Lockwood publisher Hutchinson year 1972 isbn 0091110203 pages 74 80 DEFAULTSORT PCeltic And Q Celtic Category Celtic languages de P keltische Sprachen gv Celtiagh P as Q nl P Keltisch ja P pt Hip tese celta P ru Q P uk P Q ...ref improve date December 2011 There are two main competing schemata of categorisation of Celtic languages . The older PCeltic Q Celtichypothesis links Gaulish with Brythonic as PCeltic and links Goidelic with Celtiberian language Celtiberian as Q Celtic. The difference between P and Q languages is the treatment of Proto Celtic language Proto Celtic k sup w sup , which became p in the PCeltic languages but k in Goidelic. For example the word for head is pen in Brythonic languages but ceann in Goidelic the word for son is mab earlier map in Brythonic but mac in Goidelic maqq on the Primitive Irish Ogham inscriptions. The other scheme, defended for example by McCone 1996 , links Goidelic and Brythonic together as an Insular Celtic languages Insular Celtic branch, as opposed to Continental Celtic languages including Gaulish language Gaulish and Celtiberian language Celtiberian . PCeltic incorporates the following Gallic Gaulish language Gaulish Lepontic language Lepontic Noric language Noric Galatian language Galatian Pritennic Pictish language Pictish Brythonic languages Brythonic British language Celtic British West Brythonic Old Welsh language Old Welsh Middle Welsh language Middle Welsh Welsh language Welsh Cumbric language Cumbric Southwestern Brythonic language Southwestern Brythonic Old Breton Middle Breton Breton language Breton Old Cornish Middle Cornish Cornish language Cornish Q Celtic incorporates the following Goidelic languages Goidelic Primitive Irish language Primitive Irish Old Irish language Old Irish Middle Irish language Middle Irish Irish language Irish ... Celtiberian Gallaecian language Northwestern Hispano Celtic References cite book title A panorama ... more details
Wiktionary Celtic The words Celt and Celtic also Keltic can refer to Ethno linguistics Celts , a people of the Celtic nations Celts modern , the modern Celtic identity Celtic languages Celtic nations , the modern territories in North West Europe where Celtic languages and cultural traits have survived Keltic Nordic , a category from Carleton S. Coon s racial typology Sports Celtic F.C. , a Scottish football club Boston Celtics , an American professional basketball team Belfast Celtic F.C. , a former Irish Northern Irish football club Bloemfontein Celtic F.C. , a South African football club Dewsbury Celtic , an English rugby League club Donegal Celtic F.C. , a Northern Irish football team Farsley Celtic A.F.C. , an English football club Lurgan Celtic F.C. , a Northern Irish football club Oban Celtic , a Scottish shinty club Stalybridge Celtic F.C. , an English football club Other uses Celt tool , a type of stone tool Celtic ship Celtic ship , a number of ships Celtic music Celtic mythology Celtic Christianity The Celts BBC documentary , a 1986 documentary series produced by the BBC on Celts The Celts album , a 1992 album by Irish musician Enya Celtic Frost a metal band from Z rich, Switzerland See also Celticism disambiguation Celtic culture disambiguation Names of the Celts disambiguation bn de Celtic Begriffskl rung es Celtic fr Celtic ms Celt nyahkekaburan nl Celtic no Keltisk pl Celtic pt Celtic sco Celtic disambiguation simple Celtic ... more details
Subclass PB Modern languages. Celtic languages is a classification used by the Library of Congress classification system under Library of Congress Classification Class P Language and Literature Class P Language and Literature . This article describes subclass PB. Contents cellspacing 0 cellpadding 2 valign top rowspan 14 PB colspan 2 1 3029 colspan 4 Modern language s Celtic languages rowspan 13 colspan 2 1 431 colspan 3 General colspan 2 1001 3029 colspan 3 Celtic language s and Celtic literature literature rowspan 11 colspan 2 1101 1200 colspan 2 Goidelic languages Goidelic Gaelic colspan 2 1201 1449 colspan 2 Irish language Irish colspan 2 1501 1709 colspan 2 Gaelic Scots Gaelic language Scottish Gaelic , Erse colspan 2 1801 1867 colspan 2 Manx language Manx colspan 2 1950 colspan 2 Picts Pictish Language Pict colspan 2 2001 3029 colspan 2 Brittanic group rowspan 4 colspan 2 2101 2499 Welsh language Welsh Cymric colspan 2 2501 2621 Cornish language Cornish colspan 2 2801 2932 Breton language Breton Armorican colspan 2 3001 3029 Gaulish language Gaulish Sources http www.loc.gov catdir cpso lcco lcco.html Library of Congress Classification Outline Category Library of Congress Classification P PB ... more details
Celtic studies is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to a Celts Celtic people. This ranges from linguistics, literature and art history archaeology and history , the focus lying on the study of the various Celtic languages , living and extinct. ref name Wiley Wiley, Celtic studies, early history of the field 2006 . ref The primary areas of focus are the six Celtic languages currently in use Irish language Irish , Welsh language Welsh , Scottish ... , Poland , Austria and the Netherlands . Image Celtic Nations.svg right thumb 175px The Celtic nations where most Celtic speakers are now concentrated History 16th 19th century Written studies of the Celts ... . Modern Celtic studies originated in the 16th and 17th century, when many of these classical authors were re discovered, published and translated. ref name Wiley Academic interest in Celtic languages ... major breakthrough in Celtic linguistics came with the publication of Archaeologia Britannica 1707 by the Welsh scholar Edward Lhuyd , who was the first to recognise that Gaulish, British language Celtic ... , Greek, Latin and many other languages including the Celtic derived from a common ancestral language. This hypothesis, published in The Sanscrit Language 1786 , would later be hailed as the discovery ... . ref name Wiley The Celtic languages were definitively linked to the Indo European family over the course of the 19th century. Although Jones trailblazing hypothesis inspired numerous linguistic studies, of which Celtic languages were a part, it was not until Johann Kaspar Zeuss s monumental Grammatica ... Wiley Composed in Latin , the work draws on the earliest Old Irish , Middle Welsh and other Celtic primary source s to construct a comparative grammar, which was the first to lay out a steady basis for Celtic ... verb. Celtic studies in the German speaking world and the Netherlands German Celtic studies Keltologie ..., he was appointed as a professor of linguistics in Munich . Until the middle of the 19th century, Celtic ... more details
For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science The practice of science involves formulating and testing hypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are Falsifiability capable of being proven false using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ref ... cite web url http statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary ... R. A. Fisher, The Design of Experiments ii. 19, We may speak of this hypothesis as the null hypothesis , and it should be noted that the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation. ref It is typically paired with a second hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis , which asserts a particular relationship between the phenomena. Jerzy Neyman ... negation of the null hypothesis it predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis ... standard. It is important to understand that the null hypothesis can never be proven . A set of data can only reject a null hypothesis or fail to reject it . For example, if comparison of two groups ... to reject the null hypothesis in other words, the experiment fails to reject the null hypothesis . ref cite web url http stattrek.com Lesson5 HypothesisTesting.aspx title Can We Accept the Null Hypothesis? publisher StatTrek.com accessdate 2011 05 27 ref Principle Hypothesis testing works by Sampling ... hypothesis is true. If the data set is very unlikely, defined as belonging to a set of data that only ... rejects the null hypothesis concluding it probably is false. If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis, then only a weak conclusion can be made namely that the observed data set provides no strong evidence against the null hypothesis. As the null hypothesis could be true or false, in this case ... more details
Celtic language contact. the assimilation of p to a following k . ref Andrew L. Sihler, New Comparative ... ethnonym Querni PIE pek cook Latin coquere Welsh poeth hot Welsh p presupposes Proto Celtic k PIE ... P. Lehmann, http www.reference global.com doi abs 10.1515 zcph.1997.49 50.1.440 Early Celtic among ...Hypothetical Indo European subfamilies In historical linguistics, Italo Celtic is a grouping of the Italic languages Italic and Celtic languages Celtic branches of the Indo European language family on the basis ... is that the shared features may usefully be thought of as Italo Celtic forms . Interpretations The traditional ... Celtic which can be partly reconstructed by the comparative method. Those scholars who believe Proto Italo Celtic was an identifiable historical language usually estimate that it was spoken in the third or second millennium BC somewhere in south central Europe. This hypothesis fell out of favour after being reexamined by Calvert Watkins in 1966. ref Calvert Watkins Watkins, Calvert , Italo Celtic ... More Evidence for Italo Celtic , in riu 32 1981 1 22. ref In 2002 a paper by Ringe, Warnow, & Taylor ..., argued in favour of an Italo Celtic subgroup, ref cite journal quotes last Ringe first Donald ... of a Proto Italo Celtic. ref Kortlandt, Frederik H .H., Italo Celtic Origins and Prehistoric ... of Proto Celtic and Proto Italic over a longer period could have encouraged the parallel development ... in Italic and Celtic is attributable to early contact, rather than to an original unity. The assumed ... Celtic also share some archaic features with the Hittite language Anatolian languages and the Tocharian languages . ref Nils M. Holmer, http www.jstor.org pss 30007857 A Celtic Hittite Correspondence , in riu 21 1969 23 24. ref Forms The principal Italo Celtic forms are the thematic Genitive in i dominus , domin i . Both in Italic Popliosio Valesiosio , Lapis Satricanus and in Celtic ... inflection and the Luwian i mutation. the subjunctive. Both Italic and Celtic have a subjunctive descended ... more details
languages Continental Celtic . According to this theory, the PCeltic sound change of IPA k to IPA p occurred independently or areal feature areally . The proponents of the Insular Celtichypothesis ... Celtic. There are legitimate scholarly arguments in favour of both the Insular Celtichypothesis and the PCeltic Q Celtichypothesis. Proponents of each schema dispute the accuracy and usefulness ... of the 1980s, the PCeltic Q Celtichypothesis found new supporters Lambert 1994 , because ... the PCeltic Q Celtic division unimportant and treats Gallo Brittonic as an outdated hypothesis. ref ... Scottish Gaelic col break PCeltic Q Celtichypothesis Proto Celtic language Proto Celtic or Common CelticPCeltic Brythonic languages Brythonic British language Celtic British Western Brythonic dialect ... languages. Other scholars such as Schmidt 1988 distinguish between PCeltic and Q Celtic , putting ... in the latter. The PCeltic languages also called Gallo Brittonic are sometimes seen for example .... In the P Q classification schema, the first language to split off from Proto Celtic was Gaelic. It has .... They support the Insular Celtichypothesis. The early Celts were commonly associated with the archaeological ... in a PCeltic node, originally leaving just Goidelic as Q Celtic . The difference between P and Q languages is the treatment of Proto Celtic language Proto Celtic k , which became p in the P ... is equivalent to Goidelic and PCeltic is equivalent to Brythonic . Within the Indo European languages ... Italo Celtic subfamily, a hypothesis that is now largely discarded, in favour of the assumption ... hypothesis Proto Celtic language Proto Celtic or Common Celtic Continental Celtic languages Continental ...Use dmy dates date February 2012 Infobox language family name Celtic region Formerly widespread in Europe ... Proto Celtic language Proto Celtic child1 Continental Celtic languages Continental Celtic child2 Insular Celtic languages Insular Celtic iso2 cel iso5 cel lingua 50 phylozone Indo European topics The Celtic ... more details
A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research ref Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine . http www.answers.com topic working hypothesis Eprint via Answers.com. ref in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails. ref name Century See in hypothesis , Century Dictionary Supplement , v. 1, 1909, New ... 616 mode 1up v. 11, p. 616 via Internet Archive of the Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia , 1911. quote hypothesis ... Working hypothesis , a hypothesis suggested or supported in some measure by features ..., with the hope that, even should the hypothesis thus be overthrown, such research may lead to a tenable theory. ref Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations ... 1 55938 888 9 ref History Use of the phrase working hypothesis goes back at least two centuries. ref ... 22 p. 118 in The Monthly Review or Literary Journal vol. XLVII, May August 1805, London Printed by Straban ... for year printed as M,DCCC,V . ref Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis ... point by the broader promise that the hypothesis holds for research. This idea of justifying a hypothesis as potentially fruitful at the level of research method , not merely as plausible at the level of logical conclusions , is essential for the idea of a working hypothesis, as later elaborated ... method, an explanatory hypothesis is judged and selected ref Peirce, C. S., Carnegie Application ... a scientific hypothesis. For it is not sufficient that a hypothesis should be a justifiable one. Any hypothesis which explains the facts is justified critically. But among justifiable hypotheses we ... Supplement definition of working hypothesis ref name Century reflects that perspective Peirce ... hypothesis in PEP UQ M s list of words in Peirce s charge http www.pep.uqam.ca listsofwords.pep?l H under H . Pragmatism was also in Peirce s charge see http www.pep.uqam.ca listsofwords.pep?l P under ... more details
onesource date January 2010 main Second language acquisition The noticing hypothesis was proposed by Richard Schmidt in 1990. He stated that features of language cannot be learned unless they have been noticed ref H.S. Venkatagiri, John M. Levis Phonological Awareness and Speech Comprehensibility An Exploratory Study Language Awareness. Vol. 16, Iss. 4, 2009 ref . Noticing alone does not mean it is automatically acquired, but it is the essential starting point. Still debated is the question whether a learner must consciously notice something. ref Lightbown, P. M. and Spada, N. 2006 . Explaining second language learning. How Languages are Learned p. 29 50, p. 44f. ref This hypothesis is part of Cognitivism psychology cognitivist perspective of second language acquisition . See also Language acquisition Second language acquisition References reflist SLA topics Category Learning ... more details
Infobox Music genre See Wikipedia WikiProject Music genres name Celtic punk bgcolor crimson color white stylistic origins Punk rock , electric folk , folk punk , Celtic music , Celtic rock cultural origins ... , Los Angeles local scenes other topics Celtic fusion , folk punk Celtic punk is punk rock mixed with traditional Celtic music . The genre was founded in the 1980s by The Pogues , a band of punk musicians in London who celebrated their Irish heritage. Celtic punk bands often play covers of traditional Irish folk and political songs, as well as original compositions. ref name Buckley2003 P. Buckley, The Rough Guide to Rock London Rough Guides, 2003 , p. 798. ref Although the plight of the Irish ... themes in Celtic punk songs include Ireland , Scotland , Irish Republicanism , Scottish Independence ... class pride. Characteristics The typical Celtic punk band includes a Rock music rock Musical instrument ... , accordion , mandolin , and banjo . Like Celtic rock , Celtic punk is a form of Celtic fusion . ref ... Press, 2005 , pp. 197 8. ref The term Celtic punk is usually used to describe bands who base ... as inspiration. History Celtic punk s origin is in the 1960s and 1970s folk rock musicians who played electric folk in England and Celtic rock in Ireland and Scotland , as well as in more traditional Celtic Folk music folk bands such as The Dubliners and The Clancy Brothers . The Dunfermline , Scotland ... ref Other early Celtic punk bands included Nyah Fearties and Australia s Roaring Jack . North American Celtic punk bands have been influenced by American forms of music, some have contained members with no Celtic ancestry, and commonly sang in English. ref J. Herman, British Folk Rock Celtic Rock , The Journal of American Folklore, 107, 425 , 1994 pp. 54 8. ref Notes reflist See also Celtic fusion Celtic rock Folk punk Gypsy punk List of folk rock artists Celtic punk Scottish Gaelic punk Punk rock External links http www.punk.ie Irish Punk http www.shitenonions.com Shite n Onions Celtic music ... more details
no footnotes date December 2011 The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William F. Martin and Mikl s M ller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion arose as an endosymbiont within a prokaryote an archaea , giving rise to a symbiosis symbiotic association of two cells from which the first Eukaryote eukaryotic cell could have arisen. According to the hydrogen hypothesis The host that acquired the mitochondrion was a prokaryote, a hydrogen dependent archaea, possibly similar in physiology to a modern methanogenic archaea which uses hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methane The future mitochondrion was a Facultative anaerobic facultatively anaerobic Eubacteria eubacterium which produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide as byproducts of anaerobic respiration A symbiotic relationship between the two started, based on the host s hydrogen dependence anaerobic syntrophy . The hypothesis differs from many alternative views within the endosymbiotic theory framework, which suggest that the first eukaryotic Cell biology cells evolved a nucleus but lacked mitochondria, the latter arising as a eukaryote engulfed a primitive bacterium that eventually became the mitochondrion. The hypothesis attaches evolution evolutionary significance to hydrogenosome s and provides a rationale for their common ancestry with mitochondria. Hydrogenosomes are anaerobic mitochondria that produce adenosine triphosphate ATP by, as a rule, converting pyruvate into hydrogen, carbon dioxide ... the common ancestry of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes. The hypothesis provides a straightforward ... that some eukaryotes never possessed mitochondria. The hydrogen hypothesis predicts that no primitively ... hypothesis, this specific prediction has been tested many times and found to be in agreement ... div class references small references cite journal author L pez Gar ia P and Moreira D title Metabolic ... title The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote journal Nature year 1998 volume 392 pages 37 ... more details
The synaptotropic hypothesis is a neurobiology neurobiological hypothesis of neuron al growth and synapse formation. The hypothesis was first formulated by J.E. Vaughn in 1988, ref name pmid2458630 cite ... James E. last2 Barber first2 Robert P. last3 Sims first3 Terry J. journal Synapse volume 2 pages ... by glutamatergic synaptic input A review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis year 2008 last1 ... 1509 17 pmid 18202093 pmc 2375708 ref The synaptotropic hypothesis proposes that input from a presynaptic ..., the hypothesis predicts that growth will be directed into regions containing more presynaptic ... of synaptic transmission. ref name Cline Implications of the Hypothesis Branching Patterns in Spinal Cords support of hypothesis As described previously, the pattern of dendritic branching depends on the initial contact of filopodia with afferent axons. The hypothesis predicts that regions ... used the developing mouse spinal cord to test this hypothesis. A computer assisted three dimensional ... is consistent with predictions of the synaptotropic hypothesis of dendritic branching. ref name pmid2458630 ... function. The synaptotropic hypothesis implies that function drives form, since the appropriateness ... give evidence to either dissent with or support the synaptotropic hypothesis. Applications Imaging ... tenet of the synaptotropic hypothesis. Modifications of the Hypothesis Some interpret the synaptotropic hypothesis as saying that manipulations that increase synapse formation and maturation promote formation ... underlying synaptogeneis. A resulting modified version of the hypothesis has emerged in which ... This is a different way of viewing the synaptotropic hypothesis that still takes into account ... hypothesis would predict that cell adhesion molecules that are important in synapse formation would ... Evidence Evidence against the synaptotropic hypothesis comes from experiments with munc 18 knock out ..., such as Holly Cline, deny that the munc 18 knock out mice disprove the synaptotropic hypothesis ... more details
Cite book first P. J. last Cohen title Set Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis publisher W. A. Benjamin ...About the hypothesis in set theory the assumption in fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics In mathematics , the continuum hypothesis abbreviated CH is a hypothesis , advanced by Georg Cantor in 1878, about the possible ... of the continuum hypothesis is the first of Hilbert s problems Hilbert s 23 problems presented ... in 1963 showed that the hypothesis can neither be disproved nor be Mathematical proof proved using ... ZF set theory is consistency consistent . The name of the hypothesis comes from the term continuum ... form a counterexample to the continuum hypothesis the integers form a proper subset of the rationals ... is less than that of the real numbers. Cantor proposed the continuum hypothesis as a possible solution to this question. The hypothesis states that the set of real numbers has minimal possible cardinality ... of the real numbers is math 2 aleph 0 math , the continuum hypothesis says that there is no set ... hypothesis is in turn equivalent to the equality math 2 aleph 0 aleph 1. , math There is also a generalization of the continuum hypothesis called the generalized continuum hypothesis GCH ... . math A consequence of the hypothesis is that every infinite subset of the real numbers either has ... of proof and disproof in ZFC Cantor believed the continuum hypothesis to be true and tried for many ... G del showed in 1940 earlier, deleted paragraph said 1939 which is right? that the continuum hypothesis ... this assumption is widely believed to be true. The continuum hypothesis was not the first ... numbering scheme expressing the consistency of ZFC that is independent of ZFC. The continuum hypothesis ... forcing in the 1960s. The continuum hypothesis is closely related to many statements in mathematical .... G del and Cohen s negative results are not universally accepted as disposing of the hypothesis, and Hilbert ... CH Maddy 1988, p. 500 . Another viewpoint is that the conception of set is not specific enough ... more details
The Fowkes hypothesis after F. M. Fowkes is a first order approximation for surface energy. It states the surface energy is the sum of each component s forces sup d sup sup p sup sup i sup ... where sup d sup is the dispersion component, sup p sup is the polar, sup i sup is the dipole and so on. The Fowkes hypothesis goes further making the approximation that the interface between an apolar liquid and apolar solid where there are only dispersive interactions acting across the interface can be estimated using the geometric mean of the contributions from each surface i.e. sub SL sub sub S sub sub L sub 2 sub S sub sup p sup x sub L sub sup p sup sup 1 2 sup References Refbegin A. V. Pocius, Adhesion and adhesives an introduction, 2002 ISBN 1 56990 319 0 Related articles Sessile drop technique Sessile drop technique The Fowkes Theory The Fowkes Theory Category Hypotheses ... more details
The evolution of increased competitive ability EICA hypothesis was first proposed by Bernd Blossey and Rolf ... counterparts, according to the hypothesis. ref http www.esf.edu efb parry Blossey Notzold 1995.pdf ref Blossey and N tzold tested their hypothesis on Lythrum salicaria purple loosetrife by potting ... for two years. True to the predictions of the EICA Hypothesis, the plants derived from Ithaca produced significantly more biomass that the plants derived from Lucelle with a p value 0.001 . The Lythrum ... the success of invasive non indigenous organisms that preceded it, such as the enemy release hypothesis ... generated title ref and Darwin s Habituation Hypothesis, ref Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species. Pg. 114 116. Harvard University Press eighteenth printing, 2003 ref the EICA hypothesis postulate ... that it is considered invasive. As suggested by the name of the hypothesis Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability , the hypothesis predicts that much of the invasive potential ... words, the EICA hypothesis presents us Who date April 2012 with a new environmental safety concern ... a hypothesis has been met with varying degrees of enthusiasm. The paper has been cited in over 368 articles in scientific journals , including review articles , tests of the hypothesis using different model species , and expansions and reformulations of the hypothesis. Among the model species on which the hypothesis has been evaluated most recently in its original form are Solidago gigantea giant ... Hypothesis, according to the researches conducting the study. In its study, the success and behavior of Solidago gigantea was only partially explained by the EICA hypothesis, according to its researchers. Lepidium draba did not seem to follow any of the postulates of the EICA Hypothesis, as the researchers of the study understood them. Through most of the studies done on the EICA Hypothesis see examples ..., that the EICA Hypothesis is too narrow in scope, and should be reworded to place an emphasis on an invasive ... more details
Prout s hypothesis was an early 19th century attempt to explain the existence of the various chemical element s through a hypothesis regarding the internal structure of the atom . In 1815 ref William Prout 1815 . On the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms. Annals of Philosophy , 6 321&ndash 330. http web.lemoyne.edu giunta PROUT.HTML Online reprint ref and 1816, ref William Prout 1816 . Correction of a mistake in the essay on the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms. Annals of Philosophy , 7 111&ndash 13. http web.lemoyne.edu giunta PROUT.HTML prout2 Online reprint ref the England English chemist William Prout published two papers in which he observed that the atomic ... first Leon title The God Particle year 1993 ref Prout s hypothesis was an influence on Ernest ... he named proton s. The discrepancy between Prout s hypothesis and the known variation of some atomic ... by the discovery of isotope s and the neutron . Prout s hypothesis was then found to be correct for atomic mass es of individual isotopes, to an accuracy not less than 99 . Influence Prout s hypothesis ... Turner in 1832, disproved the hypothesis. In particular the atomic weight of chlorine , which is 35.45 times that of hydrogen , could not at the time be explained in terms of Prout s hypothesis. Some ... surfaced. This resulted in the hypothesis that one quarter of a hydrogen atom was the common ... mass of a nucleus of proton number P and neutron number N is equal to sum of the masses ... defect . This is roughly, but not exactly, its mass number M P N times an atomic ... Viktor Shtrum, reflects on Prout s hypothesis about hydrogen being the origin of other elements ... cite journal author Benfey, O. Theodore title Prout s Hypothesis journal Journal of Chemical Education ..., Robert title The Chemical Basis for Prout s Hypothesis journal Journal of Chemical Education year ... more details
The biophilia hypothesis suggests that there is an instinct ive bond between human being s and other living system s. E. O. Wilson Edward O. Wilson introduced and popularized the hypothesis in his book, Biophilia 1984 . ref cite book last Wilson first Edward O. title Biophilia year 1984 publisher Harvard University Press location Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge isbn 0 674 07442 4 ref He defines biophilia as the urge to affiliate with other forms of life . ref Kellert & Wilson 1995, p. 416. ref Love of living systems The term biophilia literally means love of life or living systems. It was first used by Erich Fromm to describe a Erich Fromm psychological orientation of being attracted to all that is alive and vital. ref cite book last Fromm first Erich title The Heart of Man year 1964 publisher Harper & Row ref Wilson uses the term in the same sense when he suggests that biophilia describes the connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life. He proposed the possibility that the deep affiliations humans have with nature are rooted in our biology. Unlike phobia s, which are the aversions and fears that people have of things in the natural world, philia s are the attractions and positive feelings that people have toward certain habitats, activities, and objects ... mammal face are far more appealing than those of the mature adults. The biophilia hypothesis suggests ... helps increase the survival rates of all mammals. Similarly, the hypothesis helps explain why ordinary ... life. Development The hypothesis has since been developed as part of theories of evolutionary psychology in the book The Biophilia Hypothesis edited by Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson ref cite book last Kellert first Stephen R. ed. title The Biophilia Hypothesis publisher Island Press year ... O. Wilson s Biophilia Hypothesis wilderdom.com http www.canada.com vancouversun news westcoasthomes ... Biophilia Hypothesis Category Conservation Category Environmental psychology Category Evolutionary ... more details
The CLAW hypothesis proposes a feedback feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystem s and the Earth s climate . ref name CLAW87 cite journal doi 10.1038 326655a0 author Charlson, R. J., James Lovelock Lovelock, J. E. , Andreae, M. O. and Warren, S. G. title Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate journal Nature volume 326 issue 6114 pages 655 661 year 1987 url http www.nature.com nature journal v326 n6114 abs 326655a0.html bibcode 1987Natur.326..655C ref The hypothesis ... feedback loop that acts to stabilise the temperature of the Earth s atmosphere . The CLAW hypothesis ... pubs crossref 1995 94JD02828.shtml bibcode 1995JGR...10011335A ref The CLAW hypothesis Image CLAW hypothesis graphic 1 AYool.png thumb 200px right Schematic diagram of the CLAW hypothesis Charlson et al. , 1987 ref name CLAW87 The hypothesis describes a feedback loop that begins with an increase ... counteracted and damping damped by the loop. As such, the CLAW hypothesis posits an example of planet planetary scale homeostasis or complex adaptive system , consistent with the Gaia hypothesis framed by one of the original authors of the CLAW hypothesis, James Lovelock. ref cite book ... publisher Oxford University Press isbn 0 19 286218 9 ref Some subsequent studies of the CLAW hypothesis ... content klu clim 1998 00000039 00000001 00164320 ref The Anti CLAW hypothesis Image CLAW hypothesis graphic 2 AYool.png thumb 200px right Schematic diagram of the anti CLAW hypothesis ... of providing negative feedback in the climate system, the components of the CLAW hypothesis ... of DMS. In a reverse of the CLAW hypothesis, this decline in DMS production will lead to a decrease ... to the right shows a summarising schematic diagram. Evidence for the anti CLAW hypothesis is constrained by similar uncertainties as those of the sulfur cycle feedback loop of the CLAW hypothesis. However .... ref name cox00 cite journal author Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spall, S. A. and Totterdell ... more details
main Statistical hypothesis testing In statistical hypothesis testing , the alternative hypothesis or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis testing statistical hypothesis test . An example might be where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years and a test is made of the null hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. In the case of a scalar parameter, there are four principal types of alternative hypothesis a point alternative hypothesis, a one tailed directional alternative hypothesis, a two tailed directional alternative hypothesis, and an non directional alternative hypothesis. Point alternative hypotheses occur when the hypothesis test is framed so that the population distribution under the alternative hypothesis is a fully defined distribution, with no unknown parameters such hypotheses are usually of no practical ... of the Neyman Pearson lemma . A one tailed directional alternative hypothesis is concerned with the region ... hypothesis is concerned with both regions of rejection of the sampling distribution. A non directional alternative hypothesis is not concerned with either region of rejection, but, rather, it is only concerned that null hypothesis is not true. The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing ... a major component in modern statistical hypothesis testing . However it was not part of Ronald Fisher Ronald Fisher s formulation of statistical hypothesis testing, and he violently opposed its ... whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed ... statistical hypothesis testing accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis can be just the negation of the null hypothesis. References reflist Statistics Category Hypothesis ... more details
Bold hypothesis or bold conjecture is a concept in the philosophy of science of Karl Popper , first explained in his debut The Logic of Scientific Discovery 1935 and subsequently elaborated in writings such as Conjectures and Refutations The Growth of Scientific Knowledge 1963 . The concept is nowadays widely used in the philosophy of science and in the philosophy of knowledge . Brief explanation Popper s argument is that the growth of scientific knowledge progresses by means of formulating bold hypotheses, and trying to refute falsify them. Popper believed that Quotation Bold ideas, unjustified anticipations, and speculative thought, are our only means for interpreting nature our only organon, our only instrument, for grasping her. ref Karl Popper , The Logic of Scientific Discovery . London Routledge, 1992, p. 280. ref He makes this point more specific in a 1953 lecture, where he argues that, if we aim to explain the world, then Quotation ... there is no more rational procedure than the method ... 20 20Science 20 20Conjectures 20and 20Refutations.pdf ref A bold hypothesis is a new scientific ... being theorized about. The boldness of a hypothesis depends mainly on its degree of applicability ... the extent to which the hypothesis is a genuinely new departure from the received scientific ideas . whether it enables new and novel predictions. Once a bold hypothesis has been mooted, Popper argues, scientists try to investigate and test how well the bold hypothesis can stand up to the known evidence, with the aim of finding counter arguments which would refute or falsify the bold hypothesis ... hypothesis is somewhat vague, because exactly how bold is bold ? Some new ideas, although they are rather .... The boldness could refer to the content of the hypothesis considered relative to other possible hypotheses , or to the manner or context in which the hypothesis is presented , or to the attitude ... Criticisms of anti scientific viewpoints Experiment Falsifiability Hypothesis Outline of scientific ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 The variability hypothesis originated in the early nineteenth century with Johann Meckel , who argued that males have a greater range of ability than females, especially in intelligence. In other words, he believed that most geniuses and most mentally retarded people are men. Because he considered males to be the superior animal, Meckel concluded that females lack of variation ... 151. ref Early acceptance Later that century the character of the variability hypothesis was altered ... for the evolutionary process. Following Darwin, the variability hypothesis was instead put forward ... twentieth century, the variability hypothesis flourished in sociological, psychological, medical and educational literature. The hypothesis received support not from empirical evidence, but rather from armchair dogma about innate female inferiority. Among the proponents of the variability hypothesis ... hypothesis was that since women were not expected to exhibit above average intelligence ... The only significant critic of the variability hypothesis was Karl Pearson , a British psychologist ... published scientific investigation of the variability hypothesis prior to the work of American ... Defectives allowed her the opportunity to refute the variability hypothesis. By examining the case records ... ref name B&S1990 ref name Shields1991 Hollingworth also attacked the variability hypothesis theoretically, criticizing the underlying logic of the hypothesis. ref name Ben1975 ref name Ben1990 ... hypothesis was flawed because 1 it had not been empirically established that men were more anatomically ... of the variability hypothesis, while avoiding intervening social and cultural factors, Hollingworth ... s graduate supervisor was E. L. Thorndike, himself a supporter of the variability hypothesis. ref ... on the type of problem, but some recent studies have found that the variability hypothesis is true for parts ... author Lynn, R., & Irwing, P. year 2004 title Sex differences on the Progressive Matrices A meta analysis ... more details
. ISBN 0 275 96103 6, p. 371 383. ref In 2002, Jensen stated that he had now tested Spearman s hypothesis ...Spearman s hypothesis states that the magnitude of the black white difference in tests of cognitive ability ... , or g . The hypothesis, first formalized by Arthur Jensen in the 1980s based on Charles Spearman ... of correlated vectors to study the hypothesis. This, and a similar relationship regarding ... criticisms have been advanced and the validity of the arguments remain unresolved. Spearman s hypothesis ... set out to formalize and test the hypothesis in the 1980s. He argued that the correlations between ... evidence for the validity of the hypothesis. He proposed strong and weak forms of the hypothesis ... the weak form of the hypothesis. However, Jensen has argued that the correlations would be substantially ... Closely related to Spearman s hypothesis is the relationship between how high heritability a test has ... has argued that if Spearman s hypothesis is proven correct, it would, at least partially, answer ..., he asserted, the overall probability that Spearman s hypothesis is false is less than one ..., the supposed confirmation of Spearman s hypothesis, and the similar relationship for heritability ... cite doi 10.1037 1076 8971.11.2.235 ref The Flynn effect One criticism of Spearman s hypothesis has ... by Spearman s hypothesis are likely only psychometric artefacts which also arise with measures ... schonem pdf 83.pdf Famous artefacts Spearman s hypothesis. Current Psychology of Cognition ..., G.H. 2001 . Viewing Spearman s hypothesis from the perspective of multigroup PCA A comment ... models are used the results are unclear. As such, we cannot accept Spearman s hypothesis as an empirically ... using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis have supported Spearman s hypothesis in the US ... g . ref name RJ2010 Criticism Spearman s hypothesis is not without its critics. Psychologists ... in intelligence, sometimes referred to as Spearman s hypothesis Jensen, 1998 , rests on an indirect ... more details
The Anatolian hypothesis proposes that the dispersal of Proto Indo Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia . The hypothesis suggests that the speakers of the Proto Indo European language PIE lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era, and associates the distribution of historical Indo European languages with the expansion during the Neolithic revolution during the 7th millennium BC seventh and 6th millennium BC sixth millennia BC. The alternative and more academically favored view is the Kurgan hypothesis . The main proponent of the Anatolian hypothesis was Colin Renfrew , who in 1987 suggested a peaceful Indo Europeanization of Europe from Anatolia from around 7000 BC with the advance of farming by demic diffusion wave of advance . Accordingly, most of the inhabitants of Neolithic Europe would have spoken Indo European languages, and later migrations would at best have replaced these Indo European varieties with other Indo European varieties. ref C. Renfrew, Archaeology and Language The Puzzle of Indo European Origins , London Pimlico 1987 ref The main strength of the farming hypothesis lies in its linking of the spread of Indo European languages with an archaeologically known event the spread of farming that is often assumed as involving significant population shifts. Criticism An argument against the Anatolian hypothesis is that PIE contains words for technologies that make ... the ancestor of Italic, Celtic, and Germanic , located in the Danube valley, Balkan Proto Indo European ... branches. They dated PIE to a period which would fit Renfrew s hypothesis. ref Russell D. Gray and Quentin ... , Linguistica online November 2005 ref References Reflist See also Armenian hypothesis Indo Hittite Neolithic revolution Neolithic Europe Kurgan hypothesis Use dmy dates date April 2011 DEFAULTSORT Anatolian Hypothesis Category Indo European bg de Anatolien Hypothese eu Anatoliako ... simple Anatolian hypothesis ... more details
that, assuming the Riemann hypothesis, every gap is O p log p . This is a case when even ... space is dense in L sup p sup 0,1 harvtxt Salem 1953 showed that the Riemann hypothesis is true ... L function p adic L functions harv Wiles 2000 . Attempts to prove the Riemann hypothesis Several ... and 25.011. Millennium Problems In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis , proposed by harvs txt first ..., such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields . The Riemann hypothesis implies ... problem in pure mathematics harv Bombieri 2000 . The Riemann hypothesis is part of Hilbert s eighth ... i.e. at s 2, 4, 6, ... . These are called the trivial zeros . The Riemann hypothesis ... books on the Riemann hypothesis, such as harvtxt Derbyshire 2003 , harvtxt Rockmore 2005 ... product math zeta s prod p text prime frac 1 1 p s frac 1 1 2 s cdot frac 1 1 3 s cdot frac 1 1 5 s cdot frac 1 1 7 s cdots frac 1 1 p s cdots math where the infinite product extends over all prime numbers p , and again converges for complex s with real part greater than 1. The convergence of the Euler ... hypothesis discusses zeros outside the region of convergence of this series, so it needs ... of my investigation. source Riemann s statement of the Riemann hypothesis, from harv Riemann ... where a prime power p sup n sup counts as 1 n of a prime. The number of primes can be recovered ... 1 2 and suggested that they all do this is the Riemann hypothesis. Consequences of the Riemann hypothesis The practical uses of the Riemann hypothesis include many propositions which are known to be true under the Riemann hypothesis, and some which can be shown to be equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis ... proved that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the best possible bound for the error of the prime ... hypothesis is equivalent to math pi x operatorname Li x frac 1 8 pi sqrt x , log x , qquad text for all x ge 2657. math Growth of arithmetic functions The Riemann hypothesis implies strong ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
