Taxobox image Albatrellus flettii.JPG image width 240px image caption Albatrellus flettii regnum Fungi phylum Basidiomycota classis Basidiomycetes ordo Polyporales familia Albatrellaceae genus Albatrellus genus authority small S.F. Gray small subdivision ranks subdivision type species Albatrellus ovinus br small Schaeff. ex Elias Magnus Fries Fr. Kotl. et Pouz. small Albatrellus is a genus of 16 species in the Albatrellaceae family. ref name Kirk2008 cite book author Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. title Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed publisher CABI location Wallingford year 2008 page 18 isbn 0 85199 826 7 ref Species are common in northern temperate forests, producing medium to large fleshy basidiocarp fruit bodies of various colors. Phylogeny Recent Maximum parsimony parsimony analysis of Internal transcribed spacer ITS sequences of various Albatrellus species show that the genus is not monophyletic , and that the species may be divided into two clade s. ref http www.fungaldiversity.org fdp sfdp 28 3.pdf Cui BK, Wang, Z, Dai YC. 2008 . Albatrellus piceiphilus sp nov on the basis of morphological and molecular characters . Fungal Diversity 28 41 8. ref This corroborates prior phylogenetic analysis which suggested that Albatrellus consists of two separate groups with affinity to the Russuloid and Polyporoid clades. ref cite journal author Gardes M, Bruns TD title ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts journal Mol. Ecol. volume 2 issue 2 pages 113 8 year 1993 month April pmid 8180733 doi 10.1111 j.1365 294X.1993.tb00005.x url ref ref cite journal author Hibbett DS, Pine EM, Langer E, Langer G, Donoghue MJ title Evolution of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 94 issue 22 pages 12002 6 year 1997 month October pmid 9342352 pmc 23683 doi 10.1073 pnas.94.22.12002 url http www.pnas.org cgi pmidlookup?view ... more details
pages 461 7 ref so heuristic search methods like those used in maximum parsimony analysis are applied ... to parsimony, and under certain conditions, ME analysis of distances based on a discrete character dataset will favor the same tree as conventional parsimony analysis of the same data. Phylogeny estimation ... of parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic inference use time reversible character ... after the analysis. The primary difference between these methods and distances is that parsimony, likelihood ... more details
with the 2R hypothesis. Parsimony analysis has produced some results that, while not supportive ... have claimed that genome data provides evidence of extensive duplication and that the parsimony tests ... more details
the completed phylogenetic tree, and the alignment with the maximum parsimony score is determined ... the multiple sequence alignment problem instead. Generation of the ancestral sequences and parsimony ... more details
The epistemic virtues, as identified by virtue epistemology virtue epistemologists , reflect their contention that belief is an ethical process, and thus susceptible to the intellectual virtue or vice of one s own life and personal experiences. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the question How do we know? Some epistemic virtues have been identified by W. Jay Wood , based on research into the medieval tradition. The list below Citation needed reason where does this list come from? date February 2007 substantially overlaps with his. Being an epistemically virtuous person is often equated with being a critical thinking critical thinker . ref Bishop, M., & Trout, J. D. 2004. Epistemology and the Psychology of Human Judgment . Oxford Oxford University Press. ref attentiveness circumspection benevolence Principle of charity Principle of Charity coachability creativity curiosity discernment discretion wikt foresight foresight intellectual honesty intellectual humility imaginativeness interpretive sensitivity Objectivity philosophy objectivity parsimony Occam s razor perceptiveness prudence practical wisdom studiousness tenacity truthfulness understanding wikt warrant warrant wisdom Note that in this context curiosity bears the modern connotation of inquisitiveness , in contrast to the medieval connotation of attraction to unwholesome things. These can be contrasted to the epistemic vices such as closed mindedness curiosity see below dogma tism epistemic blindness folly disambiguation folly gullibility intellectual dishonesty obtuseness self deception superficiality of thought superstition willful na vet wishful thinking Note that in this context curiosity bears the medieval connotation of attraction to unwholesome things, in contrast to the positive studious or perhaps inquisitive . See also Egocentrism Intellectual virtue References reflist Other sources to consult W. Jay Wood, Epistemology Becoming Intellectually Virtuous InterVarsity Press, 1998 ... more details
automatic taxobox name Protorothyridids fossil range Pennsylvanian Asselian , Fossil range 307.1 294.6 image Protorothyris.jpg image width 225px image caption Life restoration of Protorothyris archeri familia Protorothyrididae authority Llewellyn Ivor Price Price , 1937 in paleontology 1937 type species extinct Protorothyris archeri type species authority Price, 1937 subdivision ranks Genera display children 1 Protorothyrididae is a family biology family of small, lizard like reptiles. Their skulls did not have Fenestra anatomy fenestra e, as is also true of modern turtles and tortoises. Protorothyridids lived from the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian periods, in what is now North America . ref name Protorothyris cite journal authors Llewellyn Ivor Price year 1937 title Two new cotylosaurs from the Permian of Texas journal Proceedings of the New England Zo logical Club volume 11 pages 97 102 ref ref name Melanothyris cite journal authors Alfred Sherwood Romer year 1952 title Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian Vertebrates of the Pittsburgh West Virginia Region journal Annals of Carnegie Museum volume 33 pages 47 113 ref ref name Cephalerpeton cite journal authors R. L. Moodie year 1912 title The Pennsylvanic Amphibia of the Mazon Creek, Illinois, Shales journal Kansas University Science Bulletin volume 6 issue 2 pages 232 259 ref ref name earlyrep cite journal authors Robert L. Carroll and Donald Baird year 1972 title Carboniferous Stem Reptiles of the Family Romeriidae journal Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology volume 143 issue 5 pages 321 363 ref Many genera of primitive reptiles were thought to be protorothyridids. Brouffia , Coelostegus , Paleothyris and Hylonomus , for example, were recently found to be more basal phylogenetics basal eureptile s. ref name MR06 cite journal last M ller first J. coauthors and Reisz, R. R. year 2006 title The phylogeny of early eureptiles comparing parsimony and Bayesian approaches in the investigation of a basal fo ... more details
Walter M. Fitch May 21, 1929 March 10, 2011 was professor of molecular evolution at the University of California, Irvine , until his death. He was also a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences , the American Philosophical Society , and the American Association for the Advancement of Science , and was a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society of London Linnean Society London . He is the co founder of the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution , together with Masatoshi Nei , and was the first president of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution . Walter Fitch is noted for his pioneering work on reconstruction of Phylogenetic tree phylogenies evolutionary trees from protein and DNA sequences. Among his achievements are the first major paper on distance matrix methods, which introduced the Fitch Margoliash method which seeks the tree that best predicts a set of pairwise distances among species. He also developed the Fitch parsimony algorithm, which evaluates rapidly and exactly the minimum number of changes of state of a sequence on a given phylogeny. His definition of Homology 28biology 29 Orthology orthologous sequences has been very often cited and used as a reference in many research publications. Major papers Fitch, W. M. and E. Margoliash. 1967 . Construction of phylogenetic trees. Science 155 279 284. Fitch, W. M. 1970 . Distinguishing homologous from analogous proteins. Systematic Biology 19 2 99 113. Fitch, W. M. 1971 . Toward defining the course of evolution minimum change for a specified tree topology. Systematic Zoology 20 4 406 416 External links http www.faculty.uci.edu profile.cfm?faculty id 2117&name Walter 20M. 20Fitch Faculty page with online publications http ncse.com news 2011 03 walter fitch dies 006544 Obituary at the National Center for Science Education http www.sciencemag.org content 332 6031 804.full Retrospective in science Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Fitch, Walter M ... more details
for the NeXus format used in particle physics Nexus data format Nexus file format ref name nexus cite journal doi 10.1093 sysbio 46.4.590 author Maddison DR, Swofford DL, Maddison WP title NEXUS An extensible file format for systematic information journal Systematic Biology volume 46 issue 4 year 1997 pages 590 621 pmid 11975335 ref is widely used in Bioinformatics . Several popular phylogenetic programs such as Paup , ref name paup http paup.csit.fsu.edu index.html PAUP &mdash Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony and other methods ref MrBayes, ref name mrbayes http mrbayes.csit.fsu.edu MyBayes ref Mesquite, and MacClade ref name macclade http macclade.org index.html MacClade ref use this format. Syntax Command inside square brackets and are ignored comment . Each block starts with code BEGIN block name code and finishes with code END code ref name nexus specs https www.nescent.org wg phyloinformatics NEXUS Specification Detailed NEXUS specification ref An example for a simple DNA alignment would be NEXUS Begin data Dimensions ntax 4 nchar 15 Format datatype dna symbols ACTG missing ? gap Matrix Species1 atgctagctagctcg Species2 atgcta??tag tag Species3 atgttagctag tgg Species4 atgttagctag tag End Basic blocks TAXA block The TAXA block contains information about taxa. CHARACTER block The CHARACTER block contains information about the data matrix. DATA block The DATA block contains the data matrix e.g. sequence alignment . TREES block The TREES block contains phylogenetic trees described using the Newick format , e.g. code A,B ,C code Paup ASSUMPTIONS block SETS block TREES block CODONS block DISTANCES block PAUP block This block contains all the commands used by Paup . refer to http paup.csit.fsu.edu Cmd ref v2.pdf Command Reference Document Second Draft for detail describtion of each command. See also Newick format phyloXML References reflist External links http wiki.christophchamp.com index.php NEXUS file format NEXUS file format &mdash detailed explanation with ... more details
ECJ is a freeware evolutionary computation research system written in Java. It is a framework that supports a variety of evolutionary computation techniques, such as genetic algorithms , genetic programming , evolution strategies , coevolution , particle swarm optimization, and differential evolution. The framework models iterative evolutionary processes using a series of pipelines arranged to connect one or more subpopulations of individuals with Selection genetic algorithm selection , breeding such as Crossover genetic algorithm crossover , and Mutation genetic algorithm mutation operators that produce new individuals. The framework is open source and is distributed under the Academic Free License . ECJ was created by http www.cs.gmu.edu sean Sean Luke , a computer science professor at George Mason University, and is maintained by Sean Luke and a variety of contributors. Features listed from http cs.gmu.edu eclab projects ecj ECJ s project page General Features GUI with charting Platform independent checkpointing and logging Hierarchical parameter files Multithreading Mersenne Twister Random Number Generators Abstractions for implementing a variety of EC forms. EC Features Asynchronous island models over TCP IP Master Slave evaluation over multiple processors Genetic Algorithms Programming style Steady State and Generational evolution, with or without Elitism Evolutionary Strategies style mu,lambda and mu lambda evolution Very flexible breeding architecture Many selection operators Multiple subpopulations and species Inter subpopulation exchanges Reading populations from files Single and Multi population coevolution SPEA2 multiobjective optimization Particle Swarm Optimization Differential Evolution Spatially embedded evolutionary algorithms Hooks for other multiobjective optimization methods Packages for parsimony pressure GP Tree Representations Set based Strongly Typed Genetic Programming Ephemeral Random Constants Automatically Defined Functions and Automatica ... more details
No footnotes date April 2011 Overengineering or over engineering is when a product is more robust or complicated than necessary for its application, either charitably to ensure sufficient factor of safety , sufficient functionality, or due to design errors. Overengineering is desirable when safety or performance on a particular criterion is critical, or when extremely broad functionality is required, but it is generally criticized from the point of view of value engineering as wasteful. As a design philosophy , such overcomplexity is the opposite of the Minimalism Minimalist design less is more school of thought and hence a violation of the KISS principle and parsimony . Overengineering generally occurs in high end products or specialized market criteria, and takes various forms. In one form, products are overbuilt, and have performance far in excess of needs a family sedan that can drive at 300 km h, or a home video cassette recorder with a projected lifespan of 100 years , and hence are more expensive, bulkier, and heavier than necessary. Alternatively, they may be overcomplicated the design may be far more complicated than is necessary for its use, such as a modern text editor asking whether files should be saved in ASCII or EBCDIC format. Overcomplexity reduces usability of the product by the end user , and can decrease productivity of the design team due to the need to build and maintain all the features. A related issue is market segmentation making different products for different market segments. In this context, a particular product may be more or less suited for a particular market segment, and may be over or under engineered relative to an application. German tanks in World War II Second World War German tanks are typical examples of overengineered vehicles, which made them more expensive, fewer in number, more difficult to produce and heavier than their Soviet and Allied counterparts. Citation needed reason German tanks also had diametrically differ ... more details
Horace Cecil Hunt , born London, 13 September 1902, died London, 13 July 1954, age 51 years, was a prolific journalist, editor, novelist and anthologist, who is best known for his collections of unintended errors made by British schoolchildren in their examinations and written work, commonly known as howlers . Cecil Hunt was educated at Southgate County School, now known as Southgate School , then at Kings College, London , where he studied journalism. ref name Authorbio Hunt, Cecil 1935 . Author biography . London Hutchinson. ref He started work in the insurance business but wrote articles for newspapers until he was offered a job by the publishing company of Ernest Benn to edit periodicals such as The Chemical Age and The Fruit Grocer . ref name Authorbio In 1928 Benn published Hunt s first collection of Howlers to great success and he followed these up with several other collections in the late 1930s for the publisher Methuen Publishing Methuen . For example An epistle is the wife of an apostle ref name HPH Hunt, Cecil and Blampied 1937 . Hand Picked Howlers . London Methuen ref Two crotchets make a quaker ref name MHPH Hunt, Cecil and Blampied 1938 . More Hand Picked Howlers . London Methuen. ref Lourdes is a cricket ground in London ref name RH Hunt, Cecil and Blampied 1937 . Ripe Howlers . London Methuen. ref and Parsimony is money left by your father. ref name BH Hunt, Cecil 1949 The Best Howlers . London Ernest Benn ref In 1930 Hunt joined the staff of The Daily Mail newspaper for whom he was soon appointed Fiction Editor. ref name Ink Hunt, Cecil 1948 . Ink in my veins . London Robert Hale. ref During the 1930s he wrote several novels under his own name and two using the pseudonyms Robert Payne and John Devon. The reason for using two pseudonyms for the same two novels is unclear, but may have occurred because of a clash with another writer also named Pierre Stephen Robert Payne Robert Payne . Hunt also wrote guides to journalism, publishing and writing sto ... more details
italic title taxobox name Morotopithecus bishopi fossil range Miocene ref name taxonomy.nl http sn2000.taxonomy.nl taxonomicon TaxonProperties.aspx Morotopithecus bishopi Properties The Taxonomicon ref regnum Animal ia image Morotopithecus vertebra.jpg image width 250px image caption Lumbar vertebra of M. bishopi A, B compared to that of a human C phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s superfamilia Hominoidea genus Morotopithecus species M. bishopi binomial Morotopithecus bishopi binomial authority Gebo et al., 1997 Morotopithecus bishopi is a species of fossil ape discovered in Moroto District Moroto , Uganda . ref name taxonomy.nl The Phylogeny phylogenetic status of Morotopithecus bishopi is debated to the extent that it challenges established views on the connection between Miocene primates and extant Hominidae hominids i.e. great apes . ref http www.plosone.org article info doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0001019 plosone ref Parsimony Parsimonious phylogenetic analyses indicate Morotopithecus is more derived than Proconsul primate Proconsul , ref Maclatchy, L. 2004 , The oldest ape . Evolutionary Anthropology Issues, News, and Reviews, 13 90 103. http onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi 10.1002 evan.10133 abstract doi 10.1002 evan.10133 Retrieved 2012 01 03 ref Afropithecus , and Kenyapithecus , but less derived than Oreopithecus , Sivapithecus , and Dryopithecus . Morotopithecus thus seems to be a sister taxon to extant great apes while Hylobates gibbon s seem to have branched off before this clade appeared. However, gibbons are believed to have branched off Mya 18 while Morotopithecus is dated to more than Mya 20.6 million years . ref cite journal last1 Young first1 Nathan M last2 MacLatchy first2 Laura title The phylogenetic position of Morotopithecus journal Journal of Human Evolution volume 46 year 2004 pages 163 184 url http www.fas.harvard.edu palanth Nate Publications files young maclatchy 2004.pdf doi 10.1016 j.jhevol.2003.11.002 ref In a compariso ... more details
Infobox software name P hylogenetic A nalysis U sing P arsimony logo File Pauph.gif screenshot File caption collapsible author David L Swofford developer released Start date YYYY MM DD discontinued latest release version latest release date Start date and age YYYY MM DD latest preview version latest preview date Start date and age YYYY MM DD frequently updated programming language C operating system Macintosh, Windows, Unix like platform Cross platform size language status genre science license website http paup.csit.fsu.edu PAUP 4.0 PAUP P hylogenetic A nalysis U sing P arsimony is a computational phylogenetics program for inferring evolutionary trees Phylogenetics phylogenies , written by David L. Swofford. Originally, as the name implies, PAUP only implemented parsimony , but from version 4.0 when the program became known as PAUP it also supports distance matrix , and maximum likelihood likelihood method s. Version 3.0 ran on Macintosh computers and supported a rich, user friendly graphical interface. Together with the program MacClade ref cite book author D R Maddison & W. P. Maddision title MacClade 4 Analysis of Phylogeny and Character Evolution id ISBN 0 87893 470 7 url http www.sinauer.com detail.php?id 4707 ref , with which it shares the NEXUS data format ref cite journal pmid 11975335 doi 10.1093 sysbio 46.4.590 authors Maddison, D R, D L Swofford & W P Maddison title NEXUS an extensible file format for systematic information. journal Systematic biology issn 1063 5157 volume 46 issue 4 pages 590 621 year 1997 ref , PAUP was the phylogenetic software of choice for many phylogenetists ref cite book author Barry G. Hall publisher Sinauer Associates title Phylogenetic trees made easy year 2001 id ISBN 0 87893 311 5 ref . Version 4.0 added support for Windows graphical shell and command line and Unix command line only platforms. However, the graphical user interface for the Macintosh version requires Classic Mac OS X Classic , which is no longer supported by Ma ... more details
Infobox film name Suno Sasurjee image director Vimal Kumar producer writer Rajeev Kaul narrator starring Aftab Shivdasani Aftab br Ameesha Patel music Sanjeev Darshan cinematography Pravin Bhatt editing Amit Saxena distributor released 24 February 2004 runtime 169 mins country India language Hindi budget gross preceded by followed by Suno Sasurjee is Bollywood Romance film romantic Comedy film directed by Vimal Kumar . The film stars Aftab Shivdasani and Ameesha Patel in lead roles. Kader Khan , Gulshan Grover and Asrani made supporting roles in the film. Synopsis Mr. Raj K. Saxena Kader Khan is known for his parsimony. Everything he does and thinks is valued with money, and ways he can accumulate it. His daughter, Kiran Ameesha Patel , is the opposite, a spendthrift. Mr. Saxena borrows money from elderly people, assuring them of returning the loan with a handsome rate of interest after about 20 years, knowing fully well that none of them will survive 20 years. Then he meets with the son of one of such lender, aptly named after him viz. Raj K. Saxena Aftab Shivdasani Aftab . Mr. Saxena refuses to repay the amount, swallows the proof, the only evidence, and asks Raj to get out, which he does so. Raj is determined to get his money, and wants Kiran to fall in love with him. Kiran does so, and brings him over to introduce him to her shocked and speechless dad. Things change when Raj inherits a large amount of money, ironically left by Mr. Saxena maternal grandmother, and it is Mr. Saxena who is now anxious to get in the good books of Raj, with hilarious results. Cast Aftab Shivdasani as Raj Saxena Ameesha Patel as Kiran Saxena Gulshan Grover as Shera Aflatoon Kader Khan as Raj K. Saxena Asrani as Murli Shakti Kapoor as Kiran s Brother in Law Soundtrack border 10 cellpadding 10 cellspacing 0 style margin 1em 1em 1em 0 background f9f9f9 border 1px aaa solid border collapse collapse font size 95 bgcolor CCCCCC align center Title Singer s 1 Jab Dil Dhadakta Kumar Sanu , Alk ... more details
Italictitle Taxobox name Palatobaena fossil range Late Cretaceous Early Eocene fossil range 70.6 50.3 regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata subphylum Vertebrata superclassis Tetrapoda classis Sauropsida ordo Testudines subordo Cryptodira infraordo Paracryptodira familia Baenidae genus Palatobaena genus authority Gaffney, 1972 in paleontology 1972 subdivision ranks Species ref name LJ2009 Cite journal authors Tyler R. Lyson and Walter G. Joyce year 2009 title A Revision of Plesiobaena Testudines Baenidae and an Assessment of Baenid Ecology Across the K T Boundary journal Journal of Paleontology volume 83 issue 6 pages 833 853 doi 10.1666 09 035.1 url http www.bioone.org doi abs 10.1666 09 035.1 ref subdivision P. bairdi small Gaffney, 1972 type species type small P. cohen small Lyson & Joyce, 2009 small P. gaffneyi small Archibald & Hutchison, 1979 small Palatobaena is an extinct genus of Baenidae baenid turtle . It was first named by Gaffney in 1972 and the type species is Palatobaena bairdi . It based on a fragmentary skull from the Fort Union Formation of the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming . ref name Gaffney Cite journal author Gaffney, E. S. year 1972 title The systematics of the North American family Baenidae Reptilia, Cryptodira journal Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History volume 147 pages 241 320 ref The two other species are P. gaffneyi a complete skull from Eocene Wasatchian North American Land Mammal Age ref name Archibald Cite journal author Archibald, J. D. and J. H. Hutchison year 1979 title Revision of the genus Palatobaena Testudines, Baenidae , with the description of a new species journal Postilla volume 177 pages 1 19 ref and P. cohen which existed in Hell Creek Formation , North Dakota during the late Cretaceous period Maastrichtian age . ref name Lyson2009 Cite journal author Lyson, T.R. and Joyce, W.G. year 2009 title A New Species of Palatobaena Testudines Baenidae and a Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of Baenidae journal ... more details
MEGA , Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, is a freely available software to aid scientists and students in making dendrogram s, or phylogenetic tree s using nucleotide or protein sequences. It is developed by Koichiro Tamura from Tokyo Metropolitan University , Daniel Peterson, Nicholas Peterson , Glen Stecher , Sudhir Kumar from Arizona State University , and Masatoshi Nei from Pennsylvania State University . The manuscripts describing this resource are among the most highly cited in biology. ref name pmid8019868 cite journal author Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M title MEGA Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software for microcomputers journal Comput. Appl. Biosci. volume 10 issue 2 pages 189 91 year 1994 month April pmid 8019868 doi url ref ref name pmid11751241 cite journal author Kumar S, Tamura K, Jakobsen IB, Nei M title MEGA2 molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software journal Bioinformatics volume 17 issue 12 pages 1244 5 year 2001 month December pmid 11751241 doi 10.1093 bioinformatics 17.12.1244 url ref ref name pmid15260895 cite journal author Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M title MEGA3 Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment journal Brief. Bioinformatics volume 5 issue 2 pages 150 63 year 2004 month June pmid 15260895 doi url ref ref name pmid17488738 cite journal author Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S title MEGA4 Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis MEGA software version 4.0 journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 24 issue 8 pages 1596 9 year 2007 month August pmid 17488738 doi 10.1093 molbev msm092 url ref ref name pmid21546353 cite journal author Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S title MEGA5 Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods journal Mol Biol Evol volume issue pages year 2011 month May pmid 21546353 doi 10.1093 molbev msr121 url ref Currently MEGA is available in its regular version 5.0.5 a ... more details
ex parte rei that is, as applied to created things , and his view of parsimony. Nominalism ... of Ockham author William Turner ref Ontological parsimony One important contribution that he made to modern science and modern intellectual culture was the principle of parsimony in explanation and theory .... He turned this into a concern for ontological parsimony the principle says that one should ... to which his ontological parsimony request leads appears in his doctrine that human reason can ... to the principle of ontological parsimony, he holds that we do not need to allow entities in all ... more details
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