Houghton Mifflin Company location Boston year 2004 isbn 0 618 00583 8 ref Not Paraphyly Amphibious ... of whom were quadrupedal. Linguistics Main Tree model The concept of paraphyly has also been applied ..., K. E. year 2003 title Species level paraphyly and polyphyly Frequency, cause and consequences ... simple Paraphyly sl Parafilija sv Parafyli uk vi C n ng nh wa Parafiletike zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Anasca was a bryozoa n sub order under class Cheilostomida defined by the lack of an ascus bryozoa ascus in each zooid . It is no longer an accepted Scientific classification taxonomic grouping as it is considered a polyphyly polyphyletic and or paraphyly paraphyletic grouping. The group is now subdivided into the suborders Inovicellata , Scrupariina , Malacostega , and Flustrina . Category Bryozoans bryozoan stub fr Anasca ... more details
taxobox name Merostomoidea fossil range fossil range Cambrian regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Chelicerata ? classis Merostomoidea classis authority St rmer, 1944 subdivision ranks Order biology Order s subdivision Limulavida Emeraldellida Merostomoidea is a paraphyly paraphyletic group of fossil arthropods. They have been described as a transitional form between trilobita trilobites and true chelicerata chelicerates . Sources http www.palaeos.com Invertebrates Arthropods Arachnomorpha.html Merostomoidea paleo arthropod stub Category Prehistoric arthropods ru ... more details
Taxobox regnum Chromalveolata phylum Heterokont ophyta classis Opalinea ordo Slopalinida familia Proteromonadidae familia authority subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Proteromonas Karotomorpha Proteromonadidae is a paraphyly paraphyletic family biology family of heterokont s, ref cite journal author Martin Kostka, Ivan Cepicka, Vladimir Hampl & Jaroslav Flegr year 2007 title Phylogenetic position of Karotomorpha and paraphyly of Proteromonadidae journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution pmid 17187998 volume 43 issue 3 pages 1167 1170 doi 10.1016 j.ympev.2006.11.002 url http web.natur.cuni.cz flegr pdf karotom.pdf format Portable Document Format PDF ref that resemble Opalinidae . ref name pmid15931497 cite journal author Nishi A, Ishida K, Endoh H title Reevaluation of the evolutionary position of opalinids based on 18S rDNA, and alpha and beta tubulin gene phylogenies journal Journal of Molecular Evolution volume 60 issue 6 pages 695 705 year 2005 month June pmid 15931497 doi 10.1007 s00239 004 0149 x ref References reflist 2 Chromalveolata Category Heterokonts Chromalveolate stub ... more details
Taxobox name Hartmannellidae domain Eukaryota phylum Amoebozoa classis Tubulinea ordo Tubulinida familia Hartmannellidae familia authority Volkonsky 1931 small subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Glaeseria br Hartmannella br Nolandella br Saccamoeba The Hartmannellidae are a family of amoebozoa , ref name urlwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Tree&id 5776 title www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov format work accessdate 2009 05 02 ref usually found in soils. When active they tend to be roughly cylindrical in shape, with a single leading pseudopod and no subpseudopodia. This form somewhat resembles a slug and as such they are also called limax amoebae . Trees based on rRNA show the Hartmannellidae as usually defined are paraphyly paraphyletic to the Amoebidae , which may adopt similar forms. References reflist Category Amoebozoa protist stub Amoebozoa es Hartmannellidae nl Hartmannellidae ... more details
taxobox name Coula image Coula edulis 1906.jpg regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Core eudicots ordo Santalales familia Olacaceae genus Coula genus authority Henri Ernest Baillon Baill. subdivision ranks Species Coula is a genus of one to three species of tree s native to tropical Africa . Currently placed in the family Olacaceae , recent genetic evidence suggests this family is paraphyly paraphyletic , and that Coula and related genera should be transferred to a new family Strombosiaceae. Selected species Coula cabrae Wildem. & Th. Dur. syn. C. edulis var. cabrae Coula edulis Baill. References http www.parasiticplants.siu.edu Olacaceae Parasitic Plants Connection Olacaceae Category Olacaceae tree stub Santalales stub fr Coula pt Coula ... more details
For the fern Due to recent phylogenetic studies, ref Metzgar, Jordan S., Judith E. Skog, Elizabeth A. Zimmer, and Kathleen M. Pryer 2008 . The Paraphyly of Osmunda is Confirmed by Phylogenetic Analyses of Seven Plastid Loci. Systematic Botany http www.pryerlab.net publication fichier1090.pdf ref Royal fern may refer to either Osmunda regalis Old World Royal fern , or Osmunda spectabilis American Royal fern . br For the golf course Royal Fern Park , a golf course under development in Llangyfelach , Swansea . ref http www.swansea.gov.uk media pdf 8 t position statement 4 royal fern project appendices1.pdf ref References reflist disambig ... more details
Taxobox name Scincinae status trend image image width regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Reptilia ordo Squamata familia Scincidae subfamilia genus species binomial binomial authority Greer, 1970 Scincinae are a subfamily of six genus genera of skink s. The systematics is at times controversial. The group is probably paraphyly paraphyletic . Genera Chalcides Eumeces Ophiomorus Scincopus Scincus Sphenops External links http zipcodezoo.com Key Scincinae Subfamily.asp http www.jstage.jst.go.jp article ggs 78 1 78 71 article char en http www.jcvi.org reptiles families scincidae.php skink stub Category Lizards Category Skinks ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Osmunda javanica image image caption regnum Plant ae divisio Pteridophyta classis Polypodiopsida Pteridopsida disputed ordo Osmundales familia Osmundaceae genus Osmunda sectio Plenasium species O. javanica binomial Osmunda javanica binomial authority Blume Osmunda javanica is a fern in the genus Osmunda , section Plenasium . ref name metzgar2008 Metzgar, Jordan S., Judith E. Skog, Elizabeth A. Zimmer, and Kathleen M. Pryer 2008 . The Paraphyly of Osmunda is Confirmed by Phylogenetic Analyses of Seven Plastid Loci. Systematic Botany http www.pryerlab.net publication fichier1090.pdf ref References references Category Osmundaceae Category Fern species Category Flora of Indonesia Category Java fern stub ... more details
original significance. See also Phylogeny Monophyly and clade Paraphyly References RefTudgeVariety ... NewPages papers FunkOmlandARev.pdf Species level paraphyly and polyphyly Frequncy, cause and consequences ... more details
Taxobox name Pliomys fossil range regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Rodent ia familia Cricetidae subfamilia Arvicolinae tribus Pliomyini genus Pliomys genus authority M hely, 1914 subdivision ranks Species subdivision see text Pliomys is an extinct genus of forest voles , subfamily Arvicolinae , tribe Pliomyini Musser and Carleton, 2005 . One member is the extinct species Pliomys episcopalis . The genus was described by M hely in 1914, and is paraphyly paraphyletic with respect to Dinaromys ref cite web title Mikko s Phylogeny Archive url http www.fmnh.helsinki.fi users haaramo Metazoa Deuterostoma Chordata Synapsida Eutheria Rodentia Myomorpha Clethrionomyini.htm accessdate 2007 09 02 ref . References references Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894 1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Category Voles and lemmings Category Prehistoric rodents Arvicolinae stub paleo rodent stub ... more details
Taxobox name Coscinodiscineae image Actinocyclus normannii.jpeg image width 200px image caption Actinocyclus normanii , a diatom from the family Hemidiscaceae domain Eukaryote Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata phylum Heterokont ophyta classis Diatom Bacillariophyceae ordo Centrales subordo Coscinodiscineae subdivision ranks Families subdivision Thalassiossiraceae Melosiraceae Leptocylindraceae Coscinodiscaceae Stellarimaceae Hemidiscaceae Asterolampraceae Heliopeltaceae Coscinodiscophycidae or Coscinodiscineae is a grouping of Coscinodiscophyceae , previously known as Centrales , a Paraphyly paraphyletic order of centric diatom s, a major group of algae and one of the most common members of the phytoplankton . ref name Tomas97 Tomas, C. R., Hasle G. R., Syvertsen, E. E., Steidinger, K. A., Tangen, K., Throndsen, J., Heimdal, B. R., 1997 . Identifying Marine Phytoplankton , Academic Press. ref Description Valve mollusc Valves generally have a marginal ring of process anatomy processes . And they usually have symmetry with no polarities. ref name Tomas97 See also Biddulphiineae References Reflist Heterokont Diatom stub Category Biological oceanography Category Diatoms Category Planktology ... more details
unreferenced date March 2010 A parahaplogroup is a term used in genetics to identify a Paraphyly paraphyletic haplogroup . They are normally described with the name of their parent haplogroup plus an asterisk for instance F , U2 , meaning that it includes all derivates from the parent haplogroup F or U2 in the examples except those mentioned elsewhere. Sometimes it is specified which other subclade s are excluded and then the parent name is followed by the sign x and the list of those excluded haplogroups, separated by commas. This is often stated between brackets. For example NxR means all derivates from Haplogroup N mtDNA haplogroup N except Haplogroup R mtDNA haplogroup R , or K xP,NO means all derivates from Haplogroup K Y DNA haplogroup K except those belonging to Haplogroup P Y DNA P and Haplogroup NO Y DNA NO . Category Population genetics genetics stub ... more details
Taxobox regnum Rhizaria phylum Cercozoa subphylum Endomyxa classis Proteomyxidea classis authority Ray Lankester Lankester , 1885 subdivision ranks Orders subdivision Reticulosida Aconchulinida Pseudosporida Proteomyxidea is a class biology class of Rhizaria . Although it is known to be paraphyly paraphyletic , further research is needed before its classification can be improved. ref name pmid18952499 cite journal author David Bass, Ema E. Y. Chao, Sergey Nikolaev, Akinori Yabuki, Ken ichiro Ishida, C dric Berney, Ursula Pakzad, Claudia Wylezich and Thomas Cavalier Smith title Phylogeny of novel naked filose and reticulose Cercozoa Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised journal Protist journal Protist volume 160 issue 1 pages 75 109 year 2009 month February pmid 18952499 doi 10.1016 j.protis.2008.07.002 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S1434 4610 08 00044 8 ref References reflist Rhizaria Category Rhizaria protist stub ... more details
Holomycota is a grouping that includes nucleariida and fungi . ref name pmid19939264 cite journal author Liu Y, Steenkamp ET, Brinkmann H, Forget L, Philippe H, Lang BF title Phylogenomic analyses predict sistergroup relationship of nucleariids and fungi and paraphyly of zygomycetes with significant support journal BMC Evol. Biol. volume 9 issue pages 272 year 2009 pmid 19939264 pmc 2789072 doi 10.1186 1471 2148 9 272 url http www.biomedcentral.com 1471 2148 9 272 ref Another name for this grouping is Nucletmycea . ref name pmid19692665 cite journal author Brown MW, Spiegel FW, Silberman JD title Phylogeny of the forgotten cellular slime mold, Fonticula alba, reveals a key evolutionary branch within Opisthokonta journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 26 issue 12 pages 2699 709 year 2009 month December pmid 19692665 doi 10.1093 molbev msp185 url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 19692665 ref References reflist Eukaryota classification Category Eukaryotes ko pt Holomycota ... more details
taxobox regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Cucurbitales familia Cucurbitaceae subfamilia Nhandiroboideae subfamilia authority Vincenz Franz Kosteletzky Kostel synonyms Zanonioideae The Nhandiroboideae are a paraphyly paraphyletic Basal phylogenetics basal group of genera in the Cucurbitaceae , or gourd family, of Angiosperm flowering plants . ref cite book author Gurcharan Singh title Plants Systematics An Integrated Approach publisher Science Publishers location Enfield, N.H year 2004 pages isbn 1 57808 351 6 oclc doi accessdate ref The Nhandiroboideae comprise all members of the Cucurbitaceae that do not belong to the Cucurbitoideae . ref name Judd2008 cite book author Donoghue, Michael J. Judd, Walter S. Campbell, Christopher Elizabeth A. Kellogg Stevens, Peter F. title Plant Systematics A Phylogenetic Approach publisher Sinauer Associates location Sunderland, Mass year 2008 pages isbn 0 87893 407 3 oclc doi accessdate ref References reflist Category Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitales stub ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Drosophila funebris regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Fly Diptera familia Drosophilidae genus Drosophila subgenus Drosophila Subgenus Drosophila species group funebris species group species D. funebris binomial Drosophila funebris binomial authority Johan Christian Fabricius Fabricius , 1787 ref ITIS id 146257 taxon Drosophila funebris ref synonyms Musca funebris small Fabricius, 1787 small Drosophila funebris is a species of Drosophilidae fruit fly . It was alpha taxonomy originally described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787, and placed in the genus Musca genus Musca but is now the type species of the Paraphyly paraphyletic genus Drosophila . ref cite journal author ICZN year 2010 title OPINION 2245 Case 3407 Drosophila Fall n, 1823 Insecta, Diptera Drosophila funebris Fabricius, 1787 is maintained as the type species journal Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature volume 67 issue 1 pages 106 115 url http www.iczn.org sites iczn.org files BZN 67 281 29 Opinion 2245onCase3407.pdf format Portable Document Format PDF authorlink International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Drosophila Funebris Category Drosophilidae Category Animals described in 1787 Fly stub vi Drosophila funebris ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Allonautilus image Allonautilus scrobiculatus.png image caption Allonautilus scrobiculatus shell with periostracum removed regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Cephalopod a ordo Nautilida familia Nautilidae genus Allonautilus genus authority P. D. Ward Ward & W. B. Saunders Saunders , 1997 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Allonautilus perforatus br Crusty Nautilus Allonautilus scrobiculatus type species type The genus Allonautilus contains two species of nautilus es, which differ significantly in terms of Morphology biology morphology from those placed in the sister taxon Nautilus genus Nautilus . ref Ward, P.D. & W.B. Saunders 1997. http www.jstor.org stable 1306604 Allonautilus a new genus of living nautiloid cephalopod and its bearing on phylogeny of the Nautilida . Journal of Paleontology 71 6 1054 1064. ref Allonautilus is now thought to be a descendant of Nautilus and the latter Paraphyly paraphyletic . References reflist External links CephBase Genus Allonautilus http www.findarticles.com p articles mi qa3790 is 199711 ai n8768905 Allonautilus A new genus of living nautiloid cephalopod and its bearing on phylogeny of the Nautilida Category Nautiluses ca Allonautilus es Allonautilus it Allonautilus pl Allonautilus ... more details
File Tetrapod vertebrae.svg thumb right 450px Diagram showing different types of tetrapod vertebrae, with rhachitomes in blue area at left. The Rachitomi were a group of extinct Palaeozoic labyrinthodont amphibian s, according to an earlier classification system. ref name Kent & Miller Kent, G.C. & Miller, L. 1997 Comparative anatomy of the vertebrates. 8th edition. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. Dubuque. 487 pages. ISBN 0 697 24378 8 ref They are defined by the structure of the vertebrae , having large, semi circular intercentrum intercentra below the notochord and smaller paired, though prominent pleurocantrum pleurocentra on each side above and behind, forming anchoring pints for the rib s. ref name Kent & Miller This form of complex backbone was found in some crossopterygii crossopterygian fish , the Ichthyostegalia , most Temnospondyli and some Reptiliomorpha . Primitive reptiles retained the complex rachiotomous vertebrae, though with the pleurocentra being the more dominant structures. As a phylogeny phylogentic unit, the Rachitomi thus form a Paraphyly paraphyletic unit . ref name Romer & Parson Alfred Romer Romer, A.S . & Parsons, T.S. 1985 The Vertebrate Body. 6th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia. ref References Reflist Category Prehistoric amphibians paleo amphibian stub ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Shuleichthys brachypteryx fossil range fossil range Early Cretaceous regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Actinopterygii superordo Osteoglossomorpha ordo incertae sedis familia incertae sedis genus Shuleichthys genus authority Murray et al. , 2010 species S. brachypteryx binomial Shuleichthys brachypteryx binomial authority Murray et al. , 2010 Shuleichthys brachypteryx is an extinct species of bony fish which existed in China during the Cretaceous period . ref name Murray cite journal author Alison M. Murray, Hai Lu You & Cuo Peng year 2010 title A new Cretaceous osteoglossomorph fish from Gansu Province, China journal Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology volume 30 issue 2 pages 322 332 doi 10.1080 02724631003621961 ref It is the only species in the genus Shuleichthys and cannot be placed in any Order biology order of the Osteoglossomorpha without making that order paraphyly paraphyletic . ref name Murray References reflist Category Ray finned fish Category Cretaceous fish Category Fossil taxa described in 2010 paleo rayfinned fish stub ... more details
taxobox image 0892 Narafrucht Sossusvlei.JPG image caption Acanthosicyos horridus , a member of the Cucurbitoideae native to Namibia regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Cucurbitales familia Cucurbitaceae subfamilia Cucurbitoideae subdivision ranks tribus subdivision Melothrieae Schizopeponeae Joliffieae Trichosantheae Benincaseae Cucurbiteae Cyclanthereae Sicyeae The Cucurbitoideae is a subfamily of the Cucurbitaceae , or gourd family, of Angiosperm flowering plant s. The Cucurbitaceae are divided into two subfamilies, the Zanonioideae , probably a Paraphyly paraphyletic group of remainders, and the well supported monophyly monophyletic Cucurbitoideae. ref name Judd2008 cite book author Donoghue, Michael J. Judd, Walter S. Campbell, Christopher Elizabeth A. Kellogg Stevens, Peter F. title Plant Systematics A Phylogenetic Approach publisher Sinauer Associates location Sunderland, Mass year 2008 pages isbn 0 87893 407 3 oclc doi accessdate ref The Cucurbitoideae subfamily consists of seven tribes. Members of the Cucurbiteae tribe produce economically valuable fruits , called gourds , which include crops like cucumbers , squash plant squashes including pumpkins , luffa luffas , and melons including watermelons . ref name Mabberley cite book author Mabberley, David title Mabberley s Plant Book a Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses publisher Cambridge University Press location Cambridge, UK year 2008 pages isbn 0 521 82071 5 oclc doi accessdate ref References reflist Category Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitales stub es Cucurbitoideae ... more details
Austin R. Mast is a research botanist. Born in 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin Madison in 2000. He is currently an associate professor within the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University FSU , and has been director of FSU s http herbarium.bio.fsu.edu index.php Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium since August 2003. ref name FSU cite web url http www.bio.fsu.edu faculty mast.php title Dr. Austin Mast work Faculty and Research, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University accessdate 2007 03 22 ref One of his main areas of research is the phylogenetics of Grevilleoideae , a subfamily of Proteaceae . In 2005 he showed the genus Banksia to be paraphyly paraphyletic with respect to Banksia ser. Dryandra Dryandra , ref name Mast 2005 cite journal author Mast, Austin R. coauthors Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery year 2005 volume 18 issue 1 title An Assessment of Old and New DNA sequence evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra Proteaceae journal Australian Systematic Botany pages 75 88 publisher CSIRO Publishing Australian Systematic Botany Society doi 10.1071 SB04015 ref Collaborating with Australian botanist Kevin Thiele , he subsequently transferred all Dryandra taxa to Banksia , publishing over 120 taxonomic names in the process. ref name Mast 2007 cite journal author Mast, Austin R. and Kevin Thiele year 2007 title The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. Proteaceae journal Australian Systematic Botany volume 20 pages 63 71 doi 10.1071 SB06016 ref The change has been adopted by the Western Australian Herbarium, ref name WAHerb cite web url http florabase.calm.wa.gov.au articles dryandra banksia title Why dryandras have changed their name date 20 May 2008 work FloraBase Western Australian Flora author Thiele, Kevin publisher Department of Environment and Conservation, Western Australian Herbarium accessdate 2009 12 16 authorlink Kevin Thiele ref although has met with some controversy. ref n ... more details
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