italictitle Taxobox color lightgrey name Klebsiella image image width image caption regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gammaproteobacteria ordo Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriales familia Enterobacteriaceae genus Klebsiella genus authority Trevisan 1885 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Klebsiella granulomatis K. granulomatis br Klebsiella oxytoca K. oxytoca br Klebsiella pneumoniae K. pneumoniae br Klebsiella terrigena K. terrigena br Raoultella planticola K. planticola small until 2001 small br Klebsiella is a genus of motility non motile , Gram negative , Oxidase test oxidase negative , rod shaped bacteria with a prominent polysaccharide based Capsule microbiology capsule . ref name Sherris cite book author Ryan KJ Ray CG editors title Sherris Medical Microbiology edition 4th publisher McGraw Hill year 2004 isbn 0838585299 page 370 ref It is named after the German microbiologist Edwin Klebs 1834 1913 . Frequent human pathogen s, Klebsiella organisms can lead to a wide range of disease states, notably pneumonia , urinary tract infection s, septicemia , and soft tissue infections. ref name Podschun 1998 cite journal author Podschun R, Ullmann U title Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors journal Clin Microbiol Rev volume 11 issue 4 pages 589 603 year 1998 pmid 9767057 pmc 88898 ref Klebsiella species are ubiquitous in nature. ref cite journal author Bagley S title Habitat association of Klebsiella species journal Infect Control volume 6 issue 2 pages 52 8 year 1985 pmid 3882590 ref References reflist External links wikispecies http www.emedicine.com med topic1237.htm Klebsiella article from eMedicine.com Category Enterobacteria ca Klebsiel la de Klebsiella es Klebsiella eu Klebsiella fr Klebsiella it Klebsiella la Klebsiella hu Klebsiella pt Klebsiella ru simple Klebsiella fi Klebsiella vi Klebsiella zh ... more details
Human Coronavirus NL63 or HCoV NL63 is a virus that was identified in 2003 in a child with bronchiolitis in the Netherlands . Recent reports from several countries Australia , Japan , Canada and Belgium indicate that the virus has spread worldwide. The virus is found mainly in young children, elderly and Immunodeficiency immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory illness during the winter season. Recent data suggest an association of HCoV NL63 infection with Kawasaki disease , a systemic vasculitis in childhood that may result in aneurysm s of the coronary arteries. In the developed world, Kawasaki disease is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children. Further analysis of HCoV NL63 pathogenicity seems warranted, in particular because of recent evidence that this virus uses the same cellular receptor as SARS coronavirus SARS CoV ACE2 . References van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Jebbink MF, Vermeulen Oost W, Berkhout RJ, Wolthers KC, Wertheim van Dillen PM, Kaandorp J, Spaargaren J, Berkhout B Identification of a new human coronavirus http www.nature.com nm journal v10 n4 abs nm1024.html Nat Med. 2004 Apr 10 4 368 73. Epub 2004 Mar 21. Hofmann H, Pyrc K, van der Hoek L, Geier M, Berkhout B, P hlmann S Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry http www.pnas.org cgi content full 102 22 7988 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 31 102 22 7988 93 . External links http virusdiscovery.com Detailed information about discovery of HCoV NL63 DEFAULTSORT Human Coronavirus Nl63 Category Nidovirales es Coronavirus Humana ... more details
An emergent virus is a virus that has adapted and emerged as a new disease pathogenic strain, with attributes facilitating pathogenicity in a field not normally associated with that virus. This includes viruses that are the cause of a disease which has notably increased in incidence this is often a result of a wide variety of causes from both the influence of Human man and nature . Most emergent viruses can be categorized as zoonotic an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans , this has the advantage of possibly having several natural reservoirs for the disease . Overview The most important factor in the development of an emergent disease, to humans , is the ability to pass from animal host to humans. There is little to no occurrence of spontaneous new virus species development, although the possible exception commonly cited is Ebola virus . Most often the virus, due to selection pressure for an animal version of the strain of disease to mutate and therefore adapt to the infection of human hosts. Emergent virus infection factors Population movements Deforestation Irrigation Urbanization Increased long distance air travel Increased long distance air travel for livestock Migration Examples of emergent diseases Poliomyelitis Known to have existed for centuries with little incidence epidemiology incidence . During the 19th century poliovirus became more prominent in populations across the world. Dense urban populations allowed the disease to propagate via close human to human contact. In addition to this, technological advances meant that traveling became more common throughout the population essentially leading to increased transmission of the virus . The situation became worse year upon year with increasing incidence of the disease worldwide. The issue was not resolved until the introduction of a poliovirus vaccine brought the situation under control. This example demonstrates how a disease can emerge in a population as a result of human influence. This examp ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Chlamydophila abortus regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Chlamydiae ordo Chlamydiae Chlamydiales familia Chlamydiaceae genus Chlamydophila species C. abortus Chlamydophila abortus is a species in Chlamydiae that causes abortion and fetal death in mammals, including humans. Chlamydophila abortus was previously classified as Chlamydia psittaci along with all Chlamydiae except Chlamydia trachomatis. This was based on a lack of evident glycogen production and on resistance to the antibiotic sulfadiazine. In 1999 C. psittaci and C. abortus were recognized as distinct species based on differences of pathogenicity and DNA DNA hybridization . C. abortus is endemic among ruminant s and has been associated with abortion in a horse, a rabbit, guinea pigs, mice, pigs and humans. Infected females shed bacteria near the time of ovulation, so C. abortus is transmitted orally and sexually among mammals. All C. abortus strains were isolated or Polymerase chain reaction PCR amplified from placenta or fetal organs after spontaneous abortion. C. abortus infection generally remains inapparent until an animal aborts late in gestation or gives birth to a weak or dead foetus. C. abortus has not been isolated from birds. References Everett, K.D.E., R.M. Bush, and A.A. Andersen. 1999. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 415 440. Category Chlamydiae Category Animal diseases nl Chlamydophila abortus ... more details
italic title Plasmodium yoelii is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia . Like all Plasmodium species P. yoelii has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammal s. Taxobox name Plasmodium yoelii image caption image image width regnum Protista phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida ordo Haemosporida familia Plasmodiidae genus Plasmodium species P. yoelii binomial Plasmodium yoelii Description This species was described in 1968 by Landau, Michel and Adam. Geographical occurrence This species occurs in Africa . Vectors The natural vectors of this species are not currently known. Clinical features and host pathology This species infects Thamnonys rutilans Notes Two subspecies are recognised P. yoelii nigeriensis and P. yoelii yoelli . Its most notable feature is that it is used in the laboratory to infect mice , as a model of human malaria , particularly with respect to the immune system immune response . It is advantageous to have a whole animal model of malaria because often it is difficult to know which factors to study in vitro , particularly in a complex system like the immune system . Moreover, for many experiments it is not ethical or practical to use humans. One of the special things about this particular model is that it has two strains with vastly different pathogenicity. These are generally referred to as the lethal and non lethal strains of the species. Comparison of these two strains can be used to deduce which factors may contribute to more serious malaria infections in humans. References Reflist External links Information about the genome and genes of P. yoelii http www.genedb.org Homepage PyoeliiYM www.genedb.org Homepage PyoeliiYM DEFAULTSORT Plasmodium Yoelii Category Plasmodium plasmodium stub med stub id Plasmodium yoelii ... more details
Osmophilic organisms are microorganisms adapted to environments with high osmotic pressures, such as high sugar concentrations. Osmophiles are similar to Halophile halophillic salt loving organisms because a critical aspect of both types of environment is their low water activity , a sub W sub . High sugar concentrations represent a growth limiting factor for many microorganism s, yet osmophiles protect themselves against this high osmotic pressure by the synthesis of osmoprotectant s such as alcohol s and amino acid s. Nearly all osmophilic microorganisms are from the yeast genus. Osmophile yeasts are important because they cause spoilage in the sugar and sweet goods industry, with products such as fruit juices, fruit juice concentrates, liquid sugars such as golden syrup , honey and in some cases marzipan. Among the most osmophillic are class wikitable Organism Minimum a sub W sub Saccharomyces rouxii 0.62 Saccharomyces bailii 0.80 Debaryomyces 0.83 Wallemia sebi 0.87 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 0.90 Pathogenicity Osmophiles with possible pathogenesis are Aspergillus , Saccharomyces , Enterobacter aerogenes and Micrococcus . ref name uga http gchava.myweb.uga.edu organisms.html MICROBES INVOLVED IN FOOD SPOILAGE Authors Gabriel Chavarria, Julia Neal, Parul Shah, Katrina Pierzchala, Bryant Conger ref However, none of them are highly pathogenic, and only cause opportunistic infections , i.e. infections in people with weakened immune system . They are rather a cause of general food spoiling than causing any food poisoning in humans. References Reflist refbegin cite journal title Efficacy of agar media for enumerating two Saccharomyces species in sucrose syrups journal Mycopathologia author L. R. Beuchat publisher Springer Netherlands volume 76 issue 3 month December year 1981 doi 10.1007 BF00761893 pages 13 17 cite journal journal Rev Argent Microbiol. year 2006 month Apr Jun volume 38 issue 2 pages 93 6 title Moulds and yeasts in bottled water and soft drinks in Spanis ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Candida lusitaniae image image width regnum Fungi division Ascomycota phylum Ascomycota subphylum Saccharomycotina classis Saccharomycetes ordo Saccharomycetales familia Saccharomycetaceae genus Candida genus Candida species C. lusitaniae binomial Candida lusitaniae binomial authority synonyms Clavispora lusitaniae Candida lusitaniae is a species of yeast in the genus Candida genus Candida . C. lusitaniae was first identified as a human pathogen in 1979 ref Pappagianis D, Collins MS, Hector R, Remington J. Development of resistance to amphotericin B in Candida lusitaniae infecting a human. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979 16 123 126. ref . C. lusitaniae was initially described as a rare cause of fungemia, with fewer than 30 cases reported between 1979 and 1990. However, there has been a marked increase in the number of recognized cases of candidemia due to this organism in the last two decades. Bone marrow transplantation and high dose cytoreductive chemotherapy have both been identified as risk factors for infections with this organism ref Wingard JR. Importance of Candida species other than C. albicans as pathogens in oncology patients. Clin Infect Dis 1995 20 115 125. ref . These patients are often neutropenic for extended periods of time, leaving them susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections, including Candidal infections. Some investigators have theorized that the widespread use of Amphotericin B empiric antifungal therapy selects for infections with Candida lusitaniae ref Krcmery V, Barnes AJ. Non albicans Candida spp. causing fungaemia pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. J Hosp Infect. 2002 Apr 50 4 243 60. ref . References reflist External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Info&id 36911&lvl 3&lin f&keep 1&srchmode 1&unlock C. lusitaniae at NCBI Taxonomy browser DEFAULTSORT Candida Lusitaniae Category Yeasts Category Candida lusitaniae yeast stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Mycobacterium microti regnum Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species M. microti binomial Mycobacterium microti binomial authority Reed 1957, ATCC 19422 Mycobacterium microti Member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex MTBC Also known as the Vole bacillus Etymology microtus is a genus that includes the vole . Description Gram positive , nonmotile and acid fast rods. Colony characteristics Variable colony morphology, buff in colour, either rough or smooth. Physiology Growth on glycerol free egg media at 37 C within 28 60 days. May adapt tolerance to glycerol. Sensitive to isoniazid , ethambutol , rifampin , streptomycin and pyrazinamide . Differential characteristics A commercial hybridisation assay AccuProbe to identify members of the M. tuberculosis complex exists. All members of the M. tuberculosis complex share identical 16S rDNA and internal transcribed spacers ITS sequences But molecular differentiation is possible by gyrB sequence polymorphism Pathogenesis Cause of naturally acquired generalized tuberculosis in voles . Recently van Soolingen et al. reported about the first infections among humans caused by M. microti Losing pathogenicity on repeated subculture. Biosafety level 3 Type strain Strain ATCC 19422 CIP 104256 NCTC 8710. References reflist Reed,G. 1957. Genus Mycobacterium species affecting warm blooded animals except those causing leprosy , In R.S. BREED, E.G.D. MURRAY and N.R. SMITH eds Bergey s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 7th edition, The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1957, p. 703 704. van Soolingen et al. , 1998. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36 1840 1845. Mycobacteria DEFAULTSORT Mycobacterium Microti Category Acid fast bacilli Category Corynebacterineae Category Tuberculous Mycobacteria Mycobacterium stub es Mycobacterium microti ... more details
Tir translocated intimin receptor is an essential component in the adherence of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EPEC and enterohemorraghic Escherichia coli to the cells lining the small intestine . To aid attachment, both EPEC and EHEC possess the ability to reorganise the host cell actin cytoskeleton via the secretion of virulence factors. These factors are secreted directly into the cells using a Type three secretion system . One of the virulence factors secreted is the Translocated Intimin Receptor Tir . Tir is a receptor protein encoded by the espE gene which is located on the locus of enterocyte effacement LEE pathogenicity island in EPEC strains. It is secreted into the host cell membranes and acts as a receptor for intimin which is found on the bacterial surface. Once Tir binds intimin, the bacterium is attached to the enterocyte surface. ref name pmid16415925 cite journal author Stevens, J. et al . title Actin dependent movement of bacterial pathogens journal Nature Reviews Microbiology volume 4 issue pages 91 101 year 2006 month pmid 16415925 doi 10.1038 nrmicro1320 ref ref name pmid10835344 cite journal author Batchelor, M. et al , title Structural basis for recognition of the translocated intimin receptor Tir by intimin from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli journal The EMBO Journal volume 19 issue pages 2452 2464 year 2000 month pmid 10835344 doi 10.1093 emboj 19.11.2452 ref Tir is also a receptor tyrosine kinase RTK that initiates its intimate adherence by inserting a hairpin orientation in the intestinal cell membrane to enable tight binding to intimin on the bacterial cell outer membrane. Upon phosphorylation, Tir activates condensation and polymerization of actin filaments under the bacterial cell to form a pedestal like structure. ref name pmid16415925 References reflist Category Enterobacteria Category Tyrosine kinase receptors ... more details
Italic title Infobox journal title Microbiology cover Image Microbiology cover Oct 2007 .gif discipline Microbiology abbreviation Microbiology publisher Society for General Microbiology country frequency Monthly history 1947 present formernames Journal of General Microbiology openaccess After 12 months impact 2.957 impact year 2010 website http mic.sgmjournals.org CODEN MIBLAO ISSN 1350 0872 eISSN 1465 2080 OCLC 29693815 Microbiology is a peer review peer reviewed scientific journal that covers research in all aspects of microbiology , including the biochemistry , cell biology , molecular biology , developmental biology , physiology , pathogenicity , biodiversity , evolution , and genetics of microorganism s and virus es. It also covers plant microbe interactions, and environmental and theoretical microbiology. The journal is published monthly by the Society for General Microbiology . The journal was established in January 1947 as the Journal of General Microbiology and obtained its current name in 1994. ref cite journal last1 Postgate first1 J. title Fifty years of the SGM journal Trends journals Trends in Microbiology volume 3 issue 7 pages 249 50 year 1995 pmid 7551634 doi 10.1016 S0966 842X 00 88935 0 ref Since 2010, the editor in chief has been Agn s Fouet Institut Cochin, Paris . The entire back archive, from 1947, is available online in Portable Document Format PDF and for papers published since 1997 in text formats. Papers are currently available free 12 months after print publication additionally, all accepted papers are published immediately online ahead of final publication. According to the Journal Citation Reports its 2010 impact factor is 2.957. ref cite web title About Microbiology url http mic.sgmjournals.org site misc about.xhtml accessdate 18 August 2011 ref References reflist External links Official website http mic.sgmjournals.org Category Microbiology journals Category Delayed open access journals Category Publications established in 1947 Catego ... more details
Infobox Journal cover Image J Med Microbiol cover Oct 2007 .gif discipline Microbiology abbreviation J Med Microbiol , JMM publisher Society for General Microbiology country UK frequency 12 per year history founded 1968 impact 2.272 impact year 2009 openaccess after 12 months website http jmm.sgmjournals.org ISSN 0022 2615 eISSN 1473 5644 The Journal of Medical Microbiology is a peer reviewed academic journal that covers microbiology microbiological research relevant to human and animal disease. Topics covered include pathogenicity, virulence, host response, epidemiology, microbial ecology, diagnostics, typing, models for infection and antimicrobial agents relating to virus es, bacteria , fungi and eukaryotic parasite s. The journal is published monthly by the Society for General Microbiology , from Reading, Berkshire Reading , UK . Established in 1968, the Journal of Medical Microbiology was published until 2001 4 by the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland in conjunction with Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ref http www.socgenmicrobiol.org.uk about history.cfm SGM About SGM History A Short History of the SGM accessed 25 September 2007 ref As of 2011, its Editor in Chief is Charles Penn University of Birmingham , UK . Content from 2000 is available online in Portable Document Format PDF and text formats. Papers are currently available free 12 months after print publication additionally, selected papers considered of special importance are made freely available ahead of publication. Its 2007 impact factor was 2.091. ref http jmm.sgmjournals.org misc about.shtml SGM About Journal of Medical Microbiology accessed 5 December 2008 ref References reflist External links http jmm.sgmjournals.org Journal of Medical Microbiology home page Category Microbiology journals Category Delayed open access journals Category Publications established in 1968 Category English language journals ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Raillietina tapeworm Taxobox name Raillietina image image caption regnum Animalia phylum Platyhelminthes classis Cestoda ordo Cyclophyllidea familia Davaineidae genus Raillietina genus authority Fuhrman, 1920 diversity link Species diversity 37 species Raillietina is the name a genus of tapeworms that includes helminth parasitism parasites of vertebrate s, and mostly of bird s. The genus was named in 1920 in honour of a French people French veterinarian and helminthologist, Louis Joseph Alcide Railliet . Of the 37 species recorded under the genus , ref cite web url http www.biolib.cz en taxon id82167 title BioLib Raillietina publisher Biolib.cz date 2005 06 05 accessdate 2011 12 08 ref Raillietina demerariensis , R. asiatica , and R. formsana are the only species reported from humans , ref cite web url http www.biology online.org dictionary Raillietina title Raillietina definition from publisher Biology Online.org date accessdate 2011 12 08 ref while the rest is found in birds . Raillietina echinobothrida R. echinobothrida , R. tetragona , and R. cesticillus are the most important species in terms of prevalence and pathogenicity among wild and domestic birds . ref Cheng TC 1986 . General Parasitology , 2nd edn. Academic Press, Division of Hardcourt Brace & Company, USA, pp. 402 416. ISBN 0121707552 ref ref McDougald LR 2003 . Cestodes and trematodes. In Diseases of Poultry , 11th edn YM Saif, HJ Barnes, AM Fadly, JR Glisson, LR McDougald & DE Swayne, eds . Iowa State Press, USA, pp. 961 972. ISBN 0 8138 0718 2 ref References Reflist External links fr Alcide Louis Joseph Railliet Railliet http zipcodezoo.com Key Animalia Raillietina Genus.asp Genus Raillietina Categories Category Animals Category Helminth Category Parasites Category Bird parasites ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 Affinitymagnetic separation AMS is a laboratory tool that can efficiently isolate bacteria l cells out of body fluid or cultured cells. It can also be used as a method of quantifying the pathogenicity of food, blood or feces. Another laboratory separation tool is the immunomagnetic separation IMS , which is more suitable for the isolation of eucaryotic cells. Technique Refimprove date April 2011 Bacteriophages Attachment and penetration Host recognition of bacteriophages occur via bacteria binding proteins that have strong binding affinities to specific protein or carbohydrate structures on the surface of the bacterial host. Bacteria binding proteins derived from bacteriophage coating paramagnetism paramagnetic beads will bind to specific cell components present on the surface of host thus capturing the cells and facilitate the concentration of these bead attached cells. ref Kretzer JW, Lehmann R, Banz M, Kim KP, Korn C. Loessner MJ 2007 Use of high affinity cell wall binding domains of bacteriophage endolysins for immobilization and separation of bacterial cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 73 1992 2000 ref ref Rozand C, Feng P.C.H. Specificity analysis of a novel Phage derived ligand in an Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay for the detection of Escherichia coli O157 H7. Journal of Food Protection, 2009 72 1078 1081 ref The concentration process is created by a magnet placed on the side of the test tube bringing the beads to it. Due to the phage ligand technology , AMS is superior to the antibody based immunomagnetic separation IMS on sorting bacterial cells. ref http www.hyglos.de en products services products bacteria capture kits.html Affinity magnetic separation of Listeria spp and Escherichia coli O157 Bacteria Capture Kits ref References references DEFAULTSORT Affinity Magnetic Separation Category Laboratory techniques Category Molecular biology de Affinit tsmagnetische Separation ... more details
Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA cytotoxin associated gene A is a 120 145kDa protein encoded on the 40kb cag pathogenicity island PAI . ref name pmid16367902 cite journal author Hatakeyama, M. & Higashi, H. title Helicobacter pylori CagA a new paradigm for bacterial carcinogenesis journal Cancer Science volume 96 issue pages 835 843 year 2005 month pmid 16367902 doi 10.1111 j.1349 7006.2005.00130.x ref H. pylori strains can be divided into CagA positive or negative strains, of which around 60 of H. pylori isolates in Western countries are positive, whereas the majority of East Asian isolates are. ref name pmid16367902 The cag PAI also encodes for a Secretion type 4 secretion system which is used to inject CagA into a target cell upon H. pylori attachment. After translocation, CagA localises to the inner surface of the cell membrane and undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by Src family kinase s e.g. FYN Fyn and LYN Lyn . ref name pmid16367902 Role in Cancer H. pylori infection is associated with MALT lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma and CagA is thought to be involved in cancer development. ref name pmid15806096 cite journal author Lax, A. title Bacterial toxins and cancer a case to answer? journal Nature Reviews Microbiology volume 3 issue pages 343 349 year 2005 month pmid 15806096 doi 10.1038 nrmicro1130 ref Phosphorylated CagA is able to interact with the PTPN11 SHP 2 tyrosine phosphatase , rendering it functionally active, triggering a host cell morphological change to a more motile phenotype known as the hummingbird phenotype . ref name pmid16367902 This phenotype mimics an effect produced by hepatocyte growth factor which may participate in various aspects of cancer, including metastasis . ref name pmid15806096 References reflist Category Virulence factors ... more details
Image SalmonellaNIAID.jpg Salmonella bacteria red invade cultured human cells 300px thumb right Cellular microbiology is a discipline that bridges microbiology and cell biology . The term cellular microbiology was coined in 1996 ref cite journal author Cossart P, Boquet P, Normark S, Rappuoli R title Cellular microbiology emerging journal Science volume 271 issue 5247 pages 315 317 year 1996 pmid doi 10.1126 science.271.5247.315 ref in a Science journal Science article. Cooperation and mutual dependency between microbiology and cell biology had been increasing in the years before that, and the emergence of a new discipline had been suggested and discussed in several scientific conferences. Cellular microbiology attempts to use pathogenic microbe s as tools for cell biology research, and to employ cell biology methods to understand the pathogenicity of microbes. Toxin s and virulence factor s from microbes have been used for decades to influence processes in eukaryotic Cell biology cells and to study them. It has increasingly appeared that applying a purified toxin on a cell does not always provide the complete picture, and that understanding the role of the toxin in pathogenicity, the way the toxin promotes the microbe, the way the toxin is produced and the co evolution of the toxin and its host cell host cell counterparts, is crucial. Numerous eukaryotic cellular processes have been clarified using microbial tools . A major subject in this category is the cytoskeleton . Many microbes modify and influence the synthesis or degradation of the host cell cytoskeleton, in particular the actin network ref cite journal author Dramsi S and Cossart P title Intracellular pathogens and the actin cytoskeleton journal Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol volume 14 issue 1 pages 137 166 year 1998 pmid 9891781 doi 10.1146 annurev.cellbio.14.1.137 ref . Intracellular microbes, such as the bacteria Salmonella and Shigella , elicit actin polymerization in host cells that otherwise do not internali ... more details
aureus genomic and pathogenicity islands with specific expression among pathogenic strains ... invasion . ref name ten See Also Rsa RNA Pathogenicity island RNA interference Regulatory RNA ... more details
3003698 ref ref Carniel, Elisabeth. The Yersinia High pathogenicity Island an Iron uptake Island. Microbes ... 238. doi 10.1099 mic.0.037945 0 ref Role in Yersinia pathogenicity As previously mentioned, siderophores ... more details
baumannii Pathogenicity year 2011 editor1 last Adler editor1 first Ben last1 Antunes first1 ... pathogenicity testing of microbial pathogens year 2004 last1 Kavanagh first1 Kevin last2 Reeves ... more details
Infobox scientist image image size name Douglas D. Richman birth date February 15, 1943 birth place New York, NY, USA death date death place residence USA citizenship nationality ethnicity field Virology work institution University of California San Diego Veterans Health Administration Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System alma mater doctoral advisor doctoral students known for HIV resistance, HIV latency author abbreviation bot author abbreviation zoo prizes religion footnotes Douglas D. Richman born 15 February 1943, New York, NY is a United States medical virologist . Richman has worked primarily in the HIV field over the past twenty years, with major contributions in the areas of resistance and pathogenicity. Career Richman received his Doctor of Medicine MD degree from Stanford University in 1970. After holding positions at the U.S. Public Health Service , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and Harvard Medical School , he joined the University of California San Diego UCSD in 1976, becoming Professor of Pathology and Medicine 1988 as well as Co Director 1994 and later Director 2000 of the Center for AIDS Research. As of 2007, he additionally holds the Florence Seeley Riford Chair in AIDS Research there. He has also held positions at the Veterans Health Administration Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System since 1976, including Director from 1988 to 2007. As of 2007, he holds the position of staff physician. Research Richman s early research was on influenza virus , herpesvirus es and Viral hemorrhagic fever hemorrhagic fever viruses , before focusing on HIV in the 1980s. His wide ranging research in the HIV field has encompassed Drug resistance resistance , viral pathogenicity and host immune response s. He was one of the group of researchers who first demonstrated HIV drug resistance in 1989, ref Larder B, Darby G, Richman DD 1989 HIV with reduced sensitivity to zidovudine isolated during prolonged therapy. Science 243 1731 1734 ref and ... more details
. acridum show early induction of native chitinase but are not altered in pathogenicity to Manduca ... pathogenicity against coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei Coleoptera Curculionidae by Metarhizium ... more details
Analysis of Trypanosoma ssp . and T. irwini using partial sequence analysis gGAPDH Pathogenicity The pathogenicity of Trypanosoma irwini is unclear. Diagnosis Blood smears showed Trypanosoma irwini ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Ureaplasma urealyticum regnum Bacteria divisio Firmicutes classis Mollicutes ordo Mycoplasmataceae Mycoplasmatales familia Mycoplasmataceae genus Ureaplasma species U. urealyticum binomial Ureaplasma urealyticum binomial authority Shepard et al., 1974 Ureaplasma urealyticum is a bacterium belonging to the family Mycoplasmataceae . Its type strain is T960. Clinical significance U. urealyticum is part of the normal genital flora of both men and women. It is found in about 70 of sexually active humans. It had also been described to be associated with a number of diseases in humans, including non specific urethritis NSU , infertility , chorioamnionitis , stillbirth , premature birth , and, in the perinatal period, pneumonia , bronchopulmonary dysplasia ref name pmid15486833 cite journal author Kafetzis DA, Skevaki CL, Skouteri V, et al title Maternal genital colonization with Ureaplasma urealyticum promotes preterm delivery association of the respiratory colonization of premature infants with chronic lung disease and increased mortality journal Clin. Infect. Dis. volume 39 issue 8 pages 1113 22 year 2004 month October pmid 15486833 doi 10.1086 424505 url http www.journals.uchicago.edu cgi bin resolve?CID32584 ref and meningitis . However, given the relatively low pathogenicity of the organism its role in some of these diseases remains contentious. U. urealyticum has been noted as one of the infectious causes of sterile pyuria . ref cite journal author Dieter RS title Sterile pyuria a differential diagnosis journal Compr Ther volume 26 issue 3 pages 150 2 year 2000 pmid 10984817 doi 10.1007 s12019 000 0001 1 ref Classification There are six recognised Ureaplasma species, They have a GC content of 27 30 , and a genome size ranging between 0.76 1.17 M base pairs bp , and cholesterol is required for growth. A defining characteristic of the genus is that they perform urea hydrolysis. It is now recommended that some strains originally classified as U ... more details
TOCright Pai or PAI may refer to People Pai surname Devnagri , includes Konkani region of India name origin, plus people with the name Pai Chinese surname , includes Chinese name origin, plus people with the name Bae , sometimes spelled Pae or Pai includes Korean name origin, plus people with the name Fictional characters Lee Pai Long , fictional character from SNK Playmore s fighting game series Art of Fighting Pai Chan , a character in the video game series Virtua Fighter Pai Manga character , 3x3 Eyes , the anime character Pie Tokyo Mew Mew , an antagonist in the manga and anime series Tokyo Mew Mew Places Hong Kong islands Ap Chau Mei Pak Tun Pai Ap Chau Pak Tun Pai Ap Lei Pai Ap Tan Pai Ap Tau Pai Che Lei Pai Hau Tsz Kok Pai Shui Cham Tsui Pai Pai, Agra , in Uttar Pradesh, India Pai, Thailand , a small town in Mae Hong Son Province, northern Thailand Amphoe Pai , the district around the town Pai River Pai Airport Games Gwat Pai , Chinese dominoes set Zi pai , Chinese card game Pai Gow , Chinese gambling game Pai gow poker , Americanized version Kung Fu martial arts styles Fu Jow Pai Lai Tung Pai Nam Pai Chuan Pai lum Shaolin Nam Pai Chuan Tien Shan Pai Wah lum pai Other uses Pai languages Paipai, Walapai, Havasupai Pai dialect of the Northern Sotho language Dai Pai Dong , chain of high end restaurants based in Hong Kong Pai Chai University , located in South Korea Pai Mu Tan, aka Bai Mu Dan , Chinese white tea Acronyms PAI Partners , a French private equity firm Parachute Association of Ireland , a representative regulatory body for skydivers in Ireland Parti Africain de l Ind pendance , the French name for the African Independence Party Pathogenicity island , a distinct class of genomic island which is acquired by horizontal transfer Personality Assessment Inventory , a test given by psychologists Photoacoustic Imaging Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 PAI 1 and Plasminogen activator inhibit ... more details
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