5 15 hr Mild 15 30 hr Moderate and 30 h Severe. See also Obstructive sleep apnea Respiratory Disturbance Index References cite journal author Ruehland WR, Rochford PD, O Donoghue FJ, Pierce RJ, Singh P, Thornton AT title The new AASM criteria for scoring hypopneas impact on the apnea hypopnea index journal Sleep volume 32 issue 2 pages 150 7 date 1 February 2009 pmid 19238801 pmc 2635578 DEFAULTSORT Apnea Hypopnea Index Category Pulmonology med stub de Apnoe Hypopnoe Index no AHI ... more details
The Oxygen Enhancement Ratio OER in radiobiology refers to the enhancement of therapeutic or detrimental effect of ionizing radiation due to the presence of oxygen . The effect is most notable in ionizing radiation Absorbed dose dose . Uses in medicine The effect is used in medical physics to increase the effect of radiation therapy in oncology treatments. Additional oxygen abundance creates additional free radical s and increases the damage to the target tissue. In solid tumors the inner parts become less oxygenated than normal tissue and up to three times higher dose is needed to achieve the same tumor control probability as in tissue with normal oxygenation. See also Radiation therapy Radiobiology Health physics Hypoxia medical Hypoxia References Reflist Eric J. Hall and Amato J. Giaccia Radiobiology for the radiologist, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 6th Ed., 2006 Category Radiation oncology Category Nuclear medicine Category Radiobiology medical stub fa ja ru ... more details
Permissive hypercapnia is hypercapnia , i.e. high concentration of carbon dioxide in blood , in respiratory insufficiency respiratory insufficient patients in which Oxygenation medical oxygenation has become so difficult that the optimal mode of mechanical ventilation with oxygenation in mind is not capable of exchanging enough carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a gas eous product of the human body body s metabolism and is normally expelled through the lung s. In acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS , decreasing the tidal volume on the ventilator usually 8 12 mL kg to 4 6 mL kg may decrease barotrauma by decreasing ventilatory peak airway pressures and leads to improved respiratory recovery. Hypercapnia increased pCO sub 2 sub sometimes needs to be tolerated in order to achieve these lower tidal volumes. The permissive hypercapnia leads to respiratory acidosis which might have negative side effects, but given that the patient is in ARDS, improving ventilatory function is more important. Since hypoxemia is a major life threatening condition and hypercapnia is not, one might choose to accept the latter. Hence the term, permissive hypercapnia. Altogether, the negative side effects of permissive hypercapnia may outweigh the benefits. For that reason, the implementation of extracorporeal CO sub 2 sub removal iLA Membrane Ventilator, de Novalung Novalung at an early stage of ARDS, has become a well established standard to allow for protective ventilation and avoid respiratory acidosis. Symptoms Symptoms of early hypercapnia i.e. where PaCO sub 2 sub is elevated but not extremely so include flushed skin, full pulse , extrasystole s, muscle twitches, hand flaps, and possibly a raised blood pressure . In severe hypercapnia generally PaCO sub 2 sub greater than 10 pascal unit kPa or 75 mmHg , symptomatology progresses to disorientation, panic , hyperventilation , convulsions , unconsciousness , and eventually death . Other description about permissive hypercapnia in ARDS p ... more details
Micro oxygenation is a process used in winemaking to introduce oxygen into wine in a controlled manner. Developed in 1991 by Patrick DuCournau , working with the exceptionally grape tannins tannic grape Tannat in Madiran AOC Madiran , the process gained usage in modern winemaking following the 1996 authorization by the European Commission . Today the technique is widely employed in Bordeaux wine Bordeaux as well as at least 11 different countries, including the American wine United States and Chilean wine Chile . ref name Oxford pg 442 443 J. Robinson ed The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition pg 442 443 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0198609906 ref Process The process of micro oxygenation involves a large two chamber device with valves interconnected to a tank of oxygen. In the first chamber the oxygen is calibrated to match the volume of the wine. In the second chamber the oxygen is injected into the wine through a porous ceramic stone located at the bottom of the chamber. The dosage is controlled and can range anywhere from .75 to 3 cubic centimetre per liter of wine. The process normally occurs in multiple treatments that can last anywhere from one or two treatments during the early stages of fermentation wine fermentation to help avoid stuck fermentation to a more prolonged treatment during the maturation period that can last four to eight months. ref name Oxford pg 442 443 Benefits The exposure of wine to oxygen in limited quantities can be beneficial to the wine. There needs to be a balance where too much oxygen can lead to oxidation and too little can lead to redox reduction and the ensuing wine faults . In oak wine oak barrel aging, the natural properties of the wood allows for a gentle aeration of the wine to occur over a prolonged period. This aids in the polymerization of tannin wine tannin into larger molecules, which are perceived on the palate as soft wine soft er. The process of micro oxygenation aims to mimic the effects of slow barrel maturation ... more details
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