method largest remainder LR method s, including the Hamilton method. Listproportionalrepresentation may also be combined in various hybrids, e.g. using the additional member system . List of main apportionment politics apportionment methods most proportional to least proportional Hare quota LR Hare ... list . They can also be used as part of mixed additional member system s. In these systems, parties make lists of candidates to be elected, and seats get allocated to each party in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may vote directly for the party, as in Israel , for candidates and that vote will pool to the party, as in Turkey and Brazil , or for a list of candidates, as in Hong Kong . Electoral systems The order in which a party s list candidates get elected may be pre determined by some method internal to the party or the candidates a closed list system or it may be determined by the voters at large an open list system . Many variations on seat allocation within partylistproportionalrepresentation exist. The three most common are The D Hondt method or Jefferson ... glossary.asp Glossary of Electoral Formulas Category Proportionalrepresentation electoral systems Category Partylist PR it lista elettorale ja ru th ... proportional an electoral system becomes the most proportional being when there is no division into constituencies ... of the Hare and Droop quotas List of democracy and elections related topics List MP Ley de lemas Legislative Council of Hong Kong Sectoral representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines ... and disadvantages of List PR from the http www.aceproject.org ACE Project http www.aceproject.org ace ... more details
Edinburgh ref Partylistproportionalrepresentation is one approach, in which each political party presents its list of candidates voters chose a partylist. The open list form allows the voter ... loser delegation can achieve full representation in a different way. Partylist system in a multi member constituency Main Partylistproportionalrepresentation The parties each list their candidates ... later systems, this did not allow for partylistproportionalrepresentation . Single Transferable ... rejected it. A partylistproportionalrepresentation system was first devised and described in 1878 ... Partylist, 5 percent threshold Portugal Partylist Romania Mixed member proportionalrepresentation ... districts encourage a two party system. There are many different forms of proportionalrepresentation. Some are focused solely on achieving the proportionalrepresentation of different political parties such as Partylistproportionalrepresentationlist PR while others permit the voter to chose ... representation . Voting systems that achieve more partyproportionalrepresentationProportional ... of proportionalrepresentation. For example, a party that receives 15 of the votes under such a system ... Partylist Algeria Partylist Afganistan Mixed member proportional Angola Partylist Australia ... member proportional Denmark Partylist Dominican Republic Partylist El Savador Partylist Equatorial ... Mixed member proportional, 5 percent threshold Greece Partylist with plurality bonus . Guinea ... New Caledonia Partylist New Zealand Mixed Member Proportional 5 threshold Nicaragua Partylist ... representation of Kurd independantists Ukraine Partylist Uruguay Partylist Venezuela Mixed Member ... 2010 Electoral systems Proportionalrepresentation PR is a concept in voting systems used to elect ... articles kolesar.htm title Communism, Race, and the Defeat of ProportionalRepresentation in Cold ... to vote for them. Different methods of achieving proportionalrepresentation achieve ... more details
may be due to a continuing dependence upon parliamentary cross party mandates and led to an intense party fragmentation in the Knesset . List of presidential systems with proportionalrepresentation ... Suriname List of semi presidential systems with proportionalrepresentation Algeria Angola Burkina Faso Burundi Democratic Republic of the Congo Peru Sri Lanka DEFAULTSORT ProportionalRepresentation In Presidential Systems Category Proportionalrepresentation electoral systems ... more details
Wiktionary ProportionalRepresentation Society PRSA TOC right ProportionalRepresentation Society may refer to Electoral Reform Society ProportionalRepresentation Society of Australia disambiguation ... more details
NPOV language date August 2011 The ProportionalRepresentation Society of Australia is one of the main electoral reform organisations in Australia . It has branches in South Australia, Victoria Tasmania, New South Wales, Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory. Its membership includes a number of people that have successfully promoted electoral reform both past and present . ref http www.aph.gov.au SEnate pubs pops pop34 c02.htm Why We Chose ProportionalRepresentation, The Australian ... Australia with a focus on multi member single transferable vote proportionalrepresentation voting ..., A Plea for Pure Democracy , helped the early formation of a proportionalrepresentation group called ... of the first partylist system used, briefly, for Australian parliamentary elections, introduced ... form of proportionalrepresentation that the SA Electoral Act 1985 prescribes for elections for SA ... of proportionalrepresentation counts. Critiques of the above the line voting device unfortunately used in certain Australian proportionalrepresentation elections Electronic voting, the introduction and use of computer technology in the conduct of elections Submissions to Government The ProportionalRepresentation Society through its numerous submissions to governments has played a significant role ... 20Election Submissions 21 ProportionalRepresentation Society.pdf Submission into the conduct of the Victorian ... emc 2006 20State 20Election Submissions 21 ProportionalRepresentation Society.pdf title Submission into the conduct of the Victorian State Election, 2006 work ProportionalRepresentation ... 2009 11 07 ref Accreditation The ProportionalRepresentation Society s Victoria Tasmania Branch ... Clientele cite web url http www.prsa.org.au clients .htm title PRSA Clients work ProportionalRepresentation ... site http www.electoralreformaustralia.org ProportionalRepresentation Society of Australia NSW http catalogue.nla.gov.au Record 765622 Elections and Representative government and representation Australia ... more details
Merge to Voting system date June 2010 refimprove date June 2010 Electoral systems A Semi proportional voting system is a multi winner voting system whose proportionality lies between that of majoritarianism majoritarian systems like bloc voting and fully proportional methods like the Sainte Lagu method or Single transferable vote STV . ref cite web url http www.mtholyoke.edu acad polit damy BeginnningReading semiproportional.htm title Semiproportional voting systems accessdate 19 June 2011 author Douglas J. Amy ref The choice to use a semi proportional voting system may be a deliberate attempt to find a balance between majority rule and proportionalrepresentation semi proportional systems can allow for fairer representation of those parties that have difficulty gaining individual seats while still keeping the possibility of one party gaining a majority when there is a landslide victory . On the other hand, the semi proportional nature of a legislature may arise unintended, from the dynamics of the system itself. Because there are many measures of proportionality, ref cite web url http ... threshold, opinions on what constitutes a semi proportional method rather than a majoritarian or a fully proportional one, may differ. Methods where parties can only achieve proportionality by coordinating their voters are usually considered to be semi proportional. ref cite web url http prfound.org basics related semi proportional title Semi Proportional Electoral Methods accessdate 19 June 2011 ref They are not majoritarian, since in the perfect case, the outcome will be proportional, but they are not proportional ... becomes less proportional the more votes each voter has. The other main group usually considered semi proportional consists of additional member systems where the additional members are not apportioned to counter imbalance in party proportionality, or where the manner in which they are so done is not sufficient ... Semi proportional electoral systems Category Voting systems ... more details
System Choice DEFAULTSORT Mixed Member ProportionalRepresentation Category Partylist PR Category Mixed .... MMP is similar to other forms of proportionalrepresentation PR in that the overall total of party ... system Proportionalrepresentation Open list Closed list References reflist Further reading Malone ...Electoral systems Mixed member proportionalrepresentation , also termed mixed member proportional voting ... a form of PR. MMP is known as personalized proportionalrepresentation in Germany , where it is used ... off the partylist and replaced with the next candidate down. In the original variant used at first ... but for one of candidates on the party s regional list Bavaria uses seven regions for this purpose ... and not only the partylist ones, are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes ... seats are compensatory top up . If a party wins more FPTP seats than the proportional quota received by the partylist vote, these surplus seats become overhang seats to restore a full proportionality ... be entitled to from its proportion of partylist votes, overhang seat s can occur. In Germany s Bundestag ... proportional to the votes, with other parties receiving additional list seats to achieve that. Threshold see also Election threshold As in numerous partylistproportional systems , in order to be eligible for list seats in many MMP models, a party must earn at least a certain percentage of the total party vote, or no candidates will be elected from the partylist. Candidates having won a constituency ... 5 for elections for federal parliament and most state parliaments. A party can also be eligible for list ... on left, partylist vote on right. Use Current use MMP is currently in use in Germany Bundestag , the Federation ... voted for the minor party s local candidate to ensure it qualifies for list seats on the back of winning ... seek to achieve double representation by voting tactically for another party in the regional vote ... law. One subdivision of the party contests the constituency seats, the other contests the list ... more details
The T ky proportionalrepresentation block Nihongo Hirei daihy T ky burokku is one of eleven proportionalrepresentation PR blocks , multi member constituencies for the House of Representatives ... of Tokyo making it one of two blocks covering only one prefecture, the other being Hokkaid proportionalrepresentation block Hokkaid . Following the introduction of proportional voting Tokyo elected ... Realization Party , K fuku jitsugen t List of Representatives Note Party affiliations as of election ... 30 PR list candidates, 24 concurrently ran in districts 23 won their district races, leaving only a total of seven list candidates to be elected by PR. One seat went to the SDP as it would have been ... 2 general election colspan 3 Party shading Democratic Party of Japan Democratic Party Japan DPJ colspan 3 Party shading Liberal Democratic Party Japan Liberal Democratic Party Japan LDP colspan 3 Party shading Komeito K meit colspan 3 Party shading Japanese Communist Party Japanese Communist Party JCP colspan 3 Party shading Social Democratic Party Japan Social Democratic Party Japan SDP colspan 3 bgcolor FFBC00 New Frontier Party Japan NFP 96 Liberal Party Japan, 1998 LP 00 colspan 3 bgcolor 3bf Your Party YP colspan 3 Party shading Other Others Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats ... 1 222,094 3.2 0 Party names are abbreviated as follows format abbreviation, translated name, Japanese name, English name DPJ Democratic Party , Minshut , Democratic Party of Japan LDP Liberal Democratic Party Japan Liberal Democratic Party , Jiy minshut K meit Justice Party , K meit , New Komeito Party New Justice PartyParty JCP Japanese Communist Party , Nihon Ky sant SDP Social Democratic Party Japan Social Democratic Party , Shakaiminshut NFP New Frontier Party Japan New Frontier Party , Shinshint LP Liberal Party Japan, 1998 Liberal Party , Jiy t YP Everybody s Party , Minna no T , Your Party NSP New Socialist Party Japan New Socialist Party , Shin shakait LL Liberal League ... more details
The ProportionalRepresentation League was an organization founded in 1893 to promote the cause of proportionalrepresentation within the United States . Their activities included distributing information to inquirers on the reform. Prominent members included Rhode Island Governor Lucius F. C. Garvin and federal judge Albert Branson Maris . ref http books.google.com books?id xJMDAAAAMAAJ The new encyclopedia of social reform including all social reform movements and activities,and the economic, industrial, and sociological facts and statistics of all countries and all social subjects , William Dwight Porter Bliss, Rudolph Michael Binder. Funk & Wagnalls, 1908. p. 978 ref ref http books.google.com books?id Gr8YAAAAYAAJ Proportionalrepresentation , John Rogers Commons. T. Y. Crowell & co., 1896. p. 118 ref ref http books.google.com books?id WVqZEXvvwSIC The Proportionalrepresentation review . 1894. p. 143 ref References reflist Category Proportionalrepresentation electoral systems Category Voting systems ... more details
The Shikoku proportionalrepresentation block Nihongo Hirei daihy Shikoku burokku is one of eleven proportionalrepresentation PR blocks , multi member constituencies for the House of Representatives ... prefecture s. Following the introduction of proportional voting it elected seven representatives in the 1996 ... the consolidation of the LDP DPJ party system by the merger of the LP into the DPJ in 2001, only ... 2 general election colspan 3 Party shading Democratic Party of Japan Democratic Party Japan DPJ colspan 3 Party shading Liberal Democratic Party Japan Liberal Democratic Party Japan LDP colspan 3 Party shading Komeito K meit colspan 3 Party shading Japanese Communist Party Japanese Communist Party JCP colspan 3 Party shading Social Democratic Party Japan Social Democratic Party Japan SDP colspan 3 bgcolor FFBC00 New Frontier Party Japan NFP 96 Liberal Party Japan, 1998 LP 00 colspan 3 Party shading ... 719,594 32.0 2 293,204 13.0 1 150,171 6.7 0 94,558 4.2 0 colspan 3 19,507 0.9 0 Party names are abbreviated ... Party , Minshut , Democratic Party of Japan LDP Liberal Democratic Party Japan Liberal Democratic Party , Jiy minshut K meit Justice Party , K meit , New Komeito Party New Justice PartyParty JCP Japanese Communist Party , Nihon Ky sant SDP Social Democratic Party Japan Social Democratic Party , Shakaiminshut NFP New Frontier Party Japan New Frontier Party , Shinshint LP Liberal Party Japan, 1998 Liberal Party , Jiy t NSP New Socialist Party Japan New Socialist Party , Shin shakait LL Liberal League Japan Liberal League , Jiy reng HRP Happiness Realization Party , K fuku jitsugen t List of Representatives Note Party affiliations as of election day. class wikitable Years colspan 7 Elected Representatives 1996 Party shading Japanese Communist Party Naoaki Haruna Party shading Democratic Party of Japan Masanori Got bgcolor FFBC00 Kazuyoshi End bgcolor FFBC00 Sh z Nishimura Party shading Liberal Democratic Party Japan Ihei Ochi br small died 2000, replaced by small br Akira ... more details
The Hokkaido proportionalrepresentation block , Hirei daihy Hokkaid burokku is one of eleven proportionalrepresentation PR blocks for the House of Representatives of Japan House of Representatives ... only one prefecture, the other is Tokyo proportionalrepresentation block Tokyo . Following the introduction of proportional voting it elected nine representatives in the election of 1996. Since 2000 ... is the second smallest PR block Shikoku proportionalrepresentation block Shikoku has only ... t Honshitsu New Party The Essential , Shint Honshitsu List of Representatives Note Party affiliations ... vote of the two major parties reached a historical low of 56.8 , the Social Democratic Party ... . In addition to the five national parties that emerged from the party realignments of the 1990s, the regionalist one man party New Party Daichi has become a contender for PR seats in Hokkaid . In both ... the conviction of NPD chairman Muneo Suzuki , the party s future is unclear. class wikitable align center rowspan 2 general election colspan 3 bgcolor FFEECC Democratic Party Japan DPJ colspan 3 bgcolor CCFFCC Liberal Democratic Party Japan LDP colspan 3 bgcolor BBBBFF K meit colspan 3 bgcolor FFAAAA Japanese Communist Party JCP colspan 3 bgcolor FFCCEE Social Democratic Party Japan SDP colspan 3 bgcolor c98 New Party Daichi NPD colspan 3 bgcolor FFBC00 New Frontier Party Japan NFP 96 Liberal Party Japan, 1998 LP 00 colspan 3 bgcolor ccc Others Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes ... Party names are abbreviated as follows format abbreviation, translated name, Japanese name, Engrish name DPJ Democratic Party , Minshut , Democratic Party of Japan LDP Liberal Democratic Party Japan Liberal Democratic Party , Jiy minshut K meit Justice Party , K meit , New Komeito Party New Justice PartyParty JCP Japanese Communist Party , Nihon Ky sant SDP Social Democratic Party Japan Social Democratic Party , Shakaiminshut NFP New Frontier Party Japan New Frontier Party , Shinshint LP ... more details
The T hoku proportionalrepresentation block , Hirei daihy T hoku burokku is one of eleven proportionalrepresentation PR blocks for the House of Representatives of Japan House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan . It consists of T hoku region , namely the prefectures of Aomori Prefecture Aomori , Iwate Prefecture Iwate , Miyagi Prefecture Miyagi , Akita Prefecture Akita , Yamagata Prefecture Yamagata and Fukushima Prefecture Fukushima . Following the introduction of proportional voting it elected 16 representatives in 1996. Since 2000, the T hoku PR block elects 14 Representatives ... in T hoku since the introduction of proportional voting in 1996. The region also contains several ... in Japan where the Democrats managed to obtain the status of strongest party in 2007. class wikitable align center rowspan 2 General election colspan 3 bgcolor FFEECC Democratic Party Japan DPJ colspan 3 bgcolor CCFFCC Liberal Democratic Party Japan LDP colspan 3 bgcolor BBBBFF K meit colspan 3 bgcolor FFAAAA Japanese Communist Party JCP colspan 3 bgcolor FFCCEE Social Democratic Party Japan SDP colspan 3 bgcolor FFBC00 New Frontier Party Japan NFP 96 Liberal Party Japan, 1998 LP 00 colspan 3 ... 5.2 0 Party names are abbreviated as follows format abbreviation, translated name, Japanese name, Engrish name DPJ Democratic Party , Minshut , Democratic Party of Japan LDP Liberal Democratic Party Japan Liberal Democratic Party , Jiy minshut K meit Justice Party , K meit , New Komeito Party New Justice PartyParty JCP Japanese Communist Party , Nihon Ky sant SDP Social Democratic Party Japan Social Democratic Party , Shakaiminshut NFP New Frontier Party Japan New Frontier Party , Shinshint LP Liberal Party Japan, 1998 Liberal Party , Jiy t HRP Happiness Realization Party , K fuku jitsugen t YP Everyone s Party , Minna no T , Your PartyList of Representatives Note Party affiliations as of election day. class wikitable Years colspan 8 Elected Representatives by party left to right ... more details
The Southern Kant proportionalrepresentation block Nihongo Hirei daihy Minami Kant burokku is one of eleven proportionalrepresentation PR blocks , multi member constituencies for the House ... prefecture s. Following the introduction of proportional voting it initially elected 23 representatives ... magnitude of 22, Southern Kant is the second largest PR block behind Kinki proportionalrepresentation block Kinki and gives smaller parties an opportunity to pick up seats. class wikitable align center rowspan 2 general election colspan 3 Party shading Democratic Party of Japan Democratic Party Japan DPJ colspan 3 Party shading Liberal Democratic Party Japan Liberal Democratic Party Japan LDP colspan 3 Party shading Komeito K meit colspan 3 Party shading Japanese Communist Party Japanese Communist Party JCP colspan 3 Party shading Social Democratic Party Japan Social Democratic Party Japan SDP colspan 3 bgcolor FFBC00 New Frontier Party Japan NFP 96 Liberal Party Japan, 1998 LP 00 colspan 3 bgcolor 3bf Your Party YP colspan 3 Party shading Other Others Votes Seats Votes Seats ... 4.3 1 colspan 3 605,358 7.0 1 226,946 2.6 0 Party names are abbreviated as follows format abbreviation, translated name, Japanese name, Engrish name DPJ Democratic Party , Minshut , Democratic Party of Japan LDP Liberal Democratic Party Japan Liberal Democratic Party , Jiy minshut K meit Justice Party , K meit , New Komeito Party New Justice PartyParty JCP Japanese Communist Party , Nihon Ky sant SDP Social Democratic Party Japan Social Democratic Party , Shakaiminshut NFP New Frontier Party Japan New Frontier Party , Shinshint LP Liberal Party Japan, 1998 Liberal Party , Jiy t NSP New Socialist Party Japan New Socialist Party , Shin shakait LL Liberal League Japan Liberal League , Jiy reng HRP Happiness Realization Party , K fuku jitsugen t List of Representatives Note Party affiliations as of election day. class wikitable 1996 2000 2003 2005 2009 colspan 5 Party shading Japanese ... more details
Politics of Brazil The Party of Popular Representation lang pt Partido de Representa o Popular , PRP was a political party in Brazil . The PRP was founded by Pl nio Salgado on September 26, 1945. He reassembled the former members of the Brazilian Integralism , and was ideologically aligned with the nationalist right. It always obtained representation in the Brazilian Congress and had a greater presence in the south. Salgado ran for President of Brazil in the Brazilian presidential election, 1955 1955 election , won by Juscelino Kubitschek . He won around 8 of the vote. Like all parties of that area, it was abolished by the military regime in 1965. Most of its members joined the party of the military junto, the National Renewal Alliance Party ARENA . References translation ref pt Partido de Representa o Popular Category Political history of Brazil Category Political parties in Brazil Category Political parties established in 1945 pt Partido de Representa o Popular ... more details
This is a list of representation theory topics , by Wikipedia page. See also list of harmonic analysis topics , which is more directed towards the mathematical analysis aspects of representation theory. Representation theory General representation theory Linear representation Unitary representation Trivial representation Irreducible representation Semisimple Complex representation Real representation Quaternionic representation Pseudo real representation Symplectic representation Schur s lemma Restricted representation Group representationRepresentation theory of groups Group representation Group ring Maschke s theorem Regular representation Character mathematics Character theory Class function Representation theory of finite groups Modular representation theory Restricted representation Induced representation Peter Weyl theorem Young tableau Spherical harmonic Hecke operator Representation theory of the symmetric group Representation theory of diffeomorphism groups Permutation representation Affine representation Projective representation Group extension 23Central extension Central extension Representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebra s see also List of Lie groups topics Representation of a Lie group Lie algebra representation , Representation of a Lie superalgebra Universal enveloping algebra Casimir operator Infinitesimal character Harish Chandra homomorphism Fundamental representation Antifundamental representation Bifundamental representation Adjoint representation Weight representation theory Cartan s theorem Spinor Wigner s classification , Representation theory ... Formula Weyl character formula Discrete series representation Principal series representation Borel Weil theorem , Borel Weil Bott theorem Representation theory of algebras Algebra representationRepresentation theory of Hopf algebras Category Mathematics related lists Representation theory Category Representation theory ... more details
Present N A 418 1997 List of Labour Party UK MPs List Formed from the British Labour Party Labour Representation Committee Labour Representation Committee Labour Party UK Labour Representation Committee 1900 1900 1906 1906 29 1906 List of Labour Party UK MPs List Became the Labour Party UK Labour Party ...This is a list of political parties in the United Kingdom, by their historic representation in elected ... Party 1942 1942 1946 1993 5 1945 Common Wealth Party Members of Parliament List Communist Party ... 1931 List of Conservative Party UK MPs List Co operative Party 1917 1918 Present N A 30 2001 List of Labour Co operative MPs List Affiliated with the Labour Party UK Labour Party since 1927 Democratic ... 1970 1971 1 1969 Desmond Donnelly Democratic Unionist Party 1971 1971 Present N A 9 2005 List of Democratic Unionist Party MPs List Formed from the Protestant Unionist Party Empire Free Trade Crusade ... List Merger of the Liberal Party UK Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party UK Social Democratic Party Liberal Party UK Liberal Party 1859 1859 1988 1988 387 1868 List of Liberal Party UK MPs List Merged into the Liberal Democrats UK Liberal Democrats Liberal Unionist Party 1886 1886 1912 1912 ... 1921 1921 8 1917 Nationalist Party Ireland 1870 1870 1955 1977 86 1885 List of Ulster Unionist Party ... Labour MPs List National Liberal Party UK, 1931 National Liberal Party 1931 1931 1968 1968 55 1950 List of National Liberal Party UK, 1931 MPs List Affiliated with the Conservative Party UK Conservative ... Party 1934 1945 Present N A 11 1979 List of Scottish National Party MPs List Scottish Prohibition Party 1901 1922 1931 1935 1 1922 Edwin Scrymgeour Sinn F in 1905 1917 Present N A 73 1918 List of Sinn F in MPs List Sinn F in MPs do not take their seats Social Democratic Party UK Social Democratic Party 1981 1981 1988 1988 29 1982 List of Social Democratic Party UK MPs List Merged into the Liberal ... List of Social Democratic and Labour Party MPs List UK Unionist Party 1995 1995 2001 2008 1 1995 Robert ... more details
File Centrifugal governor.png thumb The Centrifugal governor fly ball governor is a classic example of proportional control. A proportional control system is a type of linear feedback control system . Two classic mechanical examples are the toilet bowl float proportioning valve and the Centrifugal governor fly ball governor . The proportional control system is more complex than an on off control system like a bi metallic domestic thermostat , but simpler than a PID controller proportional integral derivative PID control system used in something like an automobile cruise control . On off control will work where the overall system has a relatively long response time, but will result in instability if the system being controlled has a rapid response time. Proportional control overcomes this by modulating the output to the controlling device, such as a continuously variable valve. An analogy to on off control is driving a car by applying either full power or no power and varying the duty cycle , to control speed. The power would be on until the target speed is reached, and then the power would be removed, so the car reduces speed. When the speed falls below the target, with a certain hysteresis , full power would again be applied. It can be seen that this looks like pulse width modulation ... be expressed as correlating to the power to weight ratio of the vehicle. Proportional control is how .... Proportional Control Theory In the proportional control algorithm, the controller output is proportional ... variable . In other words, the output of a proportional controller is the multiplication product of the error signal and the proportional gain. This can be mathematically expressed as center math P mathrm out K p , e t math center where math P mathrm out math Output of the proportional controller math K p math Proportional gain math e t math Instantaneous process error at time t . math e t SP ... links http www.fourmilab.ch hackdiet www subsection1 2 3 0 5.html Proportional control compared ... more details
A proportional counter is a measurement device to count Charged particle particle s of ionizing radiation and measure their energy . File Geiger.png thumb right alt Diagram of an ionization chamber connected to a voltage source and a digital current indicating instrument An ionization chamber operated below the Geiger plateau behaves as a proportional counter. A proportional counter is a type of gaseous ionization detector . Its operation is similar to that of a Geiger counter Geiger M ller counter , but uses a lower operating voltage . An inert gas is used to fill the tube, with a Geiger M ller tube Quenching and dead time quench gas added to ensure each pulse discharge terminates. A common proportional gas mixture is 90 argon, 10 methane, known as P 10. An incoming ionizing particle, if it has sufficient energy, liberates electrons from the atomic orbital s of the gas atoms see ionization potential , leaving an electron and positively charged atom, commonly known as an ion pair. As the charged particle travels through the chamber it leaves a trail of ion pairs along its trajectory. The electrons ..., respectively. A proportional counter differs from an ionization chamber in that the operating ... charge charge created remains proportional to the amount of energy liberated in the original event ... ionizing charged particle is proportional to its energy. The geometry of the electrodes and the voltages ... charge created makes proportional counters useful for charged particle spectroscopy . The energy resolution of a proportional counter, however, is limited because both the initial ionization event and the subsequent multiplication event are subject to statistical fluctuations. Proportional counters ... these can penetrate the entrance window. External articles Patents US patent 3092747 , S. Fine, Proportional counter US patent 2499830 , E. W. Molloy, Air proportional counter References cite journal ... charge distributions in proportional detectors, http www.inst.bnl.gov programs gasnobledet publications ... more details
Wiktionarypar representation represent Representation can refer to Representation politics , one s ability to influence the political process Representative democracy Permanent Representation, a type of diplomatic mission Representation of the International NGO the representative office of the International non governmental organization INGO mission Representation arts , the depiction and ethical concerns of construction in visual arts and literature. Depiction is meaning conveyed through pictures Representation psychology , a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality Representation mathematics and group representation Multiple representations mathematics education Representation chemistry Representation systemics Knowledge representation , the study of formal ways to describe knowledge Legal representation or advocacy is provided by lawyers Lobbying for a group of individuals or companies In unionised workplaces, Union steward shop stewards and union executives can represent employees The legal status of a statement made with regards to Contract contract law A fiction of the law which causes a person to enter into another s right of succession, called Representation succession representation , and also called substitution . Represent can refer to Represent Fat Joe album Represent Fat Joe album , a 1993 album by Fat Joe Represent Compton s Most Wanted album Represent Compton s Most Wanted album , a 2000 album by Compton s Most Wanted Represent , a 1994 album by DJ Magic Mike Represent song Represent song , a song by Nas Represent , a 2009 song by The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus Represent Weezer song Represent , a 2010 single by Weezer released as an unofficial anthem for the United States men s national soccer team See also Reprazent disambig cs Reprezentace de Repr sentation es Representaci n fr Repr sentation homonymie nl Representatie pt Representa o ro Reprezentare ru simple Representation fi Representaatio sv Representation ... more details
rightsof.asp Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789 at Yale Law School s Avalon Project ref Proportional rates Proportional taxes on consumption are considered by some to be regressive tax regressive ... relationship. The tax rate itself is proportional, with people with higher incomes paying ... time it is taxed creating a proportional rate using an income base. However, consumption taxes ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Proportional navigation also known as PN or Pro Nav is a guidance law used in some form or another by most homing air target missiles . It is based on the fact that two vehicles are on a collision course when their direct Line of sight missile Line of Sight does not change direction. PN dictates that the missile velocity vector should rotate at a rate proportional to the rotation rate of the line of sight Line Of Sight rate or LOS rate , and in the same direction. math a n N dot lambda V math Where math a n math is the acceleration perpendicular to missile velocity vector, math N math is the proportionality constant dimensionless , math dot lambda math is the line of sight rate, and V is the velocity. For example, if the line of sight rotates slowly from north to east, the missile should turn to the right by a certain factor faster than the LOS rate. This factor is called the Navigation Constant Knav . image PN.PNG A useful vector notation expresses the acceleration normal to the relative velocity math vec a N vec V r times vec Omega math where math Omega math is the rotation vector of the line of sight math vec Omega frac vec V r times vec R R 2 math A rather simple hardware implementation of this guidance law can be found in early AIM 9 Sidewinder sidewinder missiles. These missiles use a rapidly rotating parabolic mirror as a seeker. Simple electronics detect the directional error the seeker has with its target an Infrared IR source , and apply a moment to this gimballed mirror to keep it pointed at the target. Since the mirror is in fact a gyroscope ..., thereby making missile velocity vector rotation proportional to line of sight rotation. Although this does not result in a rotation rate that is always exactly proportional to the LOS rate which would require a constant airspeed , this implementation is equally effective. The basis of proportional ... DEFAULTSORT Proportional Navigation Category Navigation Category Missile guidance ... more details
Left right graph.JPG 400px The Constant Product and Constant Sum Relations. Teaching for Proportional ... tool for identifying whether two variables are directly proportional or not. If they are directly proportional, then the values should be on a straight line and that line should intersect the origin ... it is always essential that theoretical results agree with experimental data. DEFAULTSORT Proportional ... more details
The following is a list of communist and anti capitalist parties with representation in national parliaments . This list does not contain communist and anti capitalist parties previously represented in parliament. This list includes only those parties who officially call themselves communist or anti ... of them are officially socialist state s China , Cuba and Vietnam , Laos is a one party system one party state ruled by a communist party espousing a sort of Marxism Leninism and North Korea has ... with juche and songun first . List class wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable width 14 scope col class unsortable State width 20 scope col Party width 15 scope col class unsortable Election width 0.5 ... Official ideology width 1 scope col class unsortable Ref s flag Algeria scope row Workers Party Algeria Workers Party Algerian legislative election, 2007 2007 election Infobox political party seats 26 ... List of members by political affiliation publisher People s National Assembly work accessdate 13 January ... date 10 April 2009 ref flag Belarus scope row Communist Party of Belarus Communist Party Belarusian parliamentary election, 2008 2008 election Infobox political party seats 6 110 hex DC241f Tatsyana ... politpart ref flag Brazil scope row Communist Party of Brazil Communist Party Brazilian parliamentary election, 2010 2010 election Infobox political party seats 15 513 hex DC241f Infobox political party seats 2 81 hex DC241f Jos Renato Rabelo Marxism Leninism align center ref The first reference ... Committee of the Communist Party of Brazil Central Committee title Socialist Programme for Brazil Strengthening the Nation is the Way, Socialism is the Way publisher Communist Party of Brazil date ... 1 cite web author title Brazil Communist Party of Brazil publisher Library of Congress work The World ... government brazil government communist party of b 250.html ref flag Burkina Faso scope row Party for Democracy and Socialism Burkinab parliamentary election, 2007 2007 election Infobox political party ... more details
, imposing a quota to be elected the Partylistproportionalrepresentationpartylist voting system, which established proportionalrepresentation , fully abandoning the majoritarian criterion. Current usage Nowadays, at large majoritarian representation is no longer used for national elections ... Member System additional member system . See also Semi proportionalrepresentationProportionalrepresentation External links http acm.uva.es p v4 435.html Block voting DEFAULTSORT Majoritarian Representation Category Voting systems Category Non proportional multi winner electoral systems ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Direct representation ref name directrep.org article cite web url http directrep.org article.html title Direct Representation author Dave Robinson ref or proxy representation ref cite web url http www.math.wisc.edu beck proxy.html title A More ProportionalRepresentation author ... of a party or district. ref name directrep.org article Benefits Supporters of direct representation ... or not their choice won a plurality or majority of votes. Unlike proportionalrepresentation, each voter votes for a specific representative to represent them, rather than a political party. This provides ... shut out from the legislature. See also Proportionalrepresentation Proxy voting Direct democracy Representative democracy Legislature Interactive representation References references DEFAULTSORT Direct Representation Category Democracy Category Elections Category Voting systems ... of votes in a given district, party or other grouping of voters goes on to represent all voters in that group, or the proportionalrepresentation system where the number of representatives allotted to each party or political faction is in rough proportion to the number of voters supporting each faction. ref name directrep.org article Direct representation is seen by its supporters as an optimal ... group of informed and accountable elected representatives. Direct representation removes the problem ... minorities in cases where the electorate is split nearly evenly in its choice for representation, yet ... and voting on specific legislation. Unlike representation determined by plurality or majority vote ... political power is proportional to the number of their residents who vote. This is deemed more fair by some than representation by population because those in the population who cannot or choose .... Hence if B and C happen to agree on an issue that A disagrees with them on, with direct representation ... voters in their district, whereas with representation determined by a plurality of voters, only A can ... more details
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