Unreferenced date January 2008 Image semi hydro33.jpg thumb 260px Cattleya transferred to passivehydroponics culture 5 weeks earlier. Rich development of surface roots. Passivehydroponics , semi hydroponics or passive subirrigation , also sometimes referred to as hydroculture ref http hydro culture.net ref is a method of growing plants without soil , peat moss , or bark . Instead an inert porous medium transports water and fertilizer to the root s by capillary action . Water and fertilizer are held in a reservoir and conducted to the roots as necessary, reducing labor and providing a constant supply of water to the roots. In the simplest method, the pot sits in a shallow solution of fertilizer and water or on a capillary mat saturated with nutrient solution. Since Planned maintenance routine maintenance is much simplified, passivehydroponics can reduce the labor required to maintain a large collection of plants. The various hydroponic media available contain more air space than more traditional potting mixes, delivering increased oxygen to the roots. Allowing air to reach the roots is particularly important in preventing root rot in Epiphyte epiphytic plants such as Orchidaceae orchids and Bromeliaceae bromeliads , whose roots are exposed to the air in nature. Passivehydroponics also may add additional ambient humidity through evaporation. It is important in passive subirrigation to wash out the system from time to time to remove salt accumulation. Plants that require drying between waterings or a dry dormant period may fail to thrive under the constant moisture of passivehydroponics. Media Many media are available for passivehydroponics, but the most common are expanded clay pellets, coconut husk chips, perlite , vermiculite , Diatomaceous earth diatomite , charcoal , and rockwool . These are frequently used in combination. References references See also Hydroculture Hydroponics Gardening Category Hydroculture sv Semi hydroponic f r odling av orkid er ... more details
than a liquid in a zero gravity environment. Passive sub irrigation Main PassivehydroponicsPassive sub irrigation, also known as passivehydroponics or semi hydroponics, is a method wherein plants ... advantages of passivehydroponics are the reduction of root rot and the additional ambient ... Passivehydroponics Vertical farming Xeriscaping References reflist 2 External links External links ... Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture and is a method of growing plant s using mineral nutrient ... required for the plant to thrive. Almost any terrestrial plant will grow with hydroponics. Hydroponics ... in a development of the technique of soilless cultivation. ref name references Douglas, James S., Hydroponics ... technique and is still widely used today. Solution culture is now considered a type of hydroponics ... back yard in mineral nutrient solutions rather than soil. ref Turner, Bambi. How Hydroponics Works ... the earth, Gericke coined the term hydroponics in 1937 although he asserts that the term was suggested ... that hydroponics would revolutionize plant agriculture prompted a huge number of requests for further ... Without Soil dead link date September 2011 ref debunking the exaggerated claims made about hydroponics ... light. This research, however, overlooked the fact that hydroponics has other advantages including ... when growing is over and under watering and hydroponics prevents this from occurring as large amounts ... are still used today. One of the early successes of hydroponics occurred on Wake Island , a rocky atoll in the Pacific Ocean used as a refuelling stop for Pan American Airlines . Hydroponics was used there in the 1930s to grow vegetables for the passengers. Hydroponics was a necessity on Wake ... Ecological Life Support System or CELSS. Hydroponics intended to take place on Mars are using ... Gericke originally defined hydroponics as crop growth in mineral nutrient solutions. Hydroponics is a subset ... required for hydroponics. Billions of container plants are produced annually, including fruit, shade ... more details
merge to Hydroponics date November 2011 Organic hydroponics uses organic fertilizer . Conventional hydroponics cannot use organic fertilizer because organic compounds contained in hydroponic solution inhibit the growth of the crop roots, so it uses only inorganic fertilizer. In organic hydroponics, organic fertilizer is degraded into inorganic nutrients by microorganisms in the hydroponic solution via ammonification and nitrification. The microorganisms are cultured with a method of multiple parallel mineralization . The culture solution can be used as the hydroponic solution. Practical method of organic hydroponics is developed in National Agriculture and Food Research Organization NARO , in Japan, in 2005 ref 1 ref . History of organic hydroponics Studies for establishing organic hydroponics have been conducted for long time. Kennedy Space Center had studied organic hydroponics for crop production in space ref 2 ref . It was necessary to develop the method to generate nitrate from organic fertilizer via ammonification and nitrification, because most of crops are nitrate phylic but not ammonium philic. It is easy to generate ammonium from organic fertilizer by saprophytic microorganisms. However it was difficult to degrade organic fertilizer to nitrate efficiently because the growth of nitrifying bacteria, such as the obligate chemolithoautotrophs Nitrosomonas spp. and Nitrospira spp., is particularly inhibited by the presence of organic compounds Jensen 1950 Quastel and Scholefield 1951 Rittenberg 1969 Smith and Hoare 1977 Krummel and Harms 1982 Takahashi et al. 1992 Stutte 1996 Xu et al. 2000 Tomiyama et al. 2001 . Shinohara 1 invented the method to efficiently generate ... in the solution during cultivation. This is the first practical organic hydroponics technique ... of organic nitrogen into nitrate to allow the use of organic fertilizer in hydroponics. Soil Sci. Plant ... nutrients in a recirculating hydroponic system. Adv. Space Res . 18 , 281 287 Category Hydroponics ... more details
wiktionary Passive may refer to Passive song Passive song , by A Perfect Circle Passive voice , a grammatical voice common in many languages Passive house , a standard for energy efficiency in buildings Passive psi , psychic abilities involving cognition Passive language , a language from which an interpreter works Passivity engineering a property of engineering systems, particularly in analog electronics and control systems Passivity behavior , the condition of submitting to the influence of one s superior or superiors Passive aggressive behavior , resistance to following through with expectations in interpersonal or occupational situations Passivation , process of making a material passive in relation to another material prior to using the materials together See also Active disambiguation Passive mode in File Transfer Protocol Bottom sex for passive partner in a sexual activity disambiguation da Passiv de Passiv fr Passif ru sk Pas vnos sv Passiv uk zh ... more details
Passive speaker s can refer to Powered speakers Passive speakers Passive speaker , a type of loudspeaker Passive speakers language , people who can understand but not speak a language dab ... more details
Orphan date April 2010 A passive investor is one who does not participate in the day to day decisions of running a company. In partnerships, such investors may be deemed limited partner s rather than general partner s. According to Steve Penman, The passive investor assumes the market is efficient and that stocks are correctly priced to reflect the risk involved in buying the stock. ref http lsyld.wcu.edu 20040530.pdf ref A passive investor relies on the controlling stakeholder s and the management to conduct the business of the corporation in such a way as both to maximize its value and to share the upside potential with the passive investor. ref citation title The roles of the state and the market in establishing property rights author A Rapaczynski publisher The Journal of Economic Perspectives date 1996 ref See also Passive management References Reflist Category Investment ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Passive acoustics is the action of listening for sounds, often at specific frequencies or for purposes of specific analyses. As applied to underwater acoustics, also termed hydroacoustics or SONAR , passive acoustics can be used to listen for underwater explosion s, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, sounds produced by fish and other animals, vessel activity or aquatic detecting equipment as in hydroacoustics to track fish . Science stub hydroacoustics DEFAULTSORT Passive Acoustics Category Ichthyology ... more details
About the passive voice generally the passive voice in English English passive voice Passive voice is a Voice grammar grammatical voice common in many of the world s languages. Passive is used in a clause ... theme is marked as grammatical subject is called a passive sentence. In contrast, a sentence in which ... in active voice . Many languages have both an active and a passive voice this allows for greater ... 5 ref Transforming an active verb into a passive verb is a Valency linguistics valence decreasing process ..., p. 272 ref The use of passive voice allows speakers to organize stretches of discourse by placing ..., recipient, or other Thematic relation thematic role . ref name Saeed Passive voice may also ... . Chicago University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0 226 12090 2 ref The passive voice may also be used to avoid specifying the agent of an action. Passive marking Different languages use various grammatical forms to indicate passive voice. In some languages, such as Latin grammar Latin , passive voice is indicated by verb Grammatical conjugation conjugation . A passive suffix on the verb indicates passive voice. V num serv port tur . The wine is carried by the servant. Compare this sentence, which .... North Germanic language s also use a verb conjugated passive voice. citation needed date May 2011 ... languages Kimaragang Dusun uses an infix , in , to indicate passive voice. ref name Kroeger Kroeger ... ref class wikitable root past passive meaning patay pinatay was killed nakaw ninakaw was stolen garas ginaras was butchered Many languages use impersonal verb s to achieve the same object. The passive voice in English Main English passive voice English, like some other languages, uses a Periphrasis periphrastic passive. Rather than conjugating directly for voice, English uses the Participle past participle form of the verb plus an auxiliary verb , either be or get , to indicate passive voice ... , have urged minimizing use of the passive voice. However, the passive voice has important uses. Jan ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Passive stretching is a form of static stretching in which an external force exerts upon the limb to move it into the new position. This is in contrast to active stretching . Passive stretching resistance is normally achieved through the force of gravity on the limb or on the body weighing down on it. It can also be achieved with the help of a partner, stretch bands, or mechanical devices. The more force exerted on the limb, the less time it will take to drop lower into the stretch. It is a fallacy that passive stretching will lead to an increase in injury risk . As long as you gradually go into a stretch instead of a sudden stretch the risk of injury is no more than relaxed stretching. See also PNF stretching Stretching DEFAULTSORT Passive Stretching Category Physical exercise ... more details
Passive obedience is a religious and political doctrine advocating the absolute supremacy of the Crown and the treatment of any dissent or more precisely, disobedience as sinful and unlawful. It was usually associated with the seventeenth century Church of England and the Scottish Episcopal Church of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and was central to the ideology of the Tory British political party Tory Party and the Jacobitism Jacobites . It is most generally seen in reference to Tory opposition to the Glorious Revolution , which saw Parliamentary determination of the succession of the English crown against primogeniture and the wishes of James II of England James II . The most notable publication was Bishop George Berkeley s A Discourse on Passive Obedience on Christian Doctrine of not resisting the Supreme Power. The Scottish theologian John Cameron theologian John Cameron s support for passive obedience at the start of the 17th century meant that he was principal of the University of Glasgow for less than a year. In Calvinism , salvation depends on Christ s active obedience, obeying the laws and commands of God the Father, and passive obedience, enduring the punishment of the crucifixion suffering all the just penalties due to men for their sins. The two are seen as distinct but inseparable passive obedience on its own only takes men back to the state of Adam before the Fall. ref http www.banneroftruth.org pages articles article detail.php?1179 ref ref http www.apuritansmind.com Justification McMahonActivePassiveObedienceJesus.htm ref Passive obedience appears twice in Victor Hugo s Les Miserables , first as a scene heading The Heroism of Passive Obedience when the bishop entertains Valjean, and later in the text on the impact of armies when describing French intervention in Spain in 1823. It is not to be confused with passive resistance , a doctrine advocating .... Notes Reflist External links http www.econlib.org library LFBooks Hume hmMPL36.html David Hume Of Passive ... more details
refimprove date September 2009 Pseudo passive is a grammatical category that describes the relationship between the action and the participants identified by its argument to their thematic relations. It is common in English language spoken English . Thus, when the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in Grammatical voice the passive voice . However, as a voice of the passivization only occurs when the PATIENT or other objects of a grammatical encoding in general is mapped to SUBJECT in lexical mapping from OBJECT of a grammatical encoding, the pseudo passives are called false passives . Form The pseudo passive is formed with have or get an object the participle of the verb ref Carter, R., McCarthy, M. 2006, Cambridge Grammar of English, Cambridge University Press, pp. 778 797. ref Examples Ancient Egyptians had their cats respected. Do Asians have their cows respected today? Generatives As it is assumed incorrectly as the transformation of Subject grammar subject and Object grammar object relations of arguments in passivized thematic relations, the descriptiveness of pseudo passive in transformational grammar TG is out of context as to its theta role . It is shown that the Object grammar direct object position in this construction is restricted to NPs that lack Deep structure level projections. As a result, the direct object can only receive a non specific interpretation, resists certain types of modification, extraction, and scope interactions For the majority of linguists the determining factor in TG is transitivity claiming that if a clause ..., 2nd edn, Oxford University Press. ref Accordingly, if passive voice is chosen, the person or thing becomes an affected participant of the action theme . And that the passive constructions have the following characteristics a the subject of the passive clause is a direct object in the corresponding ... or agentive adjunct For some linguists stative passives qualify as passive only if the passive is defined ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 Passive review is the opposite of active recall , in which the learning material is processed passively e.g. by reading, watching, etc. . For example, to improve your memory through passive review, you learn in this way you read a text today to not forget it, you repeat it tomorrow and then you repeat 4 days later and then 8, 16, 32, 64, etc., days later. You don t ask yourself to explain the content of the text, but only reread the content. If you think to recall something, you are more likely to keep it in your memory. Passive review is a simple method but it is not as effective. Active recall is more complicated and difficult because it forces you to recall something but it is highly effective. Category Learning Edu stub hu Passz v tn z s ... more details
Passive income is an income received on a regular basis, with little effort required to maintain it. The American Internal Revenue Service categorizes income into three broad types, active earned income, passive income, and portfolio income. It defines passive income as only coming from two sources rental activity or trade or business activities in which you do not materially participate. ref http www.irs.gov businesses small article 0,,id 146330,00.html ref ref cite web url http www.irs.gov taxtopics tc425.html title Topic 425 Passive Activities Losses and Credits accessdate 2009 06 18 ref Other financial and government institutions also recognize it as an income obtained as a result of capital growth or in relation to negative gearing . Passive income is usually Taxable income taxable . Some examples of passive income are Earnings from a business that does not require direct involvement from the owner or merchant Renting Rent from property Royalties from publishing a book or from licensing a patent or other form of intellectual property, such as computer software product Earnings from internet advertisements on websites ref Ernest R.Larkins International applications of U.S. income tax law John Wiley & Sons 2004 P.288 ref Dividend and interest income from owning securities, such as stock s and Bond finance bonds , is usually referred to as portfolio finance portfolio income, which may or may not be considered a form of passive income. In the United States, portfolio income is considered a different type of income than passive income Pension s. ref Clarence F. McCarthy, Billy ... page 74 ref The IRS has a specific definition of passive income that excludes some of the incomes listed above. Royalties, for example, are, according to the Service guide, generally non passive in nature ... by the IRS to be non passive. ref http www.irs.gov businesses small article 0,,id 146330,00.html ... terms p passiveincome.asp Passive income , Investopedia http www.moneysmart.gov.au investing ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Passive Restraints Type EP Artist Clutch band Clutch Cover Clutch Passive Restraints.jpg Released 1992 Recorded 1992 Genre Hardcore Punk , Heavy metal music Heavy Metal Length Label Earache Records Producer Larry Packer Last album Pitchfork album Pitchfork br 1991 This album Passive Restraints br 1992 Next album Transnational Speedway League Anthems, Anecdotes, and Undeniable Truths Transnational Speedway League br 1993 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 3 5 ref Allmusic class album id r190819 pure url yes Allmusic review ref Passive Restraints is the second extended play EP by rock and roll rock band Clutch band Clutch . It was released on CD and 12 vinyl in April 1992, and contains three songs. The EP was re released in 1997, with 2 tracks added from the same era, as Impetus album Impetus . Track listing tracklist total length title1 Passive Restraints length1 title2 Impetus length2 title3 High Caliber Consecrator length3 References reflist External links http www.pro rock.com Clutch s official website Clutchband Category Clutch albums Category 1992 EPs Category Earache Records EPs 1990s rock album stub ... more details
A passive margin is the transition between oceanic crust oceanic and continental crust which is not an active ... that was originally created by rifting is known as a passive margin. Global distribution Image globald.png right thumb 250 px Map showing the distribution of Earth s passive margins brown swaths . Passive margins are found at every ocean and continent boundary that is not marked by a strike slip fault or a subduction zone. Passive margins define the region around the Atlantic Ocean , Arctic Ocean ... and most of Antarctica . East Asia also contains some passive margins. Key components Active vs. passive ... are boundaries of tectonic plates plates or not. Volcanic passive margin Active margins are found ... of active margins. While a weld between oceanic and continental crusts are called a passive ... formation and migration are all very active processes on passive margins. Passive margins are only passive ... Bathymetric profile across a typical passive margin. Note that vertical scale is greatly exaggerated relative to the horizontal scale. Passive margins consist of both onshore coastal plain and offshore ... River Mackenzie rivers drain across passive margins. Extensive Estuary estuaries are common on mature passive margins. Although there are many kinds of passive margins, the shape morphologies of most passive margins are remarkably similar. Typically they consist of a continental shelf, continental slope ... defined by the underlying transitional crust and the sedimentation above it. Passive margins defined ..., the nearshore morphology of passive margins may reflect glacial processes, such as the fjords ... to horizontal scale. Image Volcanic passive margin.svg right thumb upright 1.2 Cross section through transitional crust of a passive margin. Transitional crust as a largely volcanic construct. Note vertical scale is greatly exaggerated relative to horizontal scale. The main features of passive margins lie underneath the external characters. Beneath passive margins the transition between the continental ... more details
Passive daylighting is a system of both collecting sunlight using static, non moving, and non tracking systems such as Window s, Sliding glass door s, most skylight window skylight s, light tube s, and reflecting the collected daylight deeper inside with elements such as light shelves . Passive daylighting systems are different from active daylighting systems in that active systems track and or follow the sun, and rely on mechanical mechanisms to do so. Collecting Collecting devices rely on their position to most effectively capture sunlight. A building s position as well as architectural considerations are critical in the effectiveness of passive daylighting. Passive daylight systems are typically non mechanical, and optimal daylighting efficiency is achieved by proper building and system orientation. A southern facing orientation is optimal if a building or system is located in the northern hemisphere , and a northern facing orientation is optimal if located in the southern hemisphere . ref http www.nrel.gov learning re passive solar.html ref Reflecting Reflecting elements such as light shelves , lighter wall colors, mirror ed wall sections, interior walls with upper glass panels, and clear or translucent glassed hinged door s and Sliding glass doors take the captured light and passively reflect it further inside. The light can be from passive vertical windows or overhead skylights tubes or active daylighting sources. In traditional Japanese architecture the Sh ji sliding panel doors, with translucent washi screens, are an original precedent. International style architecture ... innovators of this passive penetration and reflection in industrial, commercial, and residential applications. The use of all these passive daylighting methods reduces energy consumption from artificial ... development Passive solar Passive solar building design Daylighting Daylight factor Active daylighting Passive house Low energy house Sustainability Sustainable architecture References references ... more details
Infobox single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name Passive Cover a perfect circle passive.png Caption Artist A Perfect Circle from Album Emotive album eMOTIVe A side B side Released 2005 Format Recorded Genre Alternative metal , Experimental rock Length 04 09 Label Writer Maynard James Keenan , Billy Howerdel , Danny Lohner , Trent Reznor Producer Billy Howerdel Certification Chart position Last single Imagine A Perfect Circle Song Imagine br 2004 This single Passive br 2005 Next single Misc Passive is a song from the band A Perfect Circle s 2004 album Emotive album eMOTIVe The song is a remake of the song Vacant by the now defunct band Tapeworm band Tapeworm . ref cite web url http nin.com access 2 26 index.html title Access author Trent Reznor publisher nin.com date 2005 02 26 accessdate 2008 02 01 ref Vacant was notably first performed by A Perfect Circle without Trent Reznor s agreement. Track listing tracklist collapsed no title1 Passive Radio Edit length1 4 00 title2 Passive Album Version Clean length2 4 08 Video The song is used in the film Constantine film Constantine and the music video uses imagery from the film Angela Dodson Rachel Weisz s character entering hell with band shot with thermal cameras playing in hell. James Iha and Jeordie White did not appear in the video since they both left the band prior to the single instead with Paz Lenchantin and Danny Lohner joining Maynard James Keenan , Billy Howerdel and Josh Freese in the band lineup for the video. References references A Perfect Circle Category 2004 singles gl Passive tr Passive ark ... more details
Refimprove date August 2007 Image Signalreflectors.JPG thumb right 250px A typical microwave repeater link setup, this one located near Wire Mountain Salt Lake City, Utah , United States of America USA File Ripetitori passivi.jpg thumb upright Passive repeater in unknown location A passive radio link deflection , or passive repeater is a outside plant plant for the implementation of a microwave link , in which because of an obstacle in the signal path no direct Line of sight propagation line of sight microwave link is possible. It has the advantage over the installation of a microwave radio relay station with active components, that at the place of the installation no electricity supply is required and that no further frequencies are needed at repeater stations with active components usually different frequencies for reception and transmission are used, in order to prevent feedbacks . The corresponding disadvantage is that the returned signal is significantly weaker. Passive radio relay link deflection systems in the vertical level can be realized by receiving the signal with a parabolic antenna and leading it through a waveguide to a second parabolic antenna, where it is radiated. For passive microwave radio relay link deflections in the horizontal plane, flat surfaces of metallic material are used, arranged so that the angle of incoming beam corresponds to the angle of the outcoming signal. The resulting structure resembles a billboard advertising billboard . For small deflection angles, cavity prisms can be used. Similar systems are used also occasionally for TV relay transmitter s or as tunnel transmitter . Here a Yagi antenna receives the signal of the transmitter and supplies it by way of a coaxial cable to a second antenna. External links http long lines.net places routes Thurmont repeater index.html Microwave passive repeater in Maryland Category Telecommunications infrastructure de Passive Richtfunkumlenkung it Ripetitore ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Passive drinking , like passive smoking , refers to the damage done to others as a result of drinking alcoholic beverage s. These include the unborn fetus and children of parents who drink excessively, drunk driver s, accidents, domestic violence and alcohol related sexual assault s ref Cite web last Smith first Rebecca date 2010 03 16 title Passive drinking is blighting the nation, Sir Liam Donaldson warns publisher The Daily Telegraph url http www.telegraph.co.uk health healthnews 5000433 Passive drinking is blighting the nation Sir Liam Donaldson warns.html accessdate 2010 05 30 ref On 2 February 2010 Eurocare , the European Alcohol Policy Alliance, organised a seminar on The Social Cost of Alcohol Passive drinking . ref Cite web last first date 2010 02 25 title The Social Cost of Alcohol Passive drinking Eurocare event publisher European Alcohol Policy Alliance url http www.epha.org a 3885 accessdate 2010 05 30 ref On 21 May 2010 the World Health Organization reached a consensus at the World Health Assembly on a resolution to confront the harmful use of alcohol. ref Cite web last first date 2010 05 21 title Call for action to reduce the harmful use of alcohol publisher World Health Organization url http www.who.int mediacentre news releases 2010 alcohol 20100521 en index.html accessdate 2010 05 30 ref The phrase passive drinking first appears in 1988 ref Cite web last Bruce Briggs first B. date 1988 04 25 title THE HEALTH POLICE ARE BLOWING SMOKE Bolstered by bad science, the war on passive smoking is a trial run for a larger program of social manipulation. publisher CNN url http money.cnn.com magazines fortune fortune archive 1988 04 25 70438 ... of passive drinking publisher The Independent url http www.independent.co.uk life style health and families ... of passive drinking 1469632.html accessdate 2010 05 30 ref both times referring to the possibility ... dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Passive Drinking Category Alcohol abuse Category Drinking culture ... more details
Passive dynamics is an approach to Robotics robotic movement control especially walking , based on utilising ... of a mechanical system as a basis for necessary controls. Passive dynamics are used to create ... traditional robots, which expend energy by using motors to control every motion, McGeer s early passive ... down a slope. Models The original model for passive dynamics is based on human and animal leg motions ... s 1990 paper Passive Walking with Knees provides an excellent overview on the advantages of knees ... swings forward, and also offers more stability in some settings. Passive dynamics is a valuable addition ... physics of a system, passive dynamics utilizes the discovery of morphological computation. ref name ... control functions. Applying passive dynamics Adding actuation to passive dynamic walkers ... 4 ref Passive dynamic walkers such as the Cornell University Cornell Efficient Biped ref name Collins cite journal author Steve H Collins Martijn Wisse Andy Ruina title A 3 D Passive Dynamic Walking ..., 0.20. Not incidentally, passive dynamic walkers have human like gaits. By comparison, Honda s biped ASIMO , which does not utilize the passive dynamics of its own limbs, has a specific cost of transport ... Efficient bipedal robots based on passive dynamic Walkers journal Science year 2005 volume 307 ... robots, 65.17 km, is held by the passive dynamics based Cornell Ranger. ref name CU1 ... Cornell Ranger publisher Cornell University ref The most exciting application for passive dynamics is its use in prosthetics . Since passive dynamics provides the mathematical models of efficient ... better foot prosthetics by utilizing passive dynamics. ref name NWU cite web title Effects of Prosthetic ... Underactuation References reflist Bibliography cite journal author Tad McGeer title Passive dynamic ... title A 3 D Passive Dynamic Walking Robot with Two Legs and Knees journal International Journal of Robotics ... on passive dynamic Walkers journal Science year 2005 volume 307 pages 1082 1085 doi 10.1126 science.1107799 ... more details
Passive intellect is a term used in philosophy to refer to the Matter philosophy material aspect of the intellect nous , in accordance with the theory of hylomorphism . Aristotle In Aristotle Aristotle s philosophy of mind , the passive intellect nous pathetikos is what it is by becoming all things. ref Aristotle, De Anima , Bk. III, ch. 5 430 sup a sup 10 25 . ref By this Aristotle means that the passive intellect can potentially become anything by receiving that thing s intelligible form . The active intellect nous poietikos is then required to illuminate the passive intellect to make the potential knowledge into knowledge in act, in the same way that light makes potential colors into actual colors. The analysis is of this distinction in On the Soul is very brief, and it has led to dispute as to what it means. Interpretations Later philosophers, including Averroes and Thomas Aquinas St. Thomas Aquinas , have proposed mutually exclusive interpretations of Aristotle s distinction between the active and passive intellect. Other terms used are material intellect and potential intellect , the point being that the active intellect works on the passive intellect to produce knowledge acquired intellect , in the same way that actuality works on potentiality or form on matter. Averroes held that the passive intellect, being analogous to unformed matter, is a single substance common to all minds, and that the differences between individual minds are rooted in their phantasms as the product of the differences in the history of their sense perceptions. In the Works by Thomas Aquinas Disputed Questions on the Soul Quaestiones disputatae de Anima Thomas Aquinas argues against this position and asserts that while the passive intellect is one specifically, numerically it is many, as each individual person has their own passive intellect. References reflist Commentarium magnum in Aristotelis De anima libros , ed. Crawford, Cambridge Mass. 1953 Latin translation of Averroes long commentary ... more details
For passive solar houses passive solar building design Image Passivhaus Darmstadt Kranichstein Fruehling 2006.JPG thumb 300px One of the original 1990 Passive Houses , located in Darmstadt , Germany . The term passive house Passivhaus in German refers to the rigorous, voluntary, Passivhaus standard for efficient ... environment The Secrets of a Passive House , New York Times website, September 25, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010. ref ref http www.passivhaustagung.de Passive House E passivehouse definition.html Definition of Passive House ref A similar standard, Minergie MINERGIE P , is used in Switzerland ... also been constructed to the standard. Passive design is not an attachment or supplement to architectural ... 12 27 world europe 27house.html?ref world&pagewanted all quote There are now an estimated 15,000 passive ... dozens more under construction. ref name NYT 2010.09.25 The vast majority of passive structures ... through a number of research project s, ref http www.passivhaustagung.de Kran First Passive House Kranichstein en.html Evaluation of the First Passive House ref aided by financial assistance from ... 11th International Passive House Conference 2007 ref Most are located in Germany and Austria , with others ... heating 90 less than required for a standard new building of the time, the Economical Passive ... ventilation systems. Meanwhile further passive houses were built in Stuttgart 1993 , Naumburg ... Continental Passive Houses ref The products developed for the Passivhaus standard were further ... was built in Urbana, Illinois in 2003, ref http www.e colab.org ecolab SmithHouse.html First US Passive ... Certified US Passive House ref br The first US passive retrofit project was certified ... www.solar knights.com Solar Knights Construction Website has Passive House Institute U.S.certification and project details this house is also the first certified passive house in California. ref The world s first Prefabricated building standardised passive prefabricated home prefabricated house was built ... more details
In complexation catalysis, the term passive binding refers to any stabilizing interaction that is equally strong at the transition state level and in the reactant catalyst complex. Having the same effect on the stability of the transition state and the reactant catalyst complex, passive binding contributes to acceleration only if the equilibrium between the unassociated reactant and catalyst and their complex is not completely shifted to the right. It was defined by A.J. Kirby in 1996 as opposed to the dynamic binding chemistry dynamic binding , i.e. the whole of interactions that are stronger at the transition state level than in the reactant catalyst complex. ref A.J. Kirby Angewandte Chemie International Edition 1996 35 706 724. ref See also Catalysis References Reflist Category Physical organic chemistry ... more details
Passive radar systems also referred to as passive coherent location and passive covert radar encompass ... and back allows the range of the object to be determined. In a passive radar system, there is no dedicated ... to be determined. In addition to bistatic range, a passive radar will typically also measure ... and hence significantly improve the final track accuracy. The term passive radar is sometimes used incorrectly to describe those passive sensors that detect and track aircraft by their RF emissions such as radar .... Well known examples include the Czech Republic Czech Tamara passive sensor TAMARA and VERA passive sensor VERA systems and the Ukraine Ukrainian Kolchuga passive sensor Kolchuga system. History The concept of passive radar detection using reflected ambient radio signals emanating from a distant ... the RUS 1 and the Japanese developed a bistatic CW radar called Type A . The Germans used a passive ... power and digital receiver technology in the 1980s led to a resurgence of interest in passive ... products silent sentry index.html Silent Sentry s Passive Coherent Location PCL technology ref Typical illuminators Passive radar systems have been developed that exploit the following sources of illumination ... America Satellite signals have generally been found to be inadequate for passive radar use either because ... filter to be used to achieve an optimal signal to noise ratio in the receiver. A passive radar does ... sample the transmitted waveform. A passive radar typically employs the following processing steps ... Generic passive radar signal processing scheme Receiver system A passive radar system must detect ... itself, plus reception of other distant in band transmitters . Passive radar systems use digital ... Most passive radar systems use simple Phased array antenna arrays with several Antenna radio ... limitation in detection range for most passive radar systems is the signal to interference ratio ... The key processing step in a passive radar is cross correlation . This step acts as the matched ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 A passive attack on a cryptosystem is one in which the cryptanalyst cannot interact with any of the parties involved, attempting to break the system solely based upon observed data i.e. the ciphertext . This can also include known plaintext attacks where both the plaintext and its corresponding ciphertext are known. While most classical ciphers are vulnerable to this form of attack, most modern ciphers are designed to prevent this type of attack above all others. Attributes Traffic Analysis Non evasive eavesdropping and monitoring of transmissions Because data unaffected, tricky to detect Emphasis on prevention encryption not detection Sometimes referred to as tapping Types of Passive Attacks are 1 Traffic Analysis 2 Release of message contents. Traffic Analysis In this attack the eavesdropper analyzes the traffic, determine the location, identify communicating hosts, observes the frequency and length of message being exchanged. Using all these information they predict the nature of communication . All incoming and out going traffic of network is analysed but not altered. Release of message content A telephonic conversation, an E mail message or a transferred file may contain confidential data. A passive attack may monitor the contents of these transmission. Passive attacks are very difficult to detect because they do not involve any alteration of the data. When the messages are exchanged neither the sender nor the receiver is aware that a third party has read the messages. This can be prevented by encryption of data. Further reading http vig.prenhall.com catalog academic product 0,1144,0131873164,00.html Cryptography and Network Security By William Stallings See also Chosen plaintext attack Chosen ciphertext attack Adaptive chosen ciphertext attack Topics in cryptography Category Cryptographic attacks crypto stub ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
