Parity files are Computer filefile s that are created to accompany data files, and are used to preserve data integrity and assist in data recovery . They are useful when data files are transmitted or stored on less than perfect media such as newsgroup messages, Satellite broadcasting satellite transmission , or optical disk . Parity files are constructed according to algorithms of error detection and correction . Overview First, one or more data files are analyzed and a group of parity files are built that record the structure of the files to be protected. Later, if any of the protected files are lost, the parity files can be used to re create the missing files. Even if one or more of the parity files are missing, the remainder of the set can still rebuild missing original files, if there is enough of the backup present. If too many files are missing, the parity files will not have enough base data to work with. Parity A parity bit parity is the difference within a set of binary code. the parity of 1 0 is 1, 0 0 is 0 and 0 1 is 1, therefore lost data can be rebuilt based on the parity of a set of code. ParityFile Archiver Software Below are examples of file archivers that create parity files. A comprehensive list of archive software is also available. Parchive SmartPAR QuickPAR MultiPAR See also File spanning External links http www.slyck.com ng.php?page 6 Slyck s Guide to the Newsgroups PAR and PAR2 files Category Data management pl Dane naprawcze ... more details
wiktionary parityParity may refer to Parity physics , a symmetry property of physical quantities or processes under spatial inversion Parity mathematics , indicates whether a number is even or odd Parity function , a Boolean function whose value is 1 if the input vector has an odd number of ones Parity flag in computing, indicates if the number of set bits is odd or even in the binary representation of the result of the last operation Parity bit in computing, sets the parity of transmitted data for the purpose of error detection Parityfile in data processing, created in conjunction with data files and used to check data integrity and assist in data recovery Parity biology , the number of times a woman or female animal has given birth Parity charity , UK equal rights organisation Parity computer science Parity law , legal principle Purchasing power parity , in economics, the exchange rate required to equalise the purchasing power of different currencies Interest rate parity , in finance, the notion that the differential in interest rates between two countries is equal to the differential between the forward exchange rate and the spot exchange rate Put call parity , in financial mathematics, defines a relationship between the price of a European call option and a European put option Parity sports , an equal playing field for all participants, regardless of their economic circumstances Potty parity , equalization of waiting times for males and females in restroom queues A tactic in reversi Grid parity of renewable energy disambiguation als Parit t cs Parita de Parit t es Paridad eo Pareco fr Parit hu Parit s egy rtelm s t lap pl Parzysto pt Paridade ru sk Parita ... more details
2011 Description File Risk Parity C1.pdf thumb 400 px Comparison of asset and risk allocations Risk parity is a conceptual approach to investing which attempts to provide a lower risk and lower fee alternative ... www.callan.com research download ?file papers free 368.pdf format pdf title The Risk Parity Approach ...good article Risk parity or Risk premia parity is an alternative approach to investment portfolio management which focuses on allocation of risk rather than allocation of capital. The risk parity approach ..., the risk parity portfolio has the same expected rate of return as the portfolio with traditional asset allocations. Risk parity can also be a generalized term that denotes a variety of investment systems ... year 2009 volume 6 number 2 ref The principles of risk parity are applied differently according to the investment ... theoretical components were developed in the 1950s and 1960s but the first risk parity fund, called ... investment companies have begun offering risk parity funds to their clients. The term, risk parity, came into use in 2005 and was then adopted by the asset management industry. Risk parity can be seen as either a passive or active management strategy. Interest in the risk parity approach has increased since the Late 2000s financial crisis late 2000s financial crisis as the risk parity approach fared ... web url http www.top1000funds.com conversation 2010 03 09 risk parity accessdate October 18, 2011 publisher Top 1000 Funds title Risk Parity Becomes Bittersweet Flavour author Amanda White date March ... journal Working Paper year 2008 month September ref The risk parity approach attempts to equalize risk ... 4 ref ref name Allen cite web url http www.callan.com research download ?file papers free 368.pdf format pdf accessdate October 18, 2011 last1 Allen first1 Gregory C. title The Risk Parity Approach ... parity portfolio are uncorrelated assets, low equity risk, and passive management . ref name Define RP Citation publisher ai CIO title Defining Risk Parity author Justin Mundt month October year 2010 ... more details
Noref date October 2009 In quantum mechanics , the intrinsic Parity physics parity is a phase factor that arises as an eigenvalue of the parity operation a reflection about the origin . To see that the parity s eigenvalues are phase factors, we assume an eigenstate of the parity operation this is realized because the intrinsic parity is a property of a subatomic particle particle species and use the fact that two parity transformations leave the particle in the same state, thus the new wave function can differ by only a phase factor, i.e. math P 2 psi e i phi psi math thus math P psi pm e i phi 2 psi math , since these are the only eigenstates satisfying the above equation. The intrinsic parity s phase is conserved for non weak interactions the product of the intrinsic parities is the same before and after the reaction , since P,H 0, i.e. the Hamiltonian quantum mechanics Hamiltonian is invariant under a parity transformation . The intrinsic parity of a system is the product of the intrinsic parities of the particles, for instance for noninteracting particles we have math P 1 rangle 2 rangle P 1 rangle P 2 rangle math . Since the parity commutes with the Hamiltonian, its eigenvalue does not change with time, therefore the intrinsic parity s phase is a conserved quantity. DEFAULTSORT Intrinsic Parity Category Fundamental physics concepts Category Quantum field theory Category Quantum mechanics Category Particle physics ... more details
bits colspan 2 8 bits including parity even odd 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 1 0000000 1 1010001 3 1 1010001 4 0 1010001 3 1101001 4 0 1101001 4 1 1101001 5 1111111 7 1 1111111 8 0 1111111 7 A parity bit is a bit ... is even number even or odd number odd . Parity bits are used as the simplest form of Error detection and correction error detecting code . There are two variants of parity bits even parity bit and odd parity bit . When using even parity, the parity bit is set to 1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits not including the parity bit is odd, making the number of ones in the entire set of bits including the parity bit even. If the number of ones in a given set of bits is already even, it is set to a 0. When using odd parity, the parity bit is set to 1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits not including the parity bit is even, keeping the number of ones in the entire set of bits including the parity bit odd. And when the number of set bits is already odd, the odd parity bit is set to 0. In other words, an even parity bit will be set to 1 if the number of 1s 1 is even, and an odd parity bit will be set to 1 if the number of 1s 1 is odd. Even parity is a special case of a cyclic redundancy check CRC , where the 1 bit CRC is generated by the polynomial x 1. If the parity bit is present but not used, it may be referred to as mark parity when the parity bit is always 1 or space parity the bit is always 0 . Parity In mathematics, parity mathematics parity refers to the evenness ... significant bit . In telecommunications and computing, parity refers to the evenness or oddness ... of all the bits. It can be calculated via an XOR sum of the bits, yielding 0 for even parity and 1 for odd parity. This property of being dependent upon all the bits and changing value if any one bit changes allows for its use in Error detection and correction Parity bits error detection schemes. Error detection If an odd number of bits including the parity bit are Transmission telecommunications ... more details
Potty parity is equal or equitable provision of washroom facilities for women and men within a public space. Gender neutral toilets main gender neutral toilet Gender neutral toilets are common in some contexts, including aircraft lavatory on aircraft , board toilet on trains or buses , portable toilet s, and accessible toilets . In parts of Europe they are also common in buildings. In the United States, they began to appear in the 2000s on university campuses and in some up market restaurants. ref name Anthony Definition of parityParity may be defined in various ways in relation to facilities in a building. The simplest is as equal floorspace for men s and women s washrooms. Since men s rooms include urinal restroom urinal s, which take up less space than stalls, this still results in more facilities for men. An alternative parity is by number of fixtures within washrooms. However since women on average spend more time in washrooms more men are able to use more facilities per unit time. More recent parity regulations therefore require more fixtures for women to ensure that the average time spent waiting to use the toilet is the same for women as for men, or to equalise throughputs of men s and women s toilets. ref name shah Sex differences Women spend more time in washrooms than ... standing up. None has become widespread enough to affect policy formation on potty parity. ref name ... of potty parity. ref name Anthony Banzhaf argues that to ignore potty parity, that is, to have ... cite web url http www.csmonitor.com 2006 0119 p16s01 lihc.html title Potty parity aims to remedy long lines ref Several authors have identified potty parity as a potential rallying issue for feminism ... Potty Parity in Perspective Gender and Family Issues in Planning and Designing Public Restrooms journal ... FILE Index Of Acts 2000.pdf title Index of Acts related to county government author County Technical ... date 2 March 2012 url http www.economist.com node 21549084 title Toilet Parity Occupied ... more details
In computer processors the parity flag indicates if the number of set bits is odd or even in the binary representation of the result of the last operation. It is normally a single bit in a processor status register. For example, assume a machine where a set parity flag indicates even parity. If the result of the last operation were 26 11010 in binary , the parity flag would be 0 since the number of set bits is odd. Similarly, if the result were 102 1100110 in binary then the parity flag would be 1. x86 Processors In x86 processors, the parity flag reflects the parity only of the least significant byte of the result, and is set if the number of set bits of ones is even. According to 80386 Intel manual, the parity flag is changed in the x86 processor family by the following instructions All arithmetic instructions Compare instruction equivalent to a subtract instruction without storing the result Logical instructions XOR, AND, OR the TEST x86 instruction TEST instruction equivalent to the AND instruction without storing the result . the POPF instruction The parity flag is usually used in conditional jumps, where e.g. the JP instruction jumps to the given target when the parity flag is set and the JNP instruction jumps if it is not set. The flag may be also read directly with instructions such as PUSHF, which pushes the flags register on the stack. One common reason to test the parity flag actually has nothing to do with parity. The Floating point unit FPU has four condition flags C0 to C3 , but they can not be tested directly, and must instead be first copied to the flags register. When this happens, C0 is placed in the carry flag , C2 in the parity flag and C3 in the zero flag ref cite web url http www.intel.com products processor manuals index.htm title Intel 64 and IA 32 Architectures Software Developer s Manual Volume 1 Basic Architecture year 2011 month January pages 97 98 ref . The C2 flag is set when e.g. incomparable floating point values NaN or unsupported format ... more details
RAM parity checking is the storing of a Redundancy engineering redundant parity bit representing the parity mathematics parity odd or even of a small amount of computer data typically one byte stored in random access memory , and the subsequent comparison of the stored and the computed parity to error detection detect whether a data error has occurred . The parity bit was originally stored in additional ... available in non parity and parity with an extra bit per byte , storing 9 bits for every 8 bits of actual data versions. History Early computers sometimes required the use of parity RAM, and parity checking could not be disabled. A parity error typically caused the machine to halt, with loss of unsaved data this is usually a better option than saving corrupt data. Logic parity RAM , also known as fake parity RAM, is non parity RAM that can be used in computer s that require parity RAM. Logic parity RAM recalculates an always valid parity bit each time a byte is read from memory, instead of storing the parity bit when the memory is written to the calculated parity bit, which will not reveal if the data has been corrupted hence the name fake parity , is presented to the parity checking logic. It is a means of using cheaper 8 bit RAM in a system designed to use only 9 bit parity RAM. Memory errors In earlier times faulty memory was relatively common, and parity errors, very noticeable to the user, not infrequent. Since then errors have become less visible as simple parity RAM has fallen ... do not support parity or ECC, with consequent risk of data corruption this has become acceptable as a consequence of the increased reliability of memory. Some machines that support parity or ECC allow checking to be enabled or disabled in the BIOS , permitting cheaper non parity RAM to be used. If parity ... the machine on a single bit parity error. However, as discussed in the article on ECC memory , errors ... Simple go no go parity checking requires that the memory have extra, redundant, bits beyond ... more details
A parity product is a Product business product category or group of categories where the several brand s within that category possess functionally equivalent attribute research attributes , making one brand a satisfactory Substitute good substitute for most other brands in that category. It is a product or service that satisfies the need of a consumer that another product or service fulfills. ref cite web url http www.investopedia.com terms p parity product.asp title Parity product publisher Investopedia accessdate 2012 03 17 ref References reflist See also Brand parity Category Economics terminology Category Markets customer bases ... more details
see also RAID What is RAID Parity? A parity drive is a hard drive used in a RAID array to provide fault tolerance . For example, RAID 3 uses a parity drive to create a system that is both fault tolerant and, because of data striping , fast. ref http computer.yourdictionary.com raid Definitions of RAID configurations Retrieved on 2010 11 15 ref One way to implement a parity drive in a RAID array is to use the exclusive or , or XOR, function. XOR is a Boolean logic function which means one or the other, but not both . The XOR of all of the data drives in the RAID array is written to the parity drive. If one of the data drives fails, the XOR of the remaining drives is identical to the data of the lost drive. Therefore, the when a drive is lost, recovering the drive is as simple as copying the XOR of the remaining drives to a fresh data drive. References Reflist Category RAID Compu hardware stub ... more details
In theoretical physics , G parity is a multiplicative quantum number that results from the generalization of C parity to multiplet s of particles. C parity applies only to neutral systems in the pion triplet, only sup 0 sup has C parity. On the other hand, strong interaction does not see electrical charge , so it cannot distinguish amongst sup sup , sup 0 sup and sup &minus sup . We can generalize the C parity so it applies to all charge states of a given multiplet math mathcal G begin pmatrix pi pi 0 pi end pmatrix eta G begin pmatrix pi pi 0 pi end pmatrix math where sub G sub 1 are the eigenvalue s of G parity. The G parity operator is defined as math mathcal G mathcal C , e i pi I 2 math where math mathcal C math is the C parity operator, and I sub 2 sub is the operator associated with the 2nd component of the isospin vector . G parity is a combination of charge conjugation and a Pi radian rad 180 rotation around the 2nd axis of isospin space. Given that charge conjugation and isospin are preserved by strong interactions, so is G . Weak and electromagnetic interactions, though, are not invariant under G parity. Since G parity is applied on a whole multiplet, charge conjugation has to see the multiplet as a neutral entity. Thus, only multiplets with an average charge of 0 will be eigenstates of G , that is math bar Q bar B bar Y 0 math see electrical charge Q , baryon number B , hypercharge Y . In general math eta G eta C , 1 I math where sub C sub is a C parity eigenvalue, and I is the isospin. For fermion fermion antifermion systems, we have math eta G 1 S L I , math . where S is the total spin physics spin , L the total orbital angular momentum quantum number . For boson boson antiboson systems we have math eta G 1 L I , math . See also Quark model References cite journal author T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang title Charge conjugation, a new quantum number ... PhysRev.103.258 bibcode 1956PhRv..103..258G DEFAULTSORT G Parity Category Theoretical physics ... more details
Citations missing date May 2011 Flavour quantum numbers In physics , a parity transformation also called parity inversion is the flip in the sign of one Three dimensional space spatial coordinate . In three ... a parity inversion transforms a phenomenon into its mirror image. A parity transformation on something ... dimensional plane, parity is not a simultaneous flip of all coordinates, which would be the same ... not happen for 180 degree rotation in 2 D where a parity transformation flips the sign of either x ... but also as spinors. If one adds to this a classification by parity, these can be extended, for example ... also have negative determinant and form a valid parity transformation. Then, combining them with rotations or successively performing x , y , and z reflections one can recover the particular parity transformation defined earlier. The first parity transformation given does not work in an even number ... the latter example of a parity transformation or any reflection of an odd number of coordinates can be used. Parity forms the Abelian group Z sub 2 sub due to the relation P sup 2 sup 1 ... irreducible representations one is even under parity P , the other is odd P ... mechanics states need not transform under actual representations of parity but only under projective representations and so in principle a parity transformation may rotate a state by any phase waves ... two vectors, and hence is invariant under parity. The law of gravity also involves only vectors and is also, therefore, invariant under parity. However angular momentum L is an axial vector . L r p ... are invariant under parity because the curl of an axial vector is a vector. Effect of spatial inversion ... math mathbf S math , Poynting vector Quantum mechanics Possible eigenvalues Image parity 1drep.png thumb 200px right Two dimensional representations of parity are given by a pair of quantum states which go into each other under parity. However, this representation can always be reduced to linear ... more details
The term parity problem may refer to Parity problem sieve theory , the question of how many primes less than a given integer have an even or odd number of prime factors The problem of recognizing the formal language consisting of bitstrings which contain an even number of 1 bits. This language is regular language Complexity results regular , but it is famously not in AC sup 0 sup disambiguation ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Parity problems are widely used as Benchmark computing benchmark problems in genetic programming but inherited from the artificial neural network community. Parity is calculated by summing all the binary inputs and reporting if the sum is odd or even. This is considered difficult because a very simple artificial neural network cannot solve it, and all inputs need to be considered and a change to any one of them changes the answer. References http www.cs.ucl.ac.uk staff W.Langdon FOGP Foundations of Genetic Programming DEFAULTSORT Parity Benchmark Category Genetic programming compu AI stub robotics stub ... more details
No footnotes date March 2009 R parity is a concept in particle physics . In the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model supersymmetric extension of the standard model Standard Model , baryon number and lepton ... small in order not to be in conflict with experimental data. R parity is a math Z 2 math symmetry ... 9709356 A Supersymmetry Primer by S. Martin, 1999 ref All Standard Model particles have R parity of 1 while supersymmetric particles have R parity 1. Dark matter candidate With R parity being preserved ... parity. R parity violating couplings of the MSSM The renormalizable R parity violating couplings of the MSSM ... Big O notation math mathcal O 1 math couplings for the R parity violating couplings, the proton can ... parity sets all of the renormalizable baryon and lepton number violating couplings to zero and the proton ... 32 math years and is nearly consistent with current observational data. Image R parity violating decay.svg ..., no single renormalizable R parity violating coupling leads to proton decay. This has motivated the study of R parity violation where only one set of the R parity violating couplings are non zero which is sometimes called the single coupling dominance hypothesis. Possible origins of R parity A very attractive way to motivate R parity is with a B L continuous gauge symmetry which is spontaneously ... occurrence of R parity is possible because in SO 10 the Standard Model fermions arise from ... fields i.e. there is a spinor parity . After GUT symmetry breaking, this spinor parity descends into R parity so long as no spinor fields were used to break the GUT symmetry. References Reflist External links http arxiv.org abs hep ph 0406039 R parity Violating Supersymmetry by R.Barbier, C.Berat, M.Besancon ... xstructure.inr.ac.ru x bin theme3.py?level 2&index1 236116 R parity Violating on arxiv.org http cepa.fnal.gov psm simulation mcgen lund pythia manual pythia6.3 pythia6301 node114.html R parity Violating on fnal DEFAULTSORT R Parity Category Particle physics Category Supersymmetry ko R it R parit ... more details
orphan date August 2009 Parity learning is a problem in machine Learning . An algorithm claiming to solve this problem must try to guess the function x , given some samples x , x and the assurance that computes the Parity function parity of bits at some fixed locations. The samples are generated using some distribution over the input. The problem is easy to solve using Gaussian elimination provided that enough number of samples from a distribution which is not too skew are provided to the algorithm. Noisy version In this version, the samples may contain some error. Instead of samples x , x , the algorithm is provided with x , y , where y 1 &minus x with some small probability. See also Learning with errors References Avrim Blum, Adam Kalai, and Hal Wasserman, Noise tolerant learning, the parity problem, and the statistical query model, J. ACM 50, no. 4 2003 506&ndash 519. Adam Tauman Kalai, Yishay Mansour, and Elad Verbin, On agnostic boosting and parity learning, in Proceedings of the 40th annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing Victoria, British Columbia, Canada ACM, 2008 , 629&ndash 638, http portal.acm.org citation.cfm?id 1374466. Oded Regev, On lattices, learning with errors, random linear codes, and cryptography, in Proceedings of the thirty seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing Baltimore, MD, USA ACM, 2005 , 84&ndash 93, http portal.acm.org citation.cfm?id 1060590.1060603. DEFAULTSORT Parity Learning Category Machine learning Mathapplied stub ... more details
In Boolean algebra logic Boolean algebra , a parity function is a Boolean function whose value is 1 if the input vector has an odd number of ones. The parity function is notable for its role in theoretical investigation of circuit complexity of Boolean functions. Definition The math n math variable parity function is the Boolean function math f 0,1 n to 0,1 math with the property that math f x 1 math if and only if the number of ones in the vector math x in 0,1 n math is odd. In other words, math f math is defined as follows math f x x 1 oplus x 2 oplus dots oplus x n math . Properties Parity only depends on the number of ones and is therefore a symmetric Boolean function . The n variable parity function and its negation are the only Boolean functions for which all disjunctive normal form s have the maximal number of 2 sup n &minus 1 sup monomial s of length n and all conjunctive normal form s have the maximal number of 2 sup n &minus 1 sup clauses of length ... Sipser, Parity, Circuits, and the Polynomial Time Hierarchy , Annu. Intl. Symp. Found.Coimputer Sci ... bound s on the size of constant depth Boolean circuits for the parity function, i.e., they showed that polynomial size constant depth circuits cannot compute the parity function. Similar results were ... the parity function. ref name FSS harvtxt H stad 1987 established tight exponential lower bounds on the size of constant depth Boolean circuits for the parity function. H stad s Switching Lemma is the key ... require size math exp left Omega left n frac 1 k 1 right right math to compute the parity function. This is asymptotically almost optimal as there are depth math k math circuits computing parity which have size math exp left O left n frac 1 k 1 right right math . Infinite version An infinite parity ... v math differ on even number of coordinates. Assuming axiom of choice it can be easily proved that parity ... all of them to 0 the rest of math f math values are deducted unambiguously. Infinite parity functions ... more details
Cleanup article date March 2008 In physics , C parity or charge parity is a multiplicative quantum number of some particles that describes its behavior under a symmetry operation of charge conjugation see C symmetry . Charge conjugation changes the sign of all quantic charges i.e., additive quantum number s electrical charge baryon number and lepton number flavor charges strangeness , charm quantum number charm , bottomness , topness Isospin 3rd component On the contrary, does not affect mass linear momentum spin physics spin J complex conjugation K As a result, a particle is substituted by its antiparticle. math mathcal C , psi rangle bar psi rangle math For the eigenstates of charge conjugation math mathcal C , psi rangle eta C , psi rangle math and math eta C pm 1 math is called the C parity or charge parity . The above implies that math mathcal C psi rangle math and math psi rangle math have exactly the same quantum charges, so only truly neutral systems &mdash those where all quantum charges and magnetic moment are 0&mdash are eigenstates of charge parity, that is, the photon and particle antiparticle bound states neutral pion, , positronium... The neutron is not an eigenstate because it has a magnetic moment , and so does not have an associated C parity. For a system of free particles, the C parity is the product of C parities for each particle. In a pair of bound boson s there is an additional component due to the orbital angular momentum. For example, in a bound state of two pions , sup sup sup sup with an orbital angular momentum L , exchanging sup sup and sup sup inverts the relative position vector, which is identical to a parity physics parity operation. Under this operation, the angular part of the spatial wave function contributes a phase factor of 1 ... notation Total angular momentum quantum number is J 0, 1 C parity sub C sub 1 sup L S sup 1, 1, respectively. Since charge parity is preserved, annihilation of these states in photon s sub C sub ... more details
File Scale of justice 2.svg thumb alt Empty balance scale Zero objects, divided into two equal groups 0 number Zero is an even number. In other words, its parity mathematics parity the quality of an integer ... fits into the patterns formed by other even numbers. The parity rules of arithmetic, such as nowrap ... power of 2 in this sense, 0 is the most even number of all. Among the general public, the parity ... a wider lesson. Evaluating the parity of this exceptional number is an early example of a pervasive ... terms, it is the number of objects in the empty set . The concept of parity is used in making groups ... zero from the pattern. ref Parity can be approached in a more formal way using arithmetic expressions ... fits nicely into this pattern. ref Defining parity The precise definition of any mathematical ... 3 4 5 6 ... in alternating colors Recursive definition of natural number parity The fact that zero is even, together with the fact that even and odd numbers alternate, is enough to determine the parity ... ordinals extends the definition of parity to transfinite ordinal number s every limit ordinal is even ... History It is difficult to say when in the history of mathematics the first person examined the parity ... on the history of the parity of zero. Historians writing about parity tend to mention only ancient Greek and Chinese mathematicians, and historians writing about zero tend not to mention parity ... Guthrie 1992 pp 239 242 ref Education The subject of the parity of zero is often treated within the first ... about the parity of zero, as they progress from Year One School Year 1 to Year Six School Year ... was interested in how knowledge of single digit parity translates to knowledge of multiple digit parity, and zero figures prominently in the results. ref harvnb Frobisher 1999 pp 31 Introduction ... olds, 45 chose even over odd when asked the parity of zero. ref harvnb Frobisher 1999 pp 37, 40 ..., the easiest task, identifying the parity of a single digit, levels off at about 85 success ... more details
status is the number of pregnancies a woman has had. Parity is recorded in the format, TPAL medicine ..., Gravida and parity are noted here using GTPAL. A woman who has given birth at term once ... TPAL Pregnancy DEFAULTSORT Parity Medicine Category Gynaecology parity Category Demography Category ... more details
Refimprove date March 2009 Cleanup date March 2009 Parity of esteem is a phrase used in political philosophy to explain a theory to overcome inter communal conflict. Promoters of the theory argue that parity of esteem offers a language for negotiation of a post conflict equilibrium. This negotiation begins with the communities recognising the stalemate of their position. Rather than continue trying to out do each other, the communities should attempt to negotiate a peaceful coexistence in a shared physical space despite their cultural differences. Parity of esteem can be described as a Age of Enlightenment post Enlightenment theory as it differs drastically from classical Liberalism liberal or Marxism Marxist rationalism and is contrary to 20th century ideas of self determination or the 19th century idea of the nation state . Many of these anticipated a withering away of nationalism once minorities were brought within the nation state. These concepts are today the most dominant within contemporary political theory. As Ernest Gellner writes, the idea that political boundaries must be congruent with ethnic ones, that rulers must not be ethnically distinguishable from the ruled now has a salience and authority which it has never possessed in the previous history of mankind. Where Enlightenment theories addressed issues of inter communinal conflict, it did so either by promoting non sectarianism against tribalism liberalism or emphasising class politics against bourgeois nationalism Marxism . Neither of these approaches recognised the traditions of belligerents in inter communal conflicts. Parity of esteem on the other hand can accepts various nationalist traditions within one state. Interest in parity of esteem approaches emerged during the mid 1980s and accelerated following ... of the 1990s, Parity of esteem is a core concept to the Northern Ireland peace process . References ... Respect Pluralism and Parity of Esteem , Democratic Dialogue, ISBN 1 900281 06 6 politics stub Northern ... more details
A parity game is played on a colored directed graph , where each node has been colored by a priority &ndash one of usually finitely many natural numbers . Two players, 0 and 1, take turns moving a token along the edges of the graph, resulting in a possibly infinite Path graph theory path , called the play. The winner of a finite play is the player whose opponent is unable to move. The winner of an infinite play is determined by the priorities appearing in the play. Typically, player 0 wins an infinite play if the smallest priority that occurs infinitely often in the play is even. Player 1 wins otherwise. This explains the word parity in the title. Parity games lie in the third level of the borel hierarchy , and are consequently Determinacy determined ref Donald A. Martin D. A. Martin Borel determinacy, The Annals of Mathematics, Vol 102 No. 2 pp. 363&ndash 371 1975 ref . Games related to parity games were implicitly used in Michael O. Rabin Rabin s proof of decidability of second order theory of n successors, where determinacy of such games was proven ref cite journal last Rabin first MO title Decidability of second order theories and automata on infinite trees journal Trans. AMS year 1969 pages 1 35 volume 141 doi 10.2307 1995086 publisher American Mathematical Society jstor 1995086 ref . The Knaster&ndash Tarski theorem leads to a relatively simple proof of determinacy of parity ... Proc. Foundations of Computer Science, pp 368&ndash 377 1991 , ISBN 0 8186 2445 0 ref . Moreover, parity ... computer science Can parity games be solved in polynomial time? Solving a parity game played ... problem is solvable in P complexity PTime . Given that parity games are history free determined, solving a given parity game is equivalent to solving the following simple looking graph theoretic problem ... to parity games, this game is no longer symmetric with respect to players 0 and 1. Relation ... Games , Springer LNCS 2500 2003 , ISBN 3540003886 External links Parity Game Solvers http www.tcs.ifi.lmu.de ... more details
Parity is a United Kingdom based equal rights organisation, ref http archiveshub.ac.uk features pressuregroups.shtml Liberty, Parity and Justice at the Hull History Centre Archives Hub Bot generated title ... uk.org Parity Campaigning for equal rights for UK men and women Bot generated title ref Its ... Pension Ages . Infobox non profit name Parity image type Equal Rights charity founded date 1986 ... uk.org parity uk.org dissolved footnotes History Parity was formed in 1986 as Campaign for Equal ... The organisation changed its name to Parity in 1997 to reflect growing concern regarding increased ... trade2y tdfina3y pensions4 ?view Printlist hertsdirect.org Pensions Bot generated title ref Parity ... doc 1P3 912855991.html Parity & Equal rights for men Mankind HighBeam Research FREE trial Bot generated ... uk.org organisation.php Parity Campaigning for equal rights for UK men and women Bot generated title ... of establishing or protecting any such equal rights. ref http www.parity uk.org index.php Parity Campaigning for equal rights for UK men and women Bot generated title ref Achievements Parity has had ... s benefits. Prescription charges Parity s first major success began in 1993 under its original name ... In 1998 Parity member John Taylor went to the High Court of Justice High Court to contest the fact ... ruling due Bot generated title ref Bus travel concessions In 2000 Parity took the Government to the European ... Parity One million men set to benefit from equal travel concessions Male View HighBeam Research FREE trial Bot generated title ref Despite Parity s previous successes, the government had refused to end discrimination in this area. ref name autogenerated5 However, In June 2001 it became clear that Parity ... to sexist bus fares Bot generated title ref Widowers benefits Parity campaigned to end sexism in the payment ... In 2008 Parity campaigned to stop the Crown Prosecution Service making false statements that the overwhelming ... ref Current campaigns Parity s main current campaign is to equalise the state pension ... more details
File Symmetric group 4 permutation list with matrices.svg thumb File Loupe light.svg 15px link http upload.wikimedia.org wikipedia commons thumb 6 6d Symmetric group 4 3B permutation list with matrices.svg 1000px Symmetric group 4 3B permutation list with matrices.svg.png Permutations of 4 elements br br Odd permutations have a green or orange background. The numbers in the right column are the Inversion discrete mathematics inversion numbers OEIS A034968 , which have the same parity as the permutation. In mathematics , when X is a finite set of at least two elements, the permutation s of X i.e. the bijective map pings from X to X fall into two classes of equal size the even permutations and the odd permutations . If any total ordering of X is fixed, the parity oddness or evenness of a permutation math sigma math of X can be defined as the parity of the number of inversion discrete mathematics inversions for , i.e., of pairs of elements math 1 mvar x , mvar y of X such that math x y math and math sigma x sigma y math . The sign or signature of a permutation is denoted sgn and defined as 1 if is even and &minus 1 if is odd. The signature defines the alternating character mathematics character of the symmetric group S sub n sub . Another notation for the sign of a permutation is given by the more general Levi Civita symbol math epsilon sigma math , which is defined for all maps from X to X , and has value zero for non bijective maps. The sign of a permutation can be explicitly expressed as math 1 sgn 1 sup N sup do not use math here. see https bugzilla.wikimedia.org ... of transpositions in the decomposition. Although such a decomposition is not unique, the parity ... Permutation matrix and compute its determinant. The value of the determinant is same as the parity ... by odd length words odd . Generalizations Parity can be generalized to Coxeter group s one defines ... isbn 978 0 486 43798 9 Category Group theory Category Permutations Category Parity Category ... more details
orphan date October 2009 Principle of parity is a legal concept used in codecision procedure disabling one European Union European institution from making decision without obtaining assent of the other institution engaged in the procedure. External links http ec.europa.eu codecision procedure index en.htm European Commission Codecision procedure Category Legal concepts Euro law stub EU stub ... more details
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