The pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism biology mechanism by which the disease is caused. The term can also be used to describe the origin and development of the disease and whether it is acute medical acute , chronic medical chronic or recurrent . The word comes from the Greek language Greek pathos , disease , and genesis , creation . Types of pathogenesis include microbe microbial infection , inflammation , malignancy and Necrosis tissue breakdown . Most diseases are caused by multiple pathogenetical processes together. For example, certain cancer s arise from dysfunction of the immune system skin tumor s and lymphoma after a renal transplant , which requires immunosuppression . ref cite book last Fox first Alvin title General aspects of bacterial pathogenesis year 2010 publisher Microbiology and Immunology On line Textbook location University of South Carolina School of Medicine url http pathmicro.med.sc.edu fox bact path.htm ref Often, a potential etiology medicine etiology is identified by epidemiology epidemiological observations before a pathology pathological link can be drawn between the cause and the disease. References reflist Further reading Haugan, Salomon Avian Influenza Etiology, Pathogenesis and Interventions Public Health in the 21st Century. Nova Science Pub Inc. January 30, 2010 ISBN 1607418460, ISBN 978 1607418467 Category Pathology Pathology stub bg cs Patogeneze de Pathogenese es Patog nesis fr Pathogen se id Patogenesis it Patogenesi ka hu Patogenezis nl Pathogenese pl Patogeneza pt Patog nese ru sk Patogen za sv Patogenes th tr Patogenez uk ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Viral pathogenesis is the study of how biological virus es cause diseases in their target Host biology host s, usually carried out at the cellular or molecular level. It is a specialized field of study in virology . See also pathogen pathogenesis List of human diseases associated with infectious pathogens DEFAULTSORT Viral Pathogenesis Category Virology ... more details
Pathogenesis related PR proteins are protein s produced in plant s in the event of a Plant pathogen pathogen attack. ref name Loon 1985 cite journal author Loon LC title Pathogenesis related proteins journal Plant Molecular Biology year 1985 volume 4 issue 2 3 pages 111 116 doi 10.1007 BF02418757 ref They are Enzyme induction and inhibition induced as part of systemic acquired resistance . Infections activate genes that produce PR proteins. Some of these proteins are antimicrobial, attacking molecules in the cell wall of a bacterium or fungus. Others may function as signals that spread news of the infection to nearby cells. Infections also stimulate the cross linking of molecules in the cell wall and the deposition of lignin , responses that set up a local barricade that slows spread of the pathogen to other parts of the plant. ref Campbell, N.A. and Reece, J.B. 2005 . Biology 7th ed . San Francisco Benjamin Cummings. ref Salicylic acid plays a role in the Plant disease resistance resistance to pathogens by inducing the production of pathogenesis related proteins. ref name Van Huijsduijnen 1986 cite journal author Van Huijsduijnen RAMH, Alblas SW, De Rijk RH, Bol JF title Induction by Salicylic Acid of Pathogenesis related Proteins and Resistance to Alfalfa Mosaic Virus Infection in Various Plant Species journal Journal of General Virology volume 67 year 1986 issue 10 pages 2135 2143 doi 10.1099 0022 1317 67 10 2135 ref Many proteins in wine proteins found in wine are grape pathogen related proteins. ref name Waters 1996 cite journal last Waters EJ, Shirley NJ, Williams PJ title Nuisance Proteins of Wine Are Grape Pathogenesis Related Proteins journal Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry year 1996 volume 44 issue 1 pages 3 5 doi 10.1021 jf9505584 ref Those include thaumatin like proteins and chitinase s. See also Glossary of phytopathology References reflist Further reading cite book author Muthukrishnan S, Datta SP title Pathogenesis related proteins in plants ... more details
The IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention is a conference organized by the International AIDS Society . This conference occurs biennially and focuses on the biomedical aspects of HIV. About 5000 people attend the IAS biennial conference, making it the world s most attended open scientific conference on HIV AIDS. ref cite web url http www.ias2011.org Default.aspx?pageId 329 title Media Centre author Si n Bowen date 2011 work publisher IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention accessdate 28 March 2011 ref References reflist External links http www.ias2011.org 2011 IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention Category Medical conferences Category HIV vaccine research ... more details
PR1 or PR 1 may refer to Polskie Radio Program I , a radio channel broadcast by the Polish public broadcaster Polskie Radio Puerto Rico Highway 1 , a road connecting the city of Ponce to San Juan the first group of plant pathogenesis related protein s Letter NumberCombDisambig ... more details
A passenger leukocyte is an Immunology immunological concept that is an important concept in organ transplantation transplantation biology . The term was conined in 1968 when Elkins and Guttmann showed that leukocyte s present in a donor initiate an immune response in the recipient of a transplant. ref Elkins, W.L. and Guttmann, R.D. 1968. Pathogenesis of a local graft versus host reaction immunogecity of circulating host leukocytes. Science 159 1250 ref See also History of immunology References references Category Immunology ... more details
Hepatolithiasis is the presence of gallstone s in the biliary duct s of the liver . Treatment is usually surgical. It is rare in Western countries, but prevalent in East Asia. References cite journal author Shoda J, Tanaka N, Osuga T title Hepatolithiasis epidemiology and pathogenesis update journal Front Biosci volume 8 issue pages e398 409 year 2003 pmid 12700089 doi 10.2741 1091 Category Diseases of liver disease stub fr Calcul intra h patique ... more details
Focal fatty liver FFL is localised or patchy process of lipid accumulation in the liver . It is likely to have different pathogenesis than non alcoholic steatohepatitis which is a diffuse process. FFL may result from altered venous flow to liver, Tissue biology tissue Hypoxia medical hypoxia and malabsorption of lipoprotein s. The condition has been increasingly recognised as sensitivity of Human abdomen abdominal imaging studies continues to improve. A fine needle biopsy is often performed to differentiate it from malignancy . Category Diseases of liver pathology stub ... more details
Camptocormia is a medical condition that is characterized by forward flexion of the spine, which is noticeable when standing or walking but disappears when lying down. ref name urlCamptocormia WrongDiagnosis.com cite web url http www.wrongdiagnosis.com medical camptocormia.htm title Camptocormia WrongDiagnosis.com format work accessdate ref ref name urlCamptocormia Pathogenesis, classification, and response to therapy Azher and Jankovic 65 3 355 Neurology cite web url http www.neurology.org cgi content abstract 65 3 355 title Camptocormia Pathogenesis, classification, and response to therapy Azher and Jankovic 65 3 355 Neurology format work accessdate ref It is becoming an increasingly recognized feature of Parkinson s disease and dystonic disorders . ref name urlCamptocormia Pathogenesis, classification, and response to therapy Azher and Jankovic 65 3 355 Neurology cite web url http www.neurology.org cgi content abstract 65 3 355 title Camptocormia Pathogenesis, classification, and response to therapy Azher and Jankovic 65 3 355 Neurology format work accessdate ref The term camptocormia was introduced by Alexandre Achille Souques , a French people French neurologist , to describe an abnormal forward flexed Human position posture . ref name urlAlexandre Achille Souques Information from Answers.com cite web url http www.answers.com topic alexandre achille souques title Alexandre Achille Souques Information from Answers.com format work accessdate ref See also Parkinson s disease Alexandre Achille Souques References reflist Category Parkinson s disease Category Symptoms and signs Nervous and musculoskeletal systems de Kamptokormie ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 11010 Glioma pathogenesis related protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLIPR1 gene . ref name pmid7607567 cite journal author Murphy EV, Zhang Y, Zhu W, Biggs J title The human glioma pathogenesis related protein is structurally related to plant pathogenesis related proteins and its gene is expressed specifically in brain tumors journal Gene volume 159 issue 1 pages 131 5 year 1995 month Aug pmid 7607567 pmc doi 10.1016 0378 1119 95 00061 A ref ref name pmid8973356 cite journal author Rich T, Chen P, Furman F, Huynh N, Israel MA title RTVP 1, a novel human gene with sequence similarity to genes of diverse species, is expressed in tumor cell lines of glial but not neuronal origin journal Gene volume 180 issue 1 2 pages 125 30 year 1997 month Jan pmid 8973356 pmc doi 10.1016 S0378 1119 96 00431 3 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene GLIPR1 GLI pathogenesis related 1 glioma url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 11010 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene encodes a protein with similarity to both the pathogenesis related protein PR superfamily and the cysteine rich secretory protein CRISP family. Increased expression of this gene is associated with myelomocytic differentiation in macrophage and decreased expression of this gene through gene methylation is associated with prostate cancer. The protein has proapoptotic activities in prostate and bladder cancer cells. This gene is a member of a cluster on chromosome 12 containing two ... Entrez Gene GLIPR1 GLI pathogenesis related 1 glioma url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db ... K title Structure comparison of human glioma pathogenesis related protein GliPR and the plant pathogenesis ... expression of the glioma pathogenesis related 1 gene in Wilms tumors. journal Neoplasia volume 9 ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Molecular virology is the study of virus biology virus es at the molecular level. In particular, this includes the analysis of individual viral genes and gene products, and their interaction with host human, plant or animal cellular proteins. This may include molecular analysis of Viral replication Viral pathogenesis Viral immunology Viral Immuno evasion Viral vaccine s diagnosis Diagnostic methods Antiviral chemotherapy Infection control measures Virus outbreak s See also molecular biology phage , the virus of bacterium bacteria prokaryote s viral plaque List of publications in biology Virology Important publications in virology Virus classification DEFAULTSORT Molecular Virology Category Virology ja ... more details
Acalvaria is a rare malformation consisting of absence of the calvaria skull calvaria l bones, dura mater and associated muscles in the presence of a normal human skull skull base and normal facial bones. The central nervous system is usually unaffected. The presumed pathogenesis of acalvaria is faulty migration of the membranous neurocranium with normal placement of the embryonic ectoderm, resulting in absence of the calvaria but an intact layer of skin over the brain parenchyma. External links cite journal author Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Carey JC title Acalvaria a unique congenital anomaly journal Am J Med Genet year 1993 pages 694 699 volume 46 doi 10.1002 ajmg.1320460620 issue 6 pmid 8362912 Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system Category Congenital disorders of nervous system genetic disorder stub pl Acalvaria pt Acalvaria ... more details
Refimprove date November 2008 The word gluteomics describes the systematic study on the T cell stimulatory peptides in celiac disease . These peptides are derived from gluten or gluten like proteins. Usually the term gluteomics is used in the context of global approach to identify, target or detect large sets of the disease related sequences. The scientific methods usually employed by gluteomic studies include novel epitope identification by means of database searching with dedicated algorithms, studies on toxicity of fractions of gluten and or gluten like proteins, degradation of multiple T cell stimulatory sequences with the specific enzymes, and development of protocols for the detection of peptides implicated in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. See also gluteome Category Glutens ... more details
Mucophagy is feeding on mucus of fish es or invertebrate s. It may also refer to consumption of mucus or dried mucus in primate s. There are mucophagous parasite s, such as some sea lice that attach themselves to gill segments of fish. ref http gemi.mpl.ird.fr cepm SiteWebESS Fr deMeeus SeaLice93a.pdf Pathogenesis of Wild and Farmed Seafish ref Mucophages may serve as cleaners of other animals. Another usage of this term is in reference to the feeding organ rich in mucous cells which pumps the water through, feeding particles get entrapped in mucus, and the latter proceeds into the esophagus . ref http www.springerlink.com content d075q10363201838 The epibranchial organ, its innervation and its probable functioning in Heterotis niloticus Pisces, teleostei, osteoglossidae ref See also Nose picking Rhinotillexis References references Feeding Category Carnivory es Mucofagia ... more details
Neddylation is the process by which the ubiquitin like protein Nedd8 is conjugated to its target proteins. This process is analogous to ubiquitin ation, although relies on its own E1 and E2 enzymes. No Nedd8 specific E3 has yet been identified and it is possible that the Neddylation system relies on E3 ligases with dual specificity. NEDD8 Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down regulated 8 is involved in the regulation of cell growth, viability and development. Neddylation process http www.nature.com embor journal v9 n10 images embor2008183 f1.jpg Disease association Neddylation is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer s Disease where its activation appears to drive neurons into apoptosis by initiating cell cycle reentry. Further reading Empty section date July 2010 External links Category Proteins Category Posttranslational modification fr Neddylation ... more details
Immunohematology , more commonly known as blood banking is a branch of hematology which studies antigen antibody reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorder s. A person employed in this field is referred to as an immunohematologist. Their day to day duties include blood typing , cross matching and antibody identification. ref Todd, C. Interview. 16 May 2008. Immunohematologist. ref References reflist See also Transfusion medicine Medical technologist med stub Category Hematology Category Immunology Category Transfusion medicine es Inmunohematolog a fr Immuno h matologie pt Imuno hematologia ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name PAGENAME image image width image caption regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Epsilon Proteobacteria ordo Campylobacterales familia Campylobacteraceae genus Campylobacter species C. upsaliensis genus authority subdivision ranks subdivision italic title Campylobacter upsaliensis is a species of campylobacter . It can be found in cats and dogs. Etymology Campylobacter upsaliensis is named after Uppsala , Sweden , where it was first discovered. Pathogenesis Campylobacter upsaliensis can cause campylobacteriosis , which is, however, mostly caused by Campylobacter jejuni , a spiral and comma shaped bacterium normally found in cattle, swine, and birds, where it is non pathogenic. Category Bacteria Category Proteobacteria Proteobacteria stub ... more details
Riehl melanosis is a form of contact dermatitis , beginning with pruritus , erythema , and pigmentation that gradually spreads which, after reaching a certain extent, becomes stationary. ref name Andrews cite book last James first William last2 Berger first2 Timothy last3 Elston first3 Dirk year 2005 title Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology edition 10th publisher Saunders isbn 0 7216 2921 0 ref rp 857 The pathogenesis of Riehl melanosis is believed to be sun exposure following the use of some perfumes or creams a photocontact dermatitis . ref name Andrews rp 858 See also Skin lesion References reflist Pigmentation disorders Category Disturbances of human pigmentation Category Contact dermatitis Cutaneous condition stub ... more details
The foveola is located within a region called the macula , a yellowish, cone photo receptor filled portion of the human retina . The foveola is approximately 0.35 mm in diameter and lies in the center of the fovea and contains only cone cell s, and a cone shaped zone of M ller cell s. ref Gass JD. M ller cell cone, an overlooked part of the anatomy of the fovea centralis hypotheses concerning its role in the pathogenesis of macular hole and foveomacualr retinoschisis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999 Jun 117 6 821 3. ref In this region the cone receptors are found to be longer, slimmer and more densely packed than anywhere else in the retina, thus allowing that region to have the potential to have the highest visual acuity in the eye. Notes Reflist Eye Visual system Category Eye anatomy Category Visual system eye stub ... more details
Multiple issues orphan March 2012 notability January 2010 Infobox journal title African Journal of Infectious Diseases cover abbreviation Afr. J. Infect. Dis. discipline Infectious disease s publisher African Journals OnLine country Nigeria history 2007 present frequency Biannually website http www.ajol.info journal index.php?jid 367&ab AJID link1 link1 name ISSN 2006 0165 eISSN JSTOR OCLC LCCN The African Journal of Infectious Diseases covers research on the pathogenesis , diagnosis , epidemiology , and treatment of infectious disease s, the impact of infectious agents on the environment, and related disciplines. External links Official 1 http www.ajol.info journal index.php?jid 367&ab AJID Category Open access journals Category Microbiology journals Category Publications established in 2007 Category English language journals ... more details
unreferenced date August 2010 Taxobox name Trichinella nativa italic title image regnum Animal ia phylum Nematoda classis Adenophorea ordo Trichurida familia Trichinellidae genus Trichinella species T. nativa binomial Trichinella nativa binomial authority Trichinella nativa is a nematode worm, one of the species of the Trichinella genus. Distribution It is found in arctic and subarctic regions. Features It is highly pathogenic and has a high resistance to freezing. It is encapsulated. It infects a wide variety of mammals and birds. The life cycle and pathogenesis are similar to Trichinella spiralis . Trichinella nativa can cause trichinellosis. DEFAULTSORT Trichinella nativa Category Nematodes ... more details
Taxobox virus group i familia Herpesviridae genus Simplexvirus species Bovine herpesvirus 2 BoHV 2 Bovine herpesvirus 2 BoHV 2 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes two diseases in cattle , bovine mammillitis and pseudo lumpy skin disease . BoHV 2 is similar in structure to human herpes simplex virus . . ref name Carter cite web author Carter, G.R. Flores, E.F. Wise, D.J. year 2006 title Herpesviridae work A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology url http www.ivis.org advances Carter Part2Chap11 chapter.asp?LA 1 accessdate 2006 06 04 ref Pseudo lumpy skin disease was originally discovered in South Africa where a similar but more serious disease caused by a poxvirus , lumpy skin disease , is also prevalent. Symptoms include fever and skin nodules on the face, back, and perineum . The disease heals within a few weeks. Bovine mammillitis is characterized by lesions restricted to the teat s and udder . BoHV 2 probably spreads through an arthropod Vector epidemiology vector , ref name Fenner 1993 cite book author Fenner, Frank J. Gibbs, E. Paul J. Murphy, Frederick A. Rott, Rudolph Studdert, Michael J. White, David O. title Veterinary Virology 2nd ed. publisher Academic Press, Inc year 1993 isbn 0 12 253056 X ref but can also be spread through milkers and milking machine s. ref name Carter A review publication from 2011 presents a series of controversial but scientifically based conclusions concerning the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the infection summary https sites.google.com site bovineherpesvirus2 , among these that spread among cattle is mainly by the respiratory route, and that skin lesions result from viremic spread and complement activation by the classical pathway at sites of virus propagation after formation of early antibody to BoHV 2. ref Bitsch, Viggo 2011 . Epidemiology and pathogenesis of the Bovine herpesvirus 2 BoHV 2 infection. ISBN 978 87 994685 0 8 http bovine herpesvirus 2.blogspot.com ref References references DEFAULTSORT Bovine Herp ... more details
About the degeneration of the endometrium in animals the human disease endometriosis endometriosis Orphan date October 2010 Endometrosis from Greek language greek endos inside , ancient greek metra womb und ancient greek osis disease is a chronic medicine chronic degenerative disease degenerative disease of the endometrium in Domestication domestic species that is clinically and economically important because of limits in fertility . Endometrosis can be proofed only by histological examination after endometrial biopsy . The disease may occur in female pets of all ages but is more frequently in older age. The causes and pathogenesis of endometrosis are widely unknown. Affected horses tend to miscarriage s, underdeveloped foal and Contagious equine metritis metritis . The changes in the endometrium are widely irreversible. An effective treatment is not known. There is no relationship between endometrosis and the human disease endometriosis . Literature G. Reed Holyoak Uterine Cysts. in Juan C. Samper,Jonathan F. Pycock,A. O. McKinnon Current therapy in equine reproduction. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007, p. 121, ISBN 0721602525, http books.google.co.uk books?id 1vAJ2lbypRMC&pg PA121 online cite journal author JM Flores, A Rodr guez, J S nchez, C G mez Cu tara, F Ramiro title Endometrosis in Mares Incidence of Histopathological Alterations journal Reproduction in Domestic Animals volume 30 issue 2 pages 61 5 year 1995 month pmid doi 10.1111 j.1439 0531.1995.tb00606.x issn 0936 6768 cite journal author C. Hoffmann, C. Ellenberger, R. C. Mattos, H. Aupperle, S. Dhein, B. Stief, H. A. Schoon title The equine endometrosis new insights into the pathogenesis journal Anim Reprod Sci volume 111 issue pages 261 5 year 2009 month pmid 18468817 doi issn Category Animal diseases Veterinary med stub de Endometrose ... more details
Synchysis scintillans is a degenerative condition of the eye seen uncommonly in dogs, resulting in liquified vitreous humor and the accumulation of cholesterol crystals within the vitreous. It is also known as cholesterosis bulbi . The vitreous liquifies in a process known as syneresis chemistry syneresis . Synchysis scintillans appears as small white floater s that freely move in the posterior part of the eye, giving a snow globe effect. It is most commonly seen in eyes that have suffered from a degenerative disease and are end stage. ref name Gelatt 1999 cite book author Gelatt, Kirk N. ed. title Veterinary Ophthalmology edition 3rd ed. publisher Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins year 1999 isbn 0 683 30076 8 ref In humans as well, the condition is seen rarely. Associated with the advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy , but the exact pathogenesis is unknown. References references Category Dog diseases Category Diseases of the eye and adnexa eye stub Veterinary med stub es S nquisis centelleante sv Synchysis scintillans ... more details
for either alternative cause or secondary disease. Pathogenesis and causes The pathogenesis ... that ensues as an effect of this, as well as reduced motility of cells, is fundamental to the pathogenesis ... some mechanical factors involved in the pathogenesis of Complex Pneumoconiosis that should be considered ... more details
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