Lead too short date September 2009 Parsimony is a non parametric statistics non parametric statistical method commonly used in computational phylogenetics for estimating phylogeny phylogenies . Under parsimony ... some observed data. In detail Parsimony is part of a class of character based tree estimation ... as the best estimate of the phylogenetic relationships of the included taxa. Maximum parsimony is used ... mistakenly believed that parsimony assumes that convergence is rare in fact, even convergently derived characters have some value in maximum parsimony based phylogenetic analyses, and the prevalence of convergence does not systematically affect the outcome of parsimony based methods. ref Cite doi 10.1146 ... which data do not fit the tree is a complex process. Maximum parsimony is one method developed to do this. Character data The input data used in a maximum parsimony analysis is in the form of characters ... two or more states they can have only one, but these characters lend nothing to a maximum parsimony ... from a case where the state is simply unknown. Current implementations of maximum parsimony generally ... data are particularly amenable to character based phylogenetic methods such as maximum parsimony ... The time required for a parsimony analysis or any phylogenetic analysis is proportional to the number ... estimates of the pattern of character changes. The most disturbing weakness of parsimony analysis ... will probably be too suspect to use anyway. Analysis A maximum parsimony analysis runs in a very straightforward ... it to see if the change produces a higher score. The trees resulting from parsimony search are unrooted ... relationships on the tree, even if the tree is itself correct in its unrooted form. Parsimony ... by the input trees. Even if multiple MPTs are returned, parsimony analysis still basically produces ..., have been employed with parsimony analysis. The jackknife, which involves resampling without ... adding duplicate taxa does not change the result of a parsimony analysis. The bootstrap is much ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In maximum parsimony , an informative site is a position in the relevant set of sequences at which there are at least two different character state s at that point in the sequences, and each of those states occurs in at least two of the sequences. References http www.icp.ucl.ac.be opperd private parsimony.html informative Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology Category Computational phylogenetics Bioinformatics stub ... more details
Context date October 2009 Long branch attraction LBA is a phenomenon in phylogenetic analyses most commonly those employing maximum parsimony when rapidly evolving lineages are inferred to be closely related, regardless of their true evolution ary relationships. For example, in DNA sequence based analyses, the problem arises when sequences from two or more lineages evolve rapidly. There are only four possible nucleotide s and when mutation DNA substitution rates are high, the probability that two lineages will evolve the same nucleotide at the same site increases. When this happens, parsimony erroneously interprets this homoplasy as a synapomorphy i.e., evolving once in the common ancestor of the two lineages . This problem can be minimized by using methods that correct for multiple substitutions at the same site, by breaking up long branches, adding taxa related to those with the long branches or by using alternative slower evolving traits. References Bergsten, J. 2005 A review of long branch attraction. Cladistics 21 2 163 193. http www.blackwell synergy.com doi pdf 10.1111 j.1096 0031.2005.00059.x PDF fulltext Felsenstein, J. 2004 Inferring Phylogenies . Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. phylo Category Phylogenetics ca Atracci entre branques llargues es Atracci n de ramas largas fr Attraction des longues branches pl Long branch attraction pt Atra o de ramifica es longas ... more details
Crabtree s Bludgeon is a foil to Occam s Razor law of parsimony , and may be expressed so No set of mutually inconsistent observations can exist for which some human intellect cannot conceive a coherent explanation, however complicated. Its origin is obscure, but appears to be associated with R. V. Jones and may appear in the Crabtree Orations , a set of academic commentaries attributed to the fictitious poet, Joseph Crabtree polymath Joseph Crabtree , after whom the Crabtree Foundation is named. See also Underdetermination Ad hoc Ad hoc hypothesis Ad hoc hypothesis Cognitive bias References Moshe Barasch Bryan Bennett and Negley Harte, editors 1997 The Crabtree Orations 1954 1994 , Taylor & Francis Books Ltd, ISBN 0 9529987 0 X Category Reductionism philosophy stub ... more details
program that are available in the package include parsimony , distance matrix , and maximum likelihood ... sequences using the Maximum parsimonyParsimony Method dnapars Estimates phylogenies of DNA sequences using the parsimony method. dnapenny DNA parsimony branch and bound method. Finds all of the most ... construction of phylogenies from nucleic acid sequences, with their evaluation by DNA parsimony ... data pars Unordered multistate discrete characters parsimony method. mix Estimates phylogenies by some parsimony methods for discrete character data with two states 0 and 1 . Allows use of the Wagner parsimony method, the Camin Sokal parsimony method, or arbitrary mixtures of these. penny Branch ... data with two states, for the Wagner, Camin Sokal, and mixed parsimony criteria using the branch and bound ... data with two states 0 and 1 . Evaluates parsimony and compatibility criteria for those phylogenies ... parsimony criteria for discrete character data with two states 0 and 1 . dolpenny Finds ... parsimony criteria using the branch and bound method of exact search. dolmove Interactive ... parsimony criteria. Evaluates parsimony and compatibility criteria for those phylogenies ... more details
taxobox image AristolochiaTomentosa.jpg image width 200px regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Magnoliophyta unranked classis Magnoliid s ordo Piperales familia Aristolochiaceae genus Aristolochia binomial Aristolochia tomentosa species A. tomentosa Aristolochia tomentosa is a species of flowering plant in the Aristolochiaceae family. References C. Neinhuis, S. Wanke1, K. W. Hilu, K. M ller and T. Borsch, 2004 . Phylogeny of Aristolochiaceae based on parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses of trnL trnF sequences . Plant Systematics and Evolution, Volume 250, Numbers 1 2. pp. 7 26. Category Aristolochia tomentosa Category Flora of Alabama az Aristolochia tomentosa ... more details
Genetics Analysis Distance, Parsimony and Maximum Composite Likelihood Methods http www.megasoftware.net ... do non phylogenetic multivariate analysis. Maximum parsimony, distance matrix, maximum likelihood ... Maximum parsimony, implied weighting, ratchet http www.cladistics.com aboutNona.htm download ... using parsimony and other methods Maximum parsimony, distance matrix, maximum likelihood http paup.csit.fsu.edu ... Wei Chen Chen PHYLIP Phylogenetic inference package Maximum parsimony, distance matrix, maximum likelihood ... have been developed for this purpose. Maximum parsimony, Maximum likelihood, Chromosome rearrangement ... nucleotides and aminoacids Maximum likelihood, simple Maximum parsimony http icwww.epfl.ch ... http www.splitstree.org SplitsTree D.H. Huson and D. Bryant TNT Phylogenetic inference Parsimony ... TreeAlign Efficient hybrid method Distance matrix and approximate parsimony http bioweb.pasteur.fr ... Haeseler T REX Tree inferring and visualization, Gene transfer detection Distance, Parsimony and Maximum ... Unipro Winclada GUI and tree editor requires Nona Maximum parsimony, ratchet http www.cladistics.com ... more details
Warren H. Wagner Jr. August 29, 1920 January 8, 2000 , known as Herb Wagner, from his middle name, Herbert, was an eminent American botanist who lived in Michigan . A longtime faculty member at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor , he developed, in the early 1960s, the first algorithm for discerning phylogenetic relationships among species based upon their respective character states observed over a set of characters. This work was honored by James Farris botanist James Farris and Arnold Kluge in their later appellation of related algorithms as Wagner maximum parsimony parsimony . Wagner specialized in the fern s, especially the Botrychiaceae . Apparently among modern phylogenetic systematists, Wagner is alone in having been mentioned in a Hollywood film A New Leaf , starring Elaine May and Walter Matthau . Note not to be confused with the American botanist http botany.si.edu staff staffPage.cfm?ThisName 47&homepage no Warren L. Wagner 1950 . botanist W.H.Wagner References reflist External links http herbarium.lsa.umich.edu University of Michigan Herbarium Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Wagner, Warren H. ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION American botanist DATE OF BIRTH August 29, 1920 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH January 8, 2000 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Wagner, Warren H. Category 1920 births Category 2000 deaths Category American botanists Category Pteridologists Category Botanists with author abbreviations Category University of Michigan faculty US scientist stub ca Warren H. Wagner es Warren H. Wagner fr Warren Herbert Wagner pt Warren Herbert Wagner ru , ... more details
Other uses Indeterminacy disambiguation The indeterminacy problem is posed as a kind of paradox in the study of the sociology of science sociology and history of science . It is often used as an argument against the rational value of scientific thought. The argument is as follows There are an infinite number of possible theories, There can only be a finite amount of experimental evidence, Therefore it is impossible to disambiguate between all viable theories. While this is true in this abstract form, in practice, parsimony is used to limit the number of theories which are considered useful, and likewise, to limit the number of directions to take experimental research. Occam s Razor , seeking the simplest explanation, forms much of the basis of modern scientific thought a theory which accounts best for all observed phenomena, does not predict disproven phenomena, and does not introduce unobserved phenomena is to be preferred. ref cite book url http books.google.com books?id od68ge7aF6wC&pg PA531&dq parsimonious scientific method v onepage&q &f false title The philosophy of science an encyclopedia, Volume 1 author Sahotra Sarkar, Jessica Pfeifer publisher Routledge isbn 9780415939270 ref Moreover, data obtained by one experiment can be applied to more than one hypothesis, and proven hypotheses can be applied to more than one theory. For example, the theory of gravity has implications for innumerable other theories. There is not an infinite number of possible theories, since the available theories are limited by the ideas which have actually been imagined by scientists. See also Occam s razor Parsimony Negative proof References reflist External links http books.google.com books?q Indeterminacy problem&btnG Search Books Google Books Category Sociological terms ... more details
Taxobox image Doriopsilla albopunctata mating.jpg image caption Doriopsilla albopunctata regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Nudipleura br clade Nudibranch ia br clade Euctenidiacea br clade Doridacea superfamilia Phyllidioidea familia Dendrodorididae familia authority O Donoghue , 1924 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision See text. synonyms Doridopsidae Alder & Hancock, 1864 Dendrodorididae is a taxonomic family biology family of sea slug s, dorid nudibranch s, marine ocean marine gastropod mollusc s in the order biology Superfamily Phyllidioidea . Genera A Maximum parsimony phylogenetics maximum parsimony analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 16S mtDNA gene , performed in 2003, has shown that the family Dendrodoridae is paraphyletic . ref cite journal last Vald s first Angel year 2003 title Preliminary molecular phylogeny of the radula less Dorids Gastropoda Opisthobranchia , based on 16S MTDNA sequence data journal Journal of Molluscan Studies publisher Oxford Journals volume 69 issue 1 pages 75 80 doi 10.1093 mollus 69.1.75 issn 1464 3766 url http mollus.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 69 1 75 accessdate 2010 02 01 ref Genera in the family Dendrodorididae presently include Aphelodoris is in Discodorididae Dendrodoris small Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg Ehrenberg , 1831 small Doriopsilla small Rudolph Bergh Bergh , 1880 small References reflist ITIS id 78447 taxon Dendrodorididae Arthur William Baden Powell Powell A. W. B. , New Zealand Mollusca , HarperCollins William Collins Publishers Ltd , Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0 00 216906 1 Category Dendrodorididae heterobranchia stub fr Dendrodorididae it Dendrodorididae ... more details
unref date January 2008 In statistics , an optimality criterion provides a measure of the fit of the data to a given hypothesis. The selection process is determined by the solution that optimizes the criteria used to evaluate the alternative hypotheses. The term has been used to identify the different criteria that are used to evaluate a phylogenetic tree and include maximum likelihood , Bayesian probability Bayesian , maximum parsimony , and minimum evolution . For example, in order to determine the best topology between two phylogenetic trees using the maximum likelihood optimality criterion, one would calculate the maximum likelihood score of each tree and choose the one that had the better score. However, different optimality criteria can select different hypotheses. In such circumstances caution should be exercised when making strong conclusions. Many other disciplines use similar criteria or have specific measures geared toward the objectives of the field. References Empty section date July 2010 See also Optimality in Pareto equilibrium Category Hypothesis testing ru ... more details
Stratocladistics is a method of making phylogenetic inferences using both geological and morphobiological data. It follows many of the same rules as cladistics , using Bayesian logic to quantify how good a phylogenetic hypothesis is in terms of debt and parsimony . However, in addition to the morphological debt that is used to determine phylogenetic dissimilarities in cladistics, there is also stratigraphic debt which adds the dimension of time to the equation. Although stratocladistics has been viewed with suspicion by some workers, it represents a total evidence approach that has some advantages over traditional cladistic approaches. ref name Fisher2008 cite doi 10.1146 annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095752 ref External links cite web title StrataPhy url http www.life.illinois.edu marcot StrataPhy.html &mdash software for stratocladistic reconstructions Further reading cite doi 10.1126 science.284.5421.1816 Cite jstor 2401154 Cite jstor 1304741 Cite journal url http www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu Strauss Phylogenetics Readings HuelsenbeckRannala2000.pdf title reflist Category Phylogenetics ... more details
Hickam s dictum is a counterargument to the use of Occam s razor in the medical profession. ref See, e.g., Hickam s Dictum versus Occam s Razor A Case for Occam. W. Bradley Fields, MD, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 2005 http www.hospitalmedicine.org AM Template.cfm?Section Home&TEMPLATE CM HTMLDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID 5342 Clinical Vignettes ref The principle is commonly stated Patients can have as many diseases as they damn well please . The principle is attributed to John Hickam, MD. Hickam was a faculty member at Duke University in the 1950s, and was later chairman of medicine at Indiana University . ref Journal of Neuro Ophthalmology September 2002 Volume 22 Issue 3 pp 240 246 http www.jneuro ophthalmology.com pt re jneuroophth fulltext.00041327 200209000 00009.htm ref When discussing Occam s razor in contemporary medicine, doctors and philosophers of medicine speak of diagnostic parsimony . Diagnostic parsimony advocates that when diagnosing a given injury, ailment, illness, or disease a doctor should strive to look for the fewest possible causes that will account for all the symptoms. However, this principle has very important limits in medical practice. The actual process that occurs when diagnosing a patient is a continuous flow of hypothesis and testing of that hypothesis, then modifying the hypothesis, and so on. In the context of this method, the principle of Hickam s dictum asserts that at no stage should a particular diagnosis be excluded solely because it doesn t appear to fit the principle of Occam s razor. The principle of Occam s razor, or parsimony, does not demand that the diagnostician necessarily opt for the simplest explanation, but instead guides the medical practitioner to seek explanations, without unnecessary additional assumptions, which are capable of accounting for all relevant evidence. A key reason for using Hickam s dictum as a limiting principle to that of Occam s razor is that it is often statistically more likely ... more details
, parsimony p. 461 462. John Maeda Maeda, J. , 2006 Laws of Simplicity, MIT Press William Newton .... Cambridge, Massachusetts, The MIT Press. parsimony and simplicity p. 627 629. External ... more details
around the Sun. Occam s razor also written as Ockham s razor , Latin lex parsimoniae is the law of parsimony ... to treat them as distinct. One reason for doing so is that considerations of parsimony ..., 2004 Wiley Online Library. ref ref Foundations of Occam s razor and parsimony in learning ... considerations and considerations of parsimony in particular do not count unless they reflect ... fn 100 ref name fn 101 In physics , parsimony was an important heuristic in the formulation of special ... may be subtle, but he is not malicious. In the scientific method, parsimony is an epistemological , Metaphysics ... ref name fn 112 When scientists use the idea of parsimony, it only has meaning in a very specific context of inquiry. A number of background assumptions are required for parsimony to connect with plausibility in a particular research problem. The reasonableness of parsimony in one research context may .... Occam s razor and parsimony support, but do not prove these general axioms of science. The general ... and there is no need for parsimony to choose one that is preferred. For example, Newtonian ... . He warns When parsimony ceases to be a guideline and is instead elevated to an Papal infallibility Ex cathedra ex cathedra pronouncement, parsimony analysis ceases to be science. Biology Biologists ... the cladists that Occam s razor is to be found, although their term for it is cladistic parsimony. Cladistic parsimony or maximum parsimony is a method of phylogenetic inference in the construction ... parsimony is used to support the hypothesis es that require the fewest evolutionary changes ... is collected this is called long branch attraction . For a full treatment of cladistic parsimony, see Elliott Sober s Reconstructing the Past Parsimony, Evolution, and Inference 1988 . For a discussion ... 1990 . Other methods for inferring evolutionary relationships use parsimony in a more traditional way. Likelihood function Likelihood methods for phylogeny use parsimony as they do for all likelihood ... more details
Tree rearrangements are used in heuristic algorithm s devoted to searching for an Optimization mathematics optimal tree structure . They can be applied to any set of data that are naturally arranged into a tree, but have most applications in computational phylogenetics , especially in maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood searches of phylogenetic tree s, which seek to identify one among many possible trees that best explains the evolution ary history of a particular gene or species . Basic tree rearrangements gallery Image NNI.svg Nearest neighbor interchange NNI Image SPR.svg Subtree pruning and regrafting SPR Image TBR.svg Tree bisection and reconnection TBR gallery The simplest tree rearrangement, known as nearest neighbor interchange , exchanges the connectivity of four subtrees within the main tree. Because there are three possible ways of connecting four subtrees, ref name felsenstein Felsenstein J. 2004 . Inferring Phylogenies Sinauer Associates Sunderland, MA. ref and one is the original connectivity, each interchange creates two new trees. Exhaustively searching the possible nearest neighbors for each possible set of subtrees is the slowest but most optimizing way of performing this search. An alternative, more wide ranging search, subtree pruning and regrafting SPR , selects and removes a subtree from the main tree and reinserts it elsewhere on the main tree to create a new node. Finally, tree bisection and reconnection TBR detaches a subtree from the main tree at an interior node and then attempts all possible connections between branches of the two trees thus created. The increasing complexity of the tree rearrangement technique correlates with increasing computational time required for the search, although not necessarily with their performance. ref name takahashi Takahashi K, Nei M. 2000 . Efficiencies of fast algorithms of phylogenetic inference under the criteria of maximum parsimony, minimum evolution, and maximum likelihood when a large number o ... more details
and by extending their parsimony analysis using PAUP . ref Swofford, D.L. 2002 PAUP phylogenetic analysis using parsimony and other methods Version 4. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA ref They maintained ... more details
year 1996 publisher Sinaur isbn 0 87893 282 8 unused data authorlink ref Using a parsimony criterion ... to identify the best cladogram. ref cite book title Cladistics The Theory and Practice of Parsimony ... , parsimony , maximum likelihood , and Bayesian inference . Biologists sometimes use the term parsimony for a specific kind of cladogram generation algorithm and sometimes as an umbrella term for all ... and Pitfalls of Parsimony year 1993 volume 361 pages 603 607 doi 10.1038 361603a0 pmid 8437621 issue ... The Parsimony Ratchet a new method for rapid parsimony analysis year 1999 volume 15 pages 407 414 ... more details
Automatic taxobox name Eureptilians image Labidos1.jpg image caption Labidosaurikos Labidosaurikos meachami , an early eureptilian of the family Captorhinidae image width 250px fossil range Pennsylvanian Recent authority Everett C. Olson Olson , 1947 subdivision ranks Subgroups display children 1 Eureptilia true reptiles is one of the two major clade s of the Sauropsid a, the other being Anapsid a or Parareptilia . Eureptilia includes not only all Diapsid s, but also a number of primitive Permian Permo Carboniferous forms previously classified under the Anapsida, in the old no longer recognised order Cotylosauria . Primitive eureptilians were all small, superficially lizard like forms, that probably scurried through the Paleozoic undergrowth in search of insects. The diapsid s are the only eureptilian clade to continue beyond the Permian Permian Period . Eureptilia is defined by the skull having greatly reduced supraoccipital , tabular , and supratemporal bones that are no longer in contact with the postorbital . Phylogeny Cladogram modified after Muller and Reisz 2006 ref name muller&reisz2006 Muller, J. and Reisz, R.R. 2006 . The phylogeny of early eureptiles Comparing parsimony and Bayesian approaches in the investigation of a basal fossil clade. Systematic Biology , 55 3 503 511. doi 10.1080 10635150600755396 ref clade style font size 100 line height 85 label1 Reptilia 1 clade 1 Anapsida Parareptilia label2 Eureptilia 2 clade 1 Coelostegus 2 clade 1 clade 1 Thuringothyris 2 Captorhinidae 2 clade 1 Brouffia label2 Romeriida 2 clade 1 Paleothyris 2 clade 1 Hylonomus 2 clade 1 Protorothyrididae 2 Diapsida References reflist External links http www.permiantetrapods.net EUREPTILIA.html Eureptilia examples of some Permian species http www.palaeos.com Vertebrates Units 210Eureptilia 100.html Eureptilia Eureptilia Category Reptiles es Eureptilia fr Eureptilia pl Eureptilia pt Eureptilia zh ... more details
Crabtree may refer to People Crabtree surname Places Crabtree, California Crabtree, North Carolina , an unincorporated community in Haywood County, United States Crabtree, Oregon Crabtree, Pennsylvania Crabtree, Plymouth , a suburb of Plymouth in the county of Devon, England Crabtree, Quebec , Canada Crabtree, West Sussex , a hamlet in the parish of Lower Beeding and in Horsham District in England Crabtree Creek disambiguation Crabtree Falls , Virginia Crabtree Falls North Carolina , a waterfall in Yancey County, United States Crabtree Hot Springs, California , a closed, private hot spings in Lake County, United States Crabtree Ledge Light , a sparkplug lighthouse on Frenchman Bay, Maine, United States Crabtree Valley Mall , North Carolina John A. Crabtree House , a house located in Montgomery in Orange County, New York, United States Lake Crabtree , a reservoir in Cary, North Carolina, United States Lake Crabtree County Park , a park in Wake County, North Carolina, United States Mount Crabtree , a mountain in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica Thomas Crabtree Three Decker , a historic house in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States Companies Crabtree & Evelyn , an American retailer of body and home products Crabtree Brewing Co. , a regional brewery located in Greeley, Colorado, United States Crabtree Modular Switches , a company now merged in the Indian electrical equipment Havells Science Crabtree s Bludgeon , a foil to Occam s Razor law of parsimony Crabtree s catalyst , a complex of iridium with 1,5 cyclooctadiene, tris cyclohexylphosphine and pyridine Crabtree effect , a phenomenon whereby the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , produces ethanol aerobically in the presence of high external glucose concentrations rather than producing biomass via the tricarboxylic acid cycle Plants The Malus crabapple tree Asteroids 4137 Crabtree , a main belt asteroid discovered in 1970 disambig geo de Crabtree fr Crabtree homonymie pl Crabtree ujednoznacznienie pt Crabtree ... more details
Relevance vector machine RVM is a machine learning technique that uses Bayesian inference to obtain Parsimony parsimonious solutions for Regression analysis regression and Statistical classification classification . The RVM has an identical functional form to the support vector machine , but provides probabilistic classification. It is actually equivalent to a Gaussian process model with covariance function math k mathbf x , mathbf x sum j 1 N frac 1 alpha j varphi mathbf x , mathbf x j varphi mathbf x , mathbf x j math where is the kernel function usually Gaussian , and x sub 1 sub , , x sub N sub are the input vectors of the training set . Citation needed date February 2010 Compared to that of support vector machine s SVM , the Bayesian formulation of the RVM avoids the set of free parameters of the SVM that usually require cross validation based post optimizations ref group note See the comment of this claim in the Discussion of this page ref . However RVMs use an expectation maximization EM like learning method and are therefore at risk of local minima. This is unlike the standard sequential minimal optimization SMO based algorithms employed by Support vector machine SVM s, which are guaranteed to find a global optimum. Citation needed date February 2010 Notes references group note References cite journal last Tipping first Michael E. last2 Smola first2 Alex title Sparse Bayesian Learning and the Relevance Vector Machine year 2001 journal Journal of Machine Learning Research volume 1 pages 211&ndash 244 url http jmlr.csail.mit.edu papers v1 tipping01a.html doi 10.1162 15324430152748236 Software http dlib.net dlib C Library http www.terborg.net research kml The Kernel Machine Library http www.maths.bris.ac.uk R web packages rvmbinary index.html rvmbinary R package for binary classification External links http www.relevancevector.com Tipping s webpage on Sparse Bayesian Models and the RVM http www.tristanfletcher.co.uk RVM 20Explained.pdf A Tutorial on RVM by Tristan ... more details
Francesco Accolti c. 1416 ref name black cite book first Robert last Black authorlink coauthors year 2002 title Benedetto Accolti and the Florentine Renaissance edition publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 0 521 52227 7 format Paperback page 4 ref 1488 , also called Francesco d Arezzo , was an italy Italian jurist. The brother of Benedetto Accolti the Elder Benedetto Accolti , he professed jurisprudence at Bologna from 1440 to 1445, and afterwards at Ferrara , Siena , and Pisa . He possessed a strong understanding and powerful eloquence. The distinction which he acquired was so great, that he flattered himself with the expectation of obtaining a cardinal s hat, on the accession of Sixtus IV to the pontifical throne and when it was refused him, the pope though it necessary to accompany the refusal with this complimentary apology I would gladly have granted you the honor, had I not feared, that your preferment, by removing you from your school, would have hindered the progress of science. The reputation of Accolti was tarnished by the parsimony with which he amassed vast treasures. He wrote several treatises on law, and translated some of the writings of Chrysostom . ref name genbio genbio Accolti, Francesco ref References reflist See also Accolti , other members of the family Persondata NAME Accolti, Francesco ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Italian lawyer DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1488 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Accolti, Francesco Category 1410s births Category 1488 deaths Category People from Arezzo Category Italian jurists Category Italian lawyers Category 15th century Italian people ca Francesco Accolti l aret fr Francesco Accolti it Francesco Accolti sl Francesco Accolti ... more details
italictitle speciesbox name Coelostegus fossil range Late Carboniferous , fossil range 307.1 305 genus Coelostegus display parents 2 parent authority Robert L. Carroll Carroll & Baird, 1972 in paleontology 1972 authority Carroll & Baird, 1972 species prothales Coelostegus is an extinct genus of Late Carboniferous late Westphalian stage Westphalian stage basal phylogenetics basal reptile known from Plze Pilsen of Czech Republic . It is known from the holotype GH 3027, a partial skeleton of an immature individual. It was collected in the N any site from the N any Member of the Kladno Formation . It was first named by was first named by Robert L. Carroll and Donald Baird in 1972 in paleontology 1972 and the type species is Coelostegus prothales . ref name earlyrep cite journal authors Robert L. Carroll and Donald Baird year 1972 title Carboniferous Stem Reptiles of the Family Romeriidae journal Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology volume 143 issue 5 pages 321 363 ref The most recent phylogenic study of primitive reptile relationships found Coelostegus to be the basalmost known eureptile . ref name MR06 cite journal last M ller first J. coauthors and Reisz, R. R. year 2006 title The phylogeny of early eureptiles comparing parsimony and Bayesian approaches in the investigation of a basal fossil clade journal Systematic Biology pmid 16861212 volume 55 issue 3 pages 503 511 doi 10.1080 10635150600755396 ref References reflist Reptile stub Category Prehistoric reptiles Category Fossil taxa described in 1972 ... more details
italictitle speciesbox name Cephalerpeton fossil range Late Carboniferous , fossil range 307.1 305 genus Cephalerpeton parent authority Moodie, 1912 in paleontology 1912 authority Moodie, 1912 species ventriarmatum Cephalerpeton is an extinct genus of Late Carboniferous late Westphalian stage Westphalian stage Protorothyrididae protorothyridid known from Illinois . It is known from the holotype Peabody Museum of Natural History YPM 796, a partial skeleton . It was collected in the Mazon Creek site, from the Francis Creek Shale Member of the Carbondale Formation . It was first named by R. L. Moodie in 1912 in paleontology 1912 as a Amphibamidae amphibamid amphibian and the type species is Cephalerpeton ventriarmatum . ref name Cephalerpeton cite journal authors R. L. Moodie year 1912 title The Pennsylvanic Amphibia of the Mazon Creek, Illinois, Shales journal Kansas University Science Bulletin volume 6 issue 2 pages 232 259 ref It was first assigned to Protorothyrididae by Robert L. Carroll and Donald Baird in 1972 and this placement has been widely accepted. ref name earlyrep cite journal authors Robert L. Carroll and Donald Baird year 1972 title Carboniferous Stem Reptiles of the Family Romeriidae journal Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology volume 143 issue 5 pages 321 363 ref ref name MR06 cite journal last M ller first J. coauthors and Reisz, R. R. year 2006 title The phylogeny of early eureptiles comparing parsimony and Bayesian approaches in the investigation of a basal fossil clade journal Systematic Biology pmid 16861212 volume 55 issue 3 pages 503 511 doi 10.1080 10635150600755396 ref References reflist Reptile stub Category Prehistoric reptiles Category Fossil taxa described in 1912 zh ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
