Grid parity is the point at which means of generating electricity from alternative energy produces power ... the grid . Reaching grid parity is considered to be an important point in the development of new ... to these forms of energy will take place when they reach grid parity. Overview The price of electricity ... in grid pricing when determining whether or not a source is at parity. For instance, the introduction ... has suddenly made many forms of renewable energy reach grid parity. A drop in power prices, as has happened in some locations due to the late 2000s recession , can likewise render systems formerly at parity ... parity for wind and solar are generally predicted for the time between 2015 and 2020. Solar power ... energy in Europe ref name EPIA2011Sep Grid parity is most commonly used in the field of solar power ... Development Organization NEDO defines the grid parity in three phases ref name NEDO PV2030plus ... in Japanese, but has an English summary from p. 17 ref 1st phase grid parity residential grid connected PV systems 2nd phase grid parity industrial transport commercial sectors 3rd phase grid parity ... residential rate of 19.5 cents, which means that, in this simple case, PV has reached grid parity ... parity for solar in the 2016 to 2020 era, ref http www.bp.com sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId 9019305 ... grid parity in a wide variety of locations. ref name Pearce K. Brankera, M.J.M. Pathaka, J.M. ... at which the value of PV electricity equals the cost of traditional grid power as dynamic grid parity ... parity 2875592 ?site sydney Solar industry celebrates grid parity , ABC News, 7 September 2011 ref ..., PV has reached grid parity, the cost at which it is competitive with coal or gas fired generation ... power Grid parity also applies to wind power where it varies according to wind quality and existing distribution infrastructure. ExxonMobil predicts wind power real cost will approach parity with natural ... February 16, 2011. ref Wind turbines reached grid parity in some areas of Europe in the mid 2000s ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 The doctrine of parity was used to justify agricultural price controls in the United States beginning in the 1920s. It was the belief that farming should be as profitable as it was between 1909 and 1914, an era of high food prices and farm prosperity. The doctrine sought to restore the terms of trade enjoyed by farmers in those years. It was highly controversial, since critics argued it ignored changes in agricultural productivity and set an artificial standard. ref cite journal last Boulding first K.E. title Economic Analysis and Agricultural Policy journal Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science year 1947 month August volume 13 series 3 pages 439 440 jstor ... after the First World War. The first attempt at instituting the parity doctrine was the McNary Haugen ... Depression , leading to parity seeking New Deal era legislation, such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 . ref Libecap, pg. 190 ref Political pressure to enforce parity declined after ... would set the standard for parity. ref cite journal last Bean first L.H. coauthors P.H. Bollinger title The Base Period for Parity Prices journal Journal of Farm Economics year 1939 month Feb. volume .... ref Libecap, pg.186 ref Parity efforts before 1933 As political pressure rose, the McNary Haugen ... 1929 farm commodity prices were, on average, only 5 percent lower than in the 1909 1914 parity ... successful. By 1938, the farm commodity price ratio was still at only 77 percent of pre war parity. In 1940 .... Following the war, however, New Deal era programs continued, and parity prices were continually recalculated throughout the following decades. After 1948, parity prices were linked to the relationships ... of parity was politically controversial, particularly in the 1930s and 40s. Proponents believed ... Bean and Bollinger, pg. 253 254 ref Critics countered that the parity doctrine was based on political ... in agriculture relative to the 1909 14 base period rose faster than in industry, the parity ... more details
unreferenced date April 2009 In mathematics , the parity of an object states whether it is even or odd. This concept begins with integer s. An even number is an integer that is evenly divisible by 2, i.e., divisible by 2 without remainder an odd number is an integer that is not evenly divisible by 2. The old fashioned term evenly divisible is now almost always shortened to Divisibility divisible . A formal definition of an even number is that it is an integer of the form n 2 k , where k is an integer it can then be shown that an odd number is an integer of the form n 2 k ... used to check if an equality is likely to be correct by testing the parity of each side. As with ordinary ... is distributive over addition. However, subtraction in parity is identical to addition, so subtraction .... Parity for other objects Image Rubiks revenge solved.jpg thumb left Rubik s Revenge in solved ... white bishop chess bishops are confined to squares of opposite parity the black knight chess knight can only jump to squares of alternating parity. Parity is also used to refer to a number of other properties. The parity of a permutation as defined in abstract algebra is the parity of the number of Transposition ..., the moves of the puzzle allow only even permutations of the puzzle pieces, so parity is important in understanding the configuration space of these puzzles. The Even and odd functions parity of a function ... in Euclidean space s of two or more dimensions also have a parity, usually defined as the parity ... contains all integer points of even parity. This feature manifests itself in chess , as bishop s are constrained to squares of the same parity knights alternate parity between moves. This form of parity ... Diagonal parity &ndash RAID Non standard levels Even and odd functions Even and odd ordinals Even and odd permutations Flight number House numbering Parity function Parity of zero Thue&ndash Morse sequence United States numbered highways Category Parity Category Elementary arithmetic af Pariteit ar ... more details
unreferenced date August 2008 POV date June 2011 Parity in sports is defined as attempting to make an equal playing field for all participants, specifically with regard to financial issues. When parity in a sports league is achieved, all participating teams enjoy roughly equivalent levels of talent. In such a league, the best team is not significantly better than the worst team. This leads to more competitive contests where the winner cannot be easily predicted in advance. Such games are more entertaining and captivating for the spectators. The opposite condition, which could be considered disparity between teams, is a condition where the elite teams are so much more talented that the lesser teams are hopelessly outmatched. Different major governing organizations attempt to achieve parity in different ways. For example, the NFL in America has established the shared revenue plan, in which all teams equally benefit from television revenue and sales of NFL franchised goods. Many consider the NFL to be the most fair or competitive league, with many different teams having a chance to win each year. In the NFL, complete parity would be a state where on any given Sunday, any given team can win any given game. The illusion of parity in the NFL may be somewhat of a misconception, given that several teams such as the New England Patriots , Pittsburgh Steelers , Indianapolis Colts , and Philadelphia Eagles have appeared in the playoffs in almost all of the past ten years, while teams such as the Buffalo Bills and Detroit Lions have List of NFL franchise post season droughts playoff droughts that are currently over a decade long. An example of disparity would be Portuguese Liga , the top flight professional football soccer league in Portugal , where Big Three Portugal three clubs have accounted for 75 of the 77 championships in league history. Salary cap limits set a maximum amount of money that may be spent on athletes contracts. These limits exist to different extents in several ... more details
In theoretical physics a quantum field theory is said to have a parity anomaly if its classical action physics action is invariant under a change of parity physics parity of the universe, but the quantum theory is not invariant. This kind of anomaly physics anomaly can occur in odd dimensional gauge theories with fermions whose gauge groups have odd dual Coxeter number s. They were first introduced by Antti J. Niemi and Gordon Walter Semenoff in the letter http prola.aps.org abstract PRL v51 i23 p2077 1 Axial Anomaly Induced Fermion Fractionization and Effective Gauge Theory Actions in Odd Dimensional Space Times and by A. Norman Redlich in the letter http prola.aps.org abstract PRL v52 i1 p18 1 Gauge Noninvariance and Parity Nonconservation of Three Dimensional Fermions and the article http prola.aps.org abstract PRD v29 i10 p2366 1 Parity violation and gauge noninvariance of the effective gauge field action in three dimensions . It is in some sense an odd dimensional version of Edward Witten s anomaly physics The Witten Anomaly SU 2 anomaly in 4 dimensions, and in fact Redlich writes that his demonstration follows Witten s. The anomaly in 3 dimensions Consider a classically parity invariant gauge theory whose gauge group G has dual coxeter number h in 3 dimensions. Include n Majorana fermion s which transform under a real representation of G. This theory naively suffers from an ultraviolet divergence . If one includes a gauge invariant regularization physics regulator then the quantum parity invariance of the theory will be broken if h and n are odd. Sketch of the demonstration The anomaly can only be a choice of sign Consider for example Pauli Villars regularization . One ... psi psi math is not parity invariant, therefore the possibility exists that the parity invariance may ... may rewrite the n Majorana fermions as n 2 Dirac fermion s. These have parity invariant mass terms, and so Pauli Villars may be used to regulate the divergences and no parity anomaly arises. Therefore ... more details
In computational complexity theory , the complexity class math oplus mathbf P math pronounced parity P is the class of decision problem s solvable by a nondeterministic Turing machine in polynomial time, where the acceptance condition is that the number of accepting computation paths is odd. An example of a math oplus mathbf P math problem is does a given graph have an odd number of perfect matching s? The class was defined by Papadimitriou and Zachos in 1983. ref Christos Papadimitriou C. H. Papadimitriou and Stathis Zachos S. Zachos . http portal.acm.org citation.cfm?id 720053 Two remarks on the power of counting . In Proceedings of the 6th GI Conference in Theoretical Computer Science , Lecture Notes in Computer Science , volume 145, Springer Verlag, pp. 269 276. 1983. ref math oplus mathbf P math is a counting class, and can be seen as finding the least significant bit of the answer to the corresponding Sharp P P problem. The problem of finding the most significant bit is in PP complexity PP . PP is believed to be a considerably harder class than math oplus mathbf P math for example, there is a relativized universe see oracle machine where P math oplus mathbf P math &ne NP complexity NP PP EXPTIME , as shown by Beigel, Buhrman, and Fortnow in 1998 ref R. Beigel, H. Buhrman, and Lance Fortnow L. Fortnow . NP might not be as easy as detecting unique solutions. In Proceedings of ACM STOC 98 , pp. 203 208. 1998. ref . Furthermore, P sup PP sup contains PH complexity PH , whereas math mathbf P oplus mathbf P math is not known to even contain NP . math oplus mathbf P math contains the graph isomorphism problem , and in fact this problem is low complexity low for math oplus mathbf P math . It also trivially contains UP complexity UP , since all problems in UP have either zero or one accepting paths. More generally, math oplus mathbf P math is low complexity low for itself ... CZoo Class Parity P Symbols parityp References reflist ComplexityClasses Category Complexity classes ... more details
Similar to parity physics , parity in computer science means equality or functional equivalent . Examples of parity would be 10 sub 2 sub is in parity with 2 sub 10 sub or a commodity may be in parity with another commodity or with an amount of money. In the sciences, parity takes on a special meaning, and uses the concepts of even and odd. Parity in computer science is used to determine if data are equal to or on a parity with other data, or more usually, the same data at another point in time. As such, it is used to detect error. Parity in computer science is based on a special bit , called a Parity bit that can be either true or false. In computer science, 0 represents false and 1 represents true. For most purposes, and definitely in terms of computer science, zero can be considered to be an even number, Parity of zero , although mathematically, this is not necessarily correct in all circumstances. ref http zidbits.com 2011 02 is zero an even or odd number 1 ref ref 2 ref See also Parity physics Parity mathematics References Is Zero an even or odd number? http zidbits.com 2011 02 is zero an even or odd number Chapter Zero Fundamental Notions of Abstract Mathematics 2nd Edition by Carol Schumacher reflist Category Error detection and correction ... more details
File Spanning is a term used to describe the ability to package a single file or data stream into separate files of a specified size. It also implies the ability to re combine the package files back into the original file or data stream. This is useful when saving large files onto smaller volumes or breaking large files up into smaller files for network messages of limited size email, newsgroups . It also allows the creation of parityfile s such as parity archive PAR to verify and restore missing or corrupted package files. Sometimes the file spanning process is hidden as a secondary operation such as with file archivers . In this case, many smaller files are first packaged into a data stream and then repackaged into a multi file archive. File Spanning Software Hundreds or thousands of file spanning utilities are available for nearly every OS and platform. Below are a few examples PKZip WinZip RAR WinRAR PAR Parchive Category Storage software ... more details
unsourced date May 2009 A multidimensional parity check code MDPC is a simple type of error correcting code that operates by arranging the message into a multidimensional grid, and calculating a parity bit parity digit for each row and column. In general, an n dimensional parity scheme can correct n 2 errors. Fact date May 2009 Example Assume that the goal is to transmit the four digit message 1234 , using a two dimensional parity scheme. First the digits of the message are arranged in a rectangular pattern 12 34 Parity bit Parity digits are then calculated by summing each column and row separately 12 3 34 7 46 The eight digit sequence 12334746 is the message that is actually transmitted. If any single error occurs during transmission then this error can not only be detected but can also be corrected as well. Let us suppose that the received message contained an error in the first digit. The receiver rearranges the message into the grid font color red 9 font 2 3 34 7 46 The receiver can see that the first row and also the first column add up incorrectly. Using this knowledge and the assumption that only one error occurred, the receiver can correct the error. In order to handle two errors, a 4 dimensional scheme would be required, at the cost of more parity digits. Decoder An n dimensional parity scheme is only guaranteed to correct up to n 2 errors, as the minimum distance is n 1 . As with all block code s, a soft decision decoder may be able to correct more than this. See also Error detection and correction Forward error correction Low density parity check code Category Error detection and correction ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2011 Cleanup date July 2011 Parity progression ratios refers to the number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity , which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. Category Pregnancy ... more details
Cleanup date February 2008 Points of difference and points of parity can be utilized in the positioning marketing of a brand for competitive advantage via brand product business product . Definitions Point of difference Points of difference PODs Attributes or benefits consumer consumers strongly associate with a brand, positively evaluate and believe they could not find to the same extent with a competing brand i.e. points where you are claiming superiority or exclusiveness over other products in the category. Points of parity POPs Associations that are not necessarily unique to the brand but may be shared by other brands i.e. where you can at least match the competitors claimed benefits. While POPs may usually not be the reason to choose a brand, their absence can certainly be a reason to drop a brand. While it is important to establish a POD, it is equally important to nullify the competition by matching them on the POP. As a late entrant into the market, many brands look at making the competitor s POD into a POP for the category and thereby create a leadership position by introducing a new POD. Assessment The assessment of consumer desirability criteria for PODs should be against Relevance Distinctiveness Believability Whilst when assessing the deliverability criteria for PODs ... are at parity. Insight alone is a weak point of difference, easily copied. Putting these together ... a brand. Are we leveraging our points of parity? Certain points of parity must be met if consumers ... from others in the same frame of reference. Rajesh Iyer and James A. Muncy ref The Role of Brand Parity .... 45, No. 2, June 2005, pp.222 228 ref say that high parity perceptions inhibit a company s ability ... a firm has chosen. With a differentiation strategy, advertising should be used to fight parity perceptions. However, with a low price strategy, parity perceptions should be fostered in an attempt to discourage ... of both the parity perceptions in the marketplace and the need to either develop or fight ... more details
The Gender Parity Index GPI is a socioeconomic index usually designed to measure the relative access to education of males and females. In its simplest form, it is calculated as the quotient of the number of females by the number of males enrolled in a given stage of education primary education primary , secondary education secondary , etc. . It is used by international organizations, particularly in measuring the progress of developing countries. The Institute for Statistics of UNESCO also uses a more general definition of GPI for any development indicator one can define the GPI relative to this indicator by dividing its value for females by its value for males. ref cite web url http www.unescobkk.org fileadmin user upload aims Pattaya SCB Jun05 Gender Parity Index Michael Koronkiewicz.pdf title Gender Parity Index last Koronkiewicz first Michael publisher UNESCO Bangkok accessdate 2008 11 26 ref For example, some UNESCO documents consider gender parity in literacy . ref cite web url http unesdoc.unesco.org images 0014 001472 147259M.pdf title Education for All EFA in least developed countries date 2006 publisher UNESCO accessdate 2008 11 26 ref UNESCO describes attempts to eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education and emphasizes the plight of girls in unequal access in third world countries. ref cite web url http www.unescobkk.org fileadmin user upload aims Pattaya SCB Jun05 Gender Parity Index Michael Koronkiewicz.pdf title Gender Parity Index last Koronkiewicz first Michael publisher UNESCO Bangkok accessdate 2008 11 26 ref However, the GPI ignores the gender disparity that benefits first world women in tertiary education as in Iceland, for example, where 65 of students enrolling in tertiary education are female. See also Gender Empowerment Measure Gender related Development Index Gender equality Gender inequality References reflist sociology stub gender studies stub Category Socioeconomics Category Index numbers Category Gender studies es ndice ... more details
In number theory , the parity problem refers to a limitation in sieve theory that prevents sieves from giving good estimates in many kinds of Prime number prime counting problems. The problem was identified and named by Atle Selberg in 1949. Beginning around 1996, John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec developed some parity sensitive sieves that make the parity problem less of an obstacle. The problem Terence Tao gave this rough statement of the problem ref cite web url http terrytao.wordpress.com 2007 06 05 open question the parity problem in sieve theory title Open question The parity problem in sieve theory accessdate 2008 08 11 last Tao first Terence authorlink Terence Tao date 2007 06 05 ref Quote Parity problem . If A is a set whose elements are all products of an odd number of primes or are all products of an even number of primes , then without injecting additional ingredients , sieve theory is unable to provide non trivial lower bounds on the size of A . Also, any upper bounds must be off from the truth by a factor of 2 or more. This problem is significant because it may explain why it is difficult for sieves to detect primes, in other words to give a non trivial lower bound for the number of primes with some property. For example, in a sense Chen s theorem is very close to a solution of the twin prime conjecture , since it says that there are infinitely many primes p such that prime p 2 is either prime or the product of two primes. The parity problem suggests that, because the case of interest has an odd number of prime factors namely 1 , it won t be possible to separate out the two cases using sieves. Example of the parity problem This example is due to Atle Selberg ... set, and overestimate the upper bound on the second set by a factor of 2. Parity sensitive sieves ... the parity problem. ref cite journal last Friedlander first John authorlink John Friedlander coauthors Henryk Iwaniec date 1997 02 18 title Using a parity sensitive sieve to count prime values of a polynomial ... more details
expert subject Technology date February 2010 In coding theory , a parity check matrix of a Linear block codes linear block code C is a generator matrix of the dual code . As such, a codeword c is in C if and only if the matrix vector product H c 0 . The rows of a parity check matrix are parity check s on the codewords of a code. That is, they show how linear combinations of certain digits of each codeword equal zero. For example, the parity check matrix math H begin bmatrix 0011 1100 end bmatrix math specifies that for each codeword, digits 1 and 2 should sum to zero according to the second row and digits 3 and 4 should sum to zero according to the first row . Creating a parity check matrix The parity check matrix for a given code can be derived from its generator matrix and vice versa . If the generator matrix for an math n,k math code is in standard form math G begin bmatrix I k P end bmatrix math , then the parity check matrix is given by math H begin bmatrix P T I n k end bmatrix math , because math G H T P P 0 math . Negation is performed in the finite field mod math q math . Note that if the Characteristic algebra characteristic of the underlying field is 2 i.e., math 1 1 0 math in that field , as in binary code s, then math P P math , so the negation is unnecessary. For example, if a binary code has the generator matrix math G begin bmatrix 10 101 01 110 end bmatrix math The parity check matrix becomes math H begin bmatrix 11 100 01 010 10 001 end bmatrix math For any valid codeword math x math , math Hx 0 math . For any invalid codeword math tilde x math , the Syndrome decoding syndrome math S math satisfies math H tilde x S math . See also Hamming code References cite book last Hill first Raymond title A first course in coding theory publisher Oxford University Press series Oxford Applied Mathematics and Computing Science Series date 1986 isbn 0 19 853803 0 pages 69 cite book last Pless first Vera authorlink Vera Pless title Introduction to the theory of error ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 orphan date November 2009 Spot future parity or spot futures parity is a parity condition that should theoretically hold, or opportunities for arbitrage exist. Spot future parity is an application of the law of one price . In plain English, if I can purchase a good today for price S and conclude a contract to sell it one month from today for price F, the difference in price should be no greater than the cost of using money minus any expenses or earnings from holding the asset if the difference is greater, I would have an opportunity to buy and sell the spots and futures for a risk free profit. The parity condition is that if an asset can be purchased today and held until the exercise of a futures contract , the value of the future should equal the current spot price adjusted for the cost of money, dividend s, convenience yield and any cost of carry carrying cost s such as storage . The spot future parity condition does not say that prices must be equal once adjusted , but rather that when the condition is not met, it should be possible to sell one and purchase the other for a risk free profit, that is, to undertake arbitrage. In highly liquid and developed markets, actual prices on the spot and futures markets may effectively fulfill the condition. When the condition is consistently not met for a given asset, the implication is that some condition of the market prevents effective arbitration possible reasons include high transaction costs, regulations and legal restrictions, low liquidity , or poor enforceability of legal contracts. Spot future parity can be used for virtually any asset where a future may be purchased, but is particularly common ... futures contracts Existing futures contracts can be priced using elements of the spot futures parity ... math which upon application of the spot futures parity equation becomes math P 0 F 0 K e rT math Where ... Parity Category Finance Category Financial economics ... more details
Relative purchasing power parity is an Economics economic theory which predicts a relationship between the inflation rates of two countries over a specified period and the movement in the exchange rate between their two currencies over the same period. It is a dynamic version of the absolute PPP theory. ref http internationalecon.com Finance Fch30 F30 4.php Suranovic, International Finance Theory and Policy Problems and Extensions of PPP ref Explanation Suppose that the currency of Country A is called the A A dollar and the currency of country B is called the B . The theory states that if the price P in country A of a basket of commodities and services is P A dollars, then the price Q of the same basket in country B will be C P A dollars, where C is a constant which does not vary over time, or, equivalently, C P S B dollars, where S is the variable number of B dollars required to buy one A dollar, i.e. the exchange rate. If 1 and 2 denote two different dates, then it follows that 1 C P 1 S 1 Q 1 P 2 S 2 Q 2 and hence S 2 S 1 Q 2 Q 1 P 2 P 1 or, in words, the factor representing the movement in market exchange rates is equal to the ratio of the inflation factors changes in price levels of the two countries as one would intuitively expect . Absolute purchasing power parity occurs when C 1, and is a special case of the above. According to this theory, the change in the exchange rate is determined by price level changes in both countries. For example, if prices in the United States rise by 3 and prices in the European Union rise by 1 the purchasing power of the Euro EUR should appreciate by approximately 2 compared to the purchasing power of the United States dollar USD equivalently ... between the incorrect and the correct formula becomes larger. ref purchasing power parity ref Absolute purchasing power parity Commonly called absolute purchasing power parity , this theory assumes ... the parity. See also Purchasing power parity Exchange rate Notes reflist Category Economic indicators ... more details
Interest rate parity is a no arbitrage condition representing an equilibrium state under which investors ... 4292 0691 4 ref Two assumptions central to interest rate parity are capital mobility and substitute good perfect substitutability of domestic and foreign assets . The interest rate parity condition implies ... Wesley location Boston, MA isbn 978 0 3212 8726 7 ref Interest rate parity takes on two distinctive forms uncovered interest rate parity refers to the parity condition in which exposure to exchange rate risk unanticipated changes in exchange rates is uninhibited, whereas covered interest rate parity ... rate risk. Each form of the parity condition demonstrates a unique relationship with implications ... rate . ref name Feenstra & Taylor 2008 Assumptions Interest rate parity rests on certain assumptions ... Thomson South Western location Mason, OH isbn 0 324 36563 2 ref Uncovered interest rate parity ... rate parity holding in the foreign exchange market, such that the returns from investing domestically ... the use of a forward contract to hedge against exposure to exchange rate risk, interest rate parity ... for uncovered interest arbitrage profits. Uncovered interest rate parity helps explain the spot ... interest rate parity. ref name Feenstra & Taylor 2008 math 1 i frac E S t k S t 1 i c math where ..., math frac E S t k S t 1 i c math . Approximation Uncovered interest rate parity asserts that an investor ... the dollar. Economists have extrapolated a useful approximation of uncovered interest rate parity that follows intuitively from these assumptions. If uncovered interest rate parity holds, such that an investor ... of the euro against the dollar. The following equation represents the uncovered interest rate parity ... of the home currency. ref name Feenstra & Taylor 2008 Covered interest rate parity Image Covered interest rate parity.svg thumb right A visual representation of covered interest rate parity holding ... contract to hedge against exposure to exchange rate risk, interest rate parity is said to be covered ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2011 An archive file is a file that is composed of one or more files along with metadata that can include source volume and medium information, file directory structure, error detection and recovery information, file comments, and usually employs some form of lossless compression . Archive files may be encryption encrypted in part or as a whole. Archive files are used to collect multiple data files together into a single file for easier portability and storage, or simply to compress files to use less storage space. Computer archive files are created by file archiver software, optical disc authoring software , or disk image software that uses an archive format determined by that software. The file extension or file header of the archive file are indicators of the file format used. Archive files are sometimes accompanied by separate parity archive PAR files that allow for additional error detection and recovery, particularly in recovery of missing files in a multi file archive. In operating systems that distinguish different file types by filename extension s, archive extensions include tt . ZIP file format zip , . rar , . 7z , and . tar file format tar , tt of these examples, tt .tar tt is the only non compressed format . Java also introduced a whole family of archive extensions such as . JAR file format tt jar tt and . WAR file format tt war tt j is was Java and w is for web . They are used to exchange entire byte code deployment. Sometimes they are also used to exchange source codes and other text html xml files. By default they are all compressed. See also File archiver Archive format Disk image Optical disc image Archive formats Category Files Category Computer archives Compsci stub ca Arxiu inform tic cs Archivn soubory fr Archive informatique ko it File archivio ru uk ... more details
In financial mathematics , put call parity defines a relationship between the price of a European call option and European put option in a frictionless market both with the identical strike price and expiry, and the underlying being a Market liquidity liquid asset . In the absence of liquidity, the existence of a forward contract suffices. Put call parity requires minimal assumptions and thus does not require assumptions such as those of Black Scholes or other commonly used financial models. Derivation ... our assumption of no arbitrage. We will derive the put call parity relation by creating two portfolios ... opportunities, the above relationship put call parity holds, and for any three prices of the call ... at time T , so this gives another way of proving put call parity. The right hand side is the value ... is exercised. History Forms of put call parity appeared in practice as early as medieval ages, and was formally ... role that put call parity played in developing the equity of redemption , the defining characteristic ... used put call parity to create synthetic loans, which had higher interest rates than the usury laws ... call parity in detail. His book was re discovered by Espen Gaarder Haug in the early 2000s and many ... describes the put call parity in 1910 in his book Arbitrage in Bullion, Coins, Bills, Stocks, Shares ... professor Vinzenz Bronzin also derives the put call parity in 1908 and uses it as part of his arbitrage ... Put call parity implies Equivalence of calls and puts Parity implies that a call and a put ... options. Parity of implied volatility In the absence of dividends or other costs of carry such as when ... Reflist refbegin cite jstor 2325677 refend External links Put Call parity http www.investopedia.com articles optioninvestor 05 011905.asp Put Call Parity and Arbitrage Opportunity , investopedia.com ... History of Regulatory Arbitrage , Michael Knoll s history of Put Call Parity Other arbitrage relationships ... parity pt Paridade put call sv Put call parity uk ... more details
update date November 2010 Infobox U.S. legislation name Mental Health Parity Act fullname acronym MHPA nickname enacted by effective date public law url cite public law cite statutes at large acts amended title amended sections created sections amended leghisturl introducedin introducedbill introducedby introduceddate committees passedbody1 passeddate1 passedvote1 passedbody2 passedas2 used if the second body changes the name of the legislation passeddate2 passedvote2 conferencedate passedbody3 passeddate3 passedvote3 agreedbody3 used when the other body agrees without going into committee agreeddate3 used when the other body agrees without going into committee agreedvote3 used when the other body agrees without going into committee agreedbody4 used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation agreeddate4 used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation agreedvote4 used if agreedbody3 further ... used when passed by overriding presidential veto The Mental Health Parity Act MHPA is legislation ... providing that the parity requirements would not apply to benefits for services furnished on or after ... successors to enact mental health parity at the federal level. The new law s requirements will be phased ... requires parity of mental health benefits with medical and surgical benefits with respect to the application ... to a group health plan or group health insurance coverage if the application of the parity provisions ... sunset date was extended six times, through 2007. Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act The Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act MHPAEA was enacted in October ... with over 50 employees. Similar to MHPA, MHPAEA requires parity in terms of total annual dollar .... Instead, it enacts parity rules for plans that choose to offer both medical and surgical benefits .... The law would require the carve out vendor to ensure parity with medical benefits provided by a separate ... outreach parity fyi.pdf An APA overview about MHPAEA Category United States federal healthcare legislation ... more details
Jocelyn editor4 first Lewis S. editor4 last Davis title purchasing power parity encyclopedia The Princeton ... of the exchange rate. Deviations from parity imply differences in purchasing power of a basket ... exchange rate, adjusted for differences in price levels. If purchasing power parity held exactly ... Chinese yuan by purchasing power parity ref http devdata.worldbank.org wdi2005 Table5 7.htm ... power across countries. Citation needed date April 2012 Estimation of purchasing power parity is complicated ... predicted by PPP. ref name Krugman The purchasing power parity theory states that the exchange rate ... of one measure of law of one price , which underlies purchasing power parity, is the Big Mac Index ... a wej wldecn 479.html Currency Valuation and Purchasing Power Parity , World Economics The Oxford ... thumb right Gross domestic product by purchasing power parity in 2006 The exchange rate reflects transaction ... Parity List of cities by GDP List of countries by GDP PPP List of countries by GDP PPP per capita ... std ppp OECD Purchasing Power Parity estimates updated annually by the Organization for Economic ... Parity Category Economic indicators Category Index numbers Category International economics Category ... sah h simple Purchasing Power Parity sk Parita ... more details
The gold parity unit of account was the unit of account used by the European Coal and Steel Community ECSC from 1958, and in the European Economic Community from 1962 until the early 1970s. ref name eupf http www.biblioteca.porto.ucp.pt docbweb multimedia associa pdf eur u.pdf European Union Public Finance , European Commission, ISBN 92 894 1620 3, published 2002, accessed 20112 01 09 ref ref name 78 669 eec http eur lex.europa.eu LexUriServ LexUriServ.do?uri CELEX 31978L0669 EN HTML Council Directive 78 669 EEC of 2 August 1978 EUR Lex, accessed 20112 01 09 ref The unit was fixed to the value of gold under the Bretton Woods system , and was equivalent to the United States dollar US dollar which the ECSC had previous used. ref name eupf ref name steiner http www.uni kiel.de marktlehre courses EU Agrarm Steiner.pdf Of Snakes in the Tunnell, Green ECU s and the EMU B Steiner, University of Reading, published 1993, accessed 2012 01 09 ref ref name 78 669 eec After the collapse of Bretton Woods, more than one unit of account was used ref name Informe2001 http www.navactiva.com es descargas pdf aue agricultura.pdf La situaci n de la agricultura en la Uni n Europea Informe 2001 Published 03 02 12, accessed 20112 01 09 ref until the European Unit of Account EUA was eventually adopted as a universal replacement from 1977. ref name Informe2001 The EUA was replaced, in turn, by the European Currency Unit in 1981. ref name Informe2001 References reflist Euro topics Category Currencies of Europe Euro stub ... more details
A CMD file is a file with a filename ending with .cmd or .CMD. It may specifically refer to a batch file in Microsoft Windows a CMD file CP M in CP M 86 architecture a REXX file in OS 2 disambiguation ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 In computer computing , a file signature is data used for identify or verify the content of a file. In particular, it may refer to File format Magic number File magic number bytes within a file used to identify the format of the file generally a short sequence of bytes most are 2 4 bytes long placed at the beginning of the file Checksum File checksum or more generally the result of an hash function over the file content data used to verify that the file content integrity, generally against transmission errors or malicious attacks. The signature can be included at the end of the file or in a separate file. See also List of file signatures Signature file Virus signature External links http www.garykessler.net library file sigs.html List of file signatures http www.filesignatures.net Public Database of File Signatures Category Files ... more details
Bitmap file may be a generic term for File format for storing raster graphics Computer file containing a raster graphics image Bitmap file may also refer to Windows bitmap , or BMP, a particular graphics file format disambig ... more details
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