Test sample values align right Pathophysiology is the study of the changes of normal Mechanics mechanical , physiological , and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease , or resulting from an abnormal syndrome. ref name urlPathophysiology Definition from the Merriam Webster Online Dictionary cite web url http www.merriam webster.com dictionary Pathophysiology title Pathophysiology Definition from the Merriam Webster Online Dictionary format work accessdate 2009 04 09 ref More formally, it is the branch of medicine which deals with any disturbances of body functions, caused by disease or prodromal symptoms. An alternative definition is the study of the biological and physical manifestations of disease as they correlate with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances. ref Craig Scanlon and Evan Fawkes, Egan s Fundamentals of Respiratory Therapy, St. Louis, 1999, p. 1186. ref The study of pathology and the study of pathophysiology often involves substantial overlap in diseases and processes, but pathology emphasizes direct observations, while pathophysiology emphasizes quantifiable measurements. Examples An example from the field of infectious disease would be the study of a toxin released by a bacterium , and what that toxin does to the body to cause harm, one possible result being sepsis . Another example is the study of the chemical changes that take place in body tissue due to inflammation . the intersection of two older, related disciplines normal physiology and pathology . Physiology is the study of normal, healthy bodily function as opposed to anatomy ..., it enters the realm of pathophysiology. Pathology , broadly speaking, is the study of the nature ..., p. 1445. ref or the results of disease in the body. Pathophysiology looks at the specific malfunctioning ... structure and wikt function function is not precisely the same in any two individuals... Uses Pathophysiology ... References reflist External links Category Pathophysiology pathology stub bs Patolo ka fiziologija ... more details
. The pathophysiology of essential hypertension remains an area of active research, with many theories ... DEFAULTSORT Pathophysiology Of Hypertension Category Hypertension Category Pathophysiology Hypertension ... more details
of the lesion. Original scale 1 100 Damage occurs in two phases. First some Pathophysiology ... and spine Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis Normal appearing brain tissues NAWM, NAGM, DAWM , followed later by Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis Blood brain barrier disruption leaks ... one of the early problems in the MS lesions. For Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis Damage before ... more details
Technical date July 2009 The pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome is unknown. Several potential etiology causes for the pathogenesis development of chronic fatigue syndrome have been proposed, including nervous system neurological factors, psychological or psychosocial factors or influences, infections, immune system immunological factors, Endocrine system endocrinal factors and genetic factors. Other, less common theories have also been articulated. No clinically meaningful risk factor has been identified. ref name PMID 17892624 cite journal author Hempel S, Chambers D, Bagnall AM, Forbes C title Risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome myalgic encephalomyelitis a systematic scoping review of multiple predictor studies journal Psychol Med volume 38 issue 7 pages 915 26 year 2008 month July pmid 17892624 doi 10.1017 S0033291707001602 ref Nervous system factors Neurological abnormalities CFS may involve neurological abnormalities, revealed by MRI and SPECT scans, ref name pmid8141020 cite journal author Schwartz RB title Detection of intracranial abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome comparison of MR imaging and SPECT journal AJR. American journal of roentgenology volume 162 issue 4 pages 935 41 year 1994 pmid 8141020 doi author separator , author2 Garada BM author3 Komaroff AL display authors 3 last4 Tice first4 HM last5 Gleit first5 M last6 Jolesz first6 FA last7 Holman first7 BL ref blood flow measurements, ref name pmid9861623 cite journal author Abu Judeh HH title Comparison of SPET brain perfusion and 18F FDG brain metabolism in patients with chronic ... influence on pathophysiology has been proven. A reportedly higher winter onset of CFS has led some ... fatigue syndrome an update focusing on phenomenology and pathophysiology journal Curr Opin Psychiatry ... Opinion in Psychiatry stated, Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue ... pathways may indicate genetic predisposition in the pathophysiology of CFS. ref name pmid18079067 ... more details
Intertriginous is a medical term used to define an area where two skin areas may touch or rub together. Examples of intertriginous areas are the axilla of the arm, the Perineum anogenital region , nares , Breast Shape and support skin folds of the breasts , and between digits. Intertriginous areas are known to harbor large amounts of Aerobic organism aerobic Coccus cocci and aerobic Corynebacterium coryneform bacteria which are both parts of normal skin flora . See also Intertrigo References http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?intertriginous http www.biology online.org dictionary Intertriginous Leyden J. Pathophysiology of certain bacterial diseases. In Soter N, Baden H, eds. Pathophysiology of Dermatologic diseases. New York McGraw Hill, 1991 427 51 Category Medical terms Category Skin de intertrigin s ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Fe TableImage.png Caption Iron DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 J 63 4 j 60 ICD9 ICD9 503 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D012806 Siderosis is the deposition of iron in tissue. When used without qualification, it usually refers to an environmental disease of the lung . Also Siderosis Bulbi, deposition of iron into the eye causing injury as the material chemically reacts with tissues and cells. Causative agent Iron oxide present in welding material, foundries, iron ore mining. It can also be caused by powdered hematite , sometimes used by Egyptians to protect tombs. Pathophysiology Similar in pathophysiology to Asbestosis See also Iron overload disorder Hemosiderosis External links GPnotebook 1972699106 Respiratory pathology Category Iron metabolism Category Lung diseases due to external agents disease stub da Siderose de Siderose fr Sid rose maladie pt Siderose ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis is an ocular surface disease characterized by episodes of recurrent inflammation of the superior cornea and limbus , as well as of the superior tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva . Even though the pathophysiology remains unclear, it is thought that mechanical trauma from tight upper lids or loose redundant conjunctiva could lead to the disruption of normal epithelium . This mechanical hypothesis is supported by the increased lid apposition of exophthalmic thyroid patients, who are known to have an increased incidence of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Patients present with red eye, burning, tearing, foreign body sensation, mild photophobia . Inflammation and thickening of the conjunctiva is observed, especially at the limbus. Lubrication is an effective treatment for this pathology. Category Diseases of the eye and adnexa Category Inflammations eye stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In nephrology , dialysis adequacy is the measurement of renal dialysis for the purpose of determining dialysis treatment regime and to better understand the pathophysiology of renal dialysis. It is an area of considerable controversy in nephrology . In the US, the dominant way of measuring dialysis adequacy in Kt V and based on the clearance medicine clearance of urea . Urea Comparing normal to ERSD The normal clearance of urea is approximately 100 ml min. A patient getting a conventional hemodialysis treatment, without remaining residual function, has a urea clearance of 10 15 ml min. p Cresol Empty section date July 2010 beta 2 Microglobulin Renal physiology DEFAULTSORT Dialysis Adequacy Category Renal dialysis Treatment stub ... more details
Infobox anatomy Name Connective tissue proper Latin textus connectivus proprius GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Width Image2 Caption2 Map MapPos MapCaption Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Histologica TH H2.00.03.1.00001 Connective tissue proper is a subset of connective tissue . ref name PorthMatfin2010 cite book author1 Carol Mattson Porth author2 Glenn Matfin title Essentials of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered Health States url http books.google.com books?id FFg88IaReBwC&pg PA24 accessdate 11 May 2011 date 1 October 2010 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins isbn 9781582557243 pages 24 ref References reflist Connective tissue anatomy stub Category Tissues ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Diarthrodial joints are freely moveable joint s held together by a joint capsule, such as the temporomandibular joint, knee and shoulder , as opposed to slightly moveable amphiarthrodial or immoveable synarthrodial joints, such as the Vertebral column spinal and sutures of skull sutural joints, respectively. http www.palaeos.com Vertebrates Lists Glossary GlossaryD.html They are the type of joint most commonly involved in rheumatological disease. ref Huether, S.E., & McCance, K.L. 2008 . Understanding Pathophysiology 4th Edition. ref The sacroiliac SI joints in the pelvic region are an example of a diarthrodial joint ref Bergmann, T.F. & Peterson, D.H. 2011, Chiropractic technique principles and procedures, 3rd edn, Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis, Mo ref See also Synovial joint references references musculoskeletal stub Category Skeletal system ... more details
The prominent knobs of bone at the costochondral joint s of rickets patients are known as a rachitic rosary or beading of the ribs . The knobs create the appearance of large beads under the skin of the rib cage, hence the name by analogy with the beads of a rosary . Pathophysiology Rachitic rosary is due to a deficiency of calcium resulting in lack of mineralization and an overgrowth of costochondral joint cartilage. The calcium deficiency may be caused by Rickets or other causes of calcium deficiency such as hypoparathyroidism . External links http www.gpnotebook.co.uk simplepage.cfm?ID 1966079952 Nervous and musculoskeletal system symptoms and signs Category Pediatrics Category Skeletal disorders Category Malnutrition Category Symptoms and signs musculoskeletal system pl R aniec krzywiczy ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Anal sampling mechanism also known as the anorectal sampling reflex is a reflex which detects the contents of the rectum rectal vault and prevents the unexpected voiding of feces . The reflex helps prevent fecal incontinence . The physiologcal basis for the mechanism is poorly understood ref cite journal last Rao first Satish year 2003 month December title Pathophysiology of adult fecal incontinence journal Gastroenterology volume 126 issue 1 pmid 14978634 pages S14 22 ref See also Fecal incontinence References reflist DEFAULTSORT Anal Sampling Mechanism Category Digestive system med stub ... more details
Mergeto Slow wave potential date April 2011 In physiology , the slow wave threshold is the potential which must be reached before a slow wave can be propagated in smooth muscle . Slow waves cause no smooth muscle contraction. Image ElectricalThresholds.gif framed A depiction of a slow wave, contraction and electrical threshold in relation to smooth muscle tone and resting membrane potential . Gastrointestinal smooth muscle In gastrointestinal smooth muscle, the slow wave threshold can be altered by input from endogenous and exogenous innervation, as well as excitatory acetylcholine and Substance P and inhibitory vasoactive intestinal peptide and nitric oxide compounds. ref Pathophysiology. Porth. 7th Ed. pg.875 878 ref References Reflist Category Muscular system Biology stub ... more details
Physiology Incyclotorsion is a term applied to the inward, torsional rotational movement of the eye, mediated by the superior oblique muscle superior oblique muscle of the eye. The superior oblique muscle is innervated by cranial nerve IV trochlear nerve . Pathophysiology Incyclotorsion may also be used to describe one part of the condition of the eye when a patient has a cranial nerve III oculomotor nerve palsy . The oculomotor nerve supplies the inferior oblique muscle along with four other eye muscles superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus and the striated muscle of levator palpebrae superioris , and when this muscle is non functional as in oculomotor palsy the eye incyclotorts i.e. twists rotates inward. References 1. http www.utdol.com online content topic.do?topicKey neuro op 2892&selectedTitle 1 150&source search result Category Ophthalmology eye stub ... more details
Excyclotorsion is a term applied to the outward, torsional rotational movement of the eye, mediated by the Inferior oblique muscle inferior oblique muscle of the eye. The inferior oblique muscle is innervated by cranial nerve III oculomotor nerve . Pathophysiology Excyclotorsion may also be used to describe the condition or state of the eye when a patient has a cranial nerve IV trochlear nerve palsy . The trochlear nerve supplies the Superior Oblique Muscle superior oblique muscle, and when this muscle is non functional as in trochlear palsy the eye excyclotorts i.e. twists rotates outward. This excyclotorsion may be corrected through surgery using the Harada Ito procedure . References 1. http www.utdol.com online content topic.do?topicKey neuro op 2892&selectedTitle 1 150&source search result Category Eye eye stub ... more details
italictitle infobox journal abbreviation BMC Endocr Disord title BMC Endocrine Disorders history 2001 present openaccess yes publisher BioMed Central country United Kingdom ISSN 1472 6823 website http www.biomedcentral.com bmcendocrdisord BMC Endocrine Disorders is an Open access publishing open access peer review ed scientific journal publishing original research articles in all aspects of the prevention, diagnosis and management of endocrine disorders , as well as related molecular genetics , pathophysiology , and epidemiology . ref http www.biomedcentral.com bmcendocrdisord ref References reflist Category BioMed Central academic journals Category English language journals Category Endocrinology journals ... more details
Multiple issues wikify January 2010 refimprove February 2011 orphan January 2010 Extrapulmonary restriction is a type of restrictive lung disease, indicated by decreased alveolar ventilation with accompanying hypercapnia . It is characterized as an inhibition to the drive to breath, or an ineffective restoration of the drive to breath. ref name McCance, K.L. 2008 page 488 491 McCance, K.L. & Huether, S.E. 2008 . Understanding Pathophysiology, page 488 491. Fourth Edition. St Louis C.V. Mosby. ref Extrapulmonary restriction can be caused by central and periphreal nervous system dysfunctions, over sedation, or trauma such as a broken rib . ref name McCance, K.L. 2008 page 488 491 References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist Categories DEFAULTSORT Extrapulmonary Restriction Category Respiratory diseases ... more details
Copy to Wiktionary date Jan 2012 Eccentric hypertrophy is a type of hypertrophy where the walls and chamber of a hollow organ undergo growth in which the overall size and volume are enlarged. It is applied especially to the left ventricle of heart. ref name Kusumoto2004 citation last Kusumoto first F. M. year 2004 title Cardiovascular Pathophysiology publisher Hayes Barton Press isbn 9781593771898 url http books.google.co.uk books?id FHT w gUeK4C&pg PA22&dq Eccentric hypertrophy&hl en&ei UxCWTYe Kcqr8AOl6JQY&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 2&ved 0CC4Q6AEwAQ v onepage&q Eccentric 20hypertrophy&f falseC pages 20 22 ref Sarcomeres are added in series as in dilated cardiomyopathy. This is in contrast to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy where sarcomeres are added concentrically. References reflist Category Cardiomegaly Cardiology stub ... more details
Dilation or distention of a tubular structure. ref Ectasia. The Free Dictionary. Farlex, Inc., 2009. Web. 6 Nov. 2009. http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com ectasia ref It occurs as part of a Pathophysiology pathophysiological process. Specific conditions Duct ectasia of breast , a dilated milk duct. Duct ectasia syndrome is a synonym for nonpuerperal unrelated to pregnancy and breastfeeding ref Mammary Duct Ectasia. MayoClinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2009. Web. 6 Nov. 2009. http www.mayoclinic.com health mammary duct ectasia DS00751 . ref mastitis . Dural ectasia , dilation of the dural sac surrounding the spinal cord , usually in the very low back. Pyelectasis , dilation of a part of the kidney, most frequently seen in prenatal ultrasound s. It usually resolves on its own. Rete tubular ectasia , dilation of tubular structures in the testicle s. It is usually found in older men. Acral arteriolar ectasia corneal Ectasia Corneal ectasia secondary keratoconus , a bulging of the cornea. Vascular ectasias Annuloaortic ectasia , dilation of the aorta . It can be associated with Marfan syndrome . ref Annuloaortic Ectasia. Standford Hospital & Clinics Standford Medicine. Stanford Hospital & Clinics. , 2009. Web. 6 Nov. 2009. http stanfordhospital.org clinicsmedServices COE heart DiseasesConditions marfan annuloaorticEctasia.html . ref Dolichoectasias , weakening of arteries, usually caused by high blood pressure . Intracranial dolichoectasias , dilation of arteries inside the Human cranium head . Gastric antral vascular ectasia , dilation of small blood vessels in the last part of the stomach . Telangiectasias are small dilated blood vessels found anywhere on the body, but commonly seen on the face around the nose, cheeks, and chin. References Reflist Category Anatomy Category Pathophysiology anatomy stub de Ektasie es Ectasia it Ectasia pt Ectasia ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Chorangioma intermed mag.jpg Caption Micrograph of a chorangioma . H&E stain . DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 O 43 o 30 ICD10 O 45 o 30 , ICD10 O 73 o 60 , ICD10 P 02 0 p 00 ICD10 P 02 2 p 00 ICD9 ICD9 641.0 ICD9 641.2 , ICD9 667 , ICD9 762.0 ICD9 762.2 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D010922 Placental disease , also known as placental pathology , is a broad term describing any single number of disease s affecting the placenta . The article also covers placentation abnormalities, which is often used synonymously for placental disease. ref name pmid19337544 cite journal author Furuya M, Ishida J, Aoki I, Fukamizu A title Pathophysiology of placentation abnormalities in pregnancy induced hypertension journal Vasc Health Risk Manag volume 4 issue 6 pages 1301 13 year 2008 pmid 19337544 pmc 2663465 doi url ref ref name pmid19099348 cite journal author Cheng MH, Wang PH title Placentation abnormalities in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia journal Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. volume 9 issue 1 pages 37 49 year 2009 month January pmid 19099348 doi 10.1586 14737159.9.1.37 url ref Pathology Adherence penetration Abruptio placentae Placenta accreta Placenta increta Placenta percreta Inflammatory infectious Chorioamnionitis Villitis of unknown etiology Intervillitis TORCH infections CMV placentitis Chronic deciduitis Placental development Circumvallate placenta Placental villous immaturity Obstruction of os Placenta previa Vasa previa Vascular Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy Hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy Chorangiosis Chorangioma Placental infarction References reflist Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period disease stub Category Complications of labour and delivery ... more details
Merge to Atherosclerosis date February 2012 Macroangiopathy is an angiopathy of the greater blood vessel s. ref DorlandsDict nine 12924584 Macroangiopathy ref Pathophysiology In macroangiopathy , fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels , stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. The decrease of blood flow through stenosis or clot formation impair the flow of oxygen and nutrients to cells further down the bloodstream called ischemia and lead to their death necrosis and gangrene, which in turn may require amputation . Related conditions Macroangiopathy, may cause other complications, such as ischemic heart disease , stroke and peripheral vascular disease which contributes to the diabetic foot ulcers and the risk of amputation . Angiopathy is the generic term for a disease of the blood vessels arteries, veins, and capillaries . The best known and most prevalent angiopathy is the diabetic angiopathy , a complication that may occur in chronic diabetes . There are two types of angiopathy macroangiopathy and microangiopathy . References reflist medicine stub Vascular diseases Category Vascular diseases pl Makroangiopatia ... more details
distinguish enophthalmos Orphan date September 2008 Enophthalmia is a medical term that describes eyes that are abnormally sunken into their sockets. This condition usually effects elderly persons. Surgery can be done to correct it. It is also the earliest warning sign of metastatic breast carcinoma . External links cite journal author Camirand A, Doucet J, Harris J title Anatomy, pathophysiology, and prevention of senile enophthalmia and associated herniated lower eyelid fat pads journal Plast. Reconstr. Surg. volume 100 issue 6 pages 1535 1546 year 1997 month November pmid 9385969 doi 10.1097 00006534 199711000 00026 cite journal author Gon alves AC, Moura FC, Monteiro ML title Bilateral progressive enophthalmos as the presenting sign of metastatic breast carcinoma journal Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg volume 21 issue 4 pages 311 313 year 2005 month July pmid 16052150 doi 10.1097 01.iop.0000167786.00697.0b Category Diseases of the eye and adnexa ... more details
Infobox Vein Name PAGENAME Latin venae paraumbilicales GraySubject 174 GrayPage 682 Image Width Caption DrainsFrom DrainsTo Artery MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre v 05 DorlandsSuf 12851238 In the course of the round ligament of liver and of the median umbilical ligament , small veins paraumbilical are found which establish an anastomosis between the veins of the anterior abdominal wall and the Hepatic portal vein hepatic portal , hypogastric , and iliac vein s. The best marked of these small veins is one which commences at the Navel umbilicus and runs backward and upward in, or on the surface of, the round ligament ligamentum teres between the layers of the falciform ligament to end in the left portal vein. Pathophysiology In patients with portal hypertension , the paraumbilical veins may become enlarged in order to reduce hepatic portal vein pressure by shunting blood to the inferior epigastric vein . Dilation of this particular portacaval anastomosis results in what is referred to as caput medusae . External links eMedicineDictionary Paraumbilical veins UMichAtlas abdo wall76 Venous Drainage of the Anterior Abdominal Wall circulatory stub Veins Category Veins of the torso pt Veias paraumbilicais ... more details
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