Toe pecking is a relatively rare abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity . It involves one bird pecking the toes of another and has been reported in hens ref name Leonard et al., 1995 Leonard, M.L., Horn, A.G. and Fairful, R.W. 1995 . Correlates and consequences of allopecking in White Leghorn chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 43 17 26 ref ref name Buitenhuis et al., 2003 Buitenhuis, A.J., Rodenburg, T.B., Siwek, M., Cornelissen, S.J.B., Nieuwland, M.G.B., Crooijmans, R.P.M.A., Groenen, M.A.M., Koene, P., Bovenhuis, H., and van der Poel, J.J. 2003 . Identification of quantitative trait loci for receiving pecks in young and adult laying hens. Poultry Science, 82 1661 1667 ref and ostriches . ref name Bubier et al., 1996 Bubier N.E., Deeming, C. and Ayres L.L. 1996 . Behaviour of ostrich chicks in captivity An analysis of time budgets. British Poultry Science, 37 supplement S13 S14 ref Hens exposed to toe pecking have significantly enlarged adrenal glands indicating increased physiological stress and step off a raised platform more quickly than control hens, possibly indicating increased fearfulness of raised areas. ref name Krause et al., 2011 Krause E.T., Petow, S. and Kjaer J.B. 2011 . A note on the physiological and behavioural consequences of cannibalistic toe pecking in laying hens Gallus gallus domesticus . Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde, 75 140 143 ref In severe forms, toe pecking becomes a cannibalism cannibalistic behaviour which according to one report, caused mortality. ref name Craig and Lee, 1990 Craig, J.V. and Lee, H. Y. 1990 . Beak trimming and genetic stock effects on behavior and mortality from cannibalism in White Leghorn type pullets. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 25 107 123 ref See also Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity Feather pecking Vent pecking Cannibalism poultry Chicken Poultry farming Battery cages References reflist Category Aviculture Category Bird health ... more details
Vent pecking is an abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity abnormal behaviour of birds performed primarily by commercial egg laying hens . It is characterised by pecking damage to the cloaca , the surrounding ... , I.J.H. Duncan and P. Hawkins eds , Springer, pp. 237 258 ref Vent pecking frequently occurs immediately ... sectional study of the prevalence of vent pecking in laying hens in alternative systems and its associations with feather pecking, management and disease. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 74 259 272 ... sized egg. Vent pecking clearly causes pain and distress to the bird being pecked. Tearing of the skin ... pecking in laying hens in alternative systems and its associations with management and disease. Veterinary Record, 147 233 238. ref and 36.9 of farmers reported vent pecking had occurred in their previous ... to vent pecking ref name Potzch et al., 2001 the most common findings at autopsy were different types ... pecking with 22.5 of hens affected in free range systems, 10.0 in barn systems, 6.2 in conventional cages and 1.6 in furnished cages, with a similar rank for the severity of vent pecking injuries. ref ... The causes and development of vent pecking are multifarious. Risk factors that have been identified as increasing vent pecking include dim lights placed in nest boxes to encourage hens to use the boxes ... pecking is associated with indicators of stress, e.g. fluctuating asymmetry , heterophil to lymphocyte ..., S.G., 2008 . Association between vent pecking and fluctuating asymmetry, heterophil to lymphocyte ... ref Vent pecking can be related to disease or immune challenge as it sometimes becomes prevalent in cases ... of specific immune responses predispose laying hens for feather pecking? Poultry Science, 88 536 542 doi 10.3382 ps.2008 00424 ref Housing design can influence vent pecking. Mortality caused by cannibalism ... pecking activity and cannibalistic behaviour can occur due to inadequate height of the perches ... 220 ref Larger group sizes lead to increases vent pecking ref name Potzch et al., 2001 ref name Sherwin ... more details
File H ns 2005.jpg thumb right 350px Feather pecking amongst laying hens. In the lower right of the picture ... and wing Feather pecking is a behavioural problem that occurs most frequently amongst Chicken domestic ..., F. 2001. The prevalence of feather pecking and development in commercial flocks of laying ... pecking of African ostriches in Israel. Tierarztliche Umschau, 58 364 369 ref Feather pecking occurs .... The social transmission of feather pecking in laying hens effects of environment and age. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 75 147 159 ref Gentle feather pecking is considered to be normal investigatory ... a problem. In severe feather pecking, however, the feathers of the recipient are grasped, pulled ... pecking is one of the major problems facing the egg industry in non cage systems and is set to become ... on beak trimming see below . Reducing feather pecking without resorting to beak trimming is an important goal for the poultry industry. Motivational basis Feather pecking is considered to be re directed behaviour, developing either from ground pecking ref name Blokhuis, 1986 Blokhuis, H.J., 1986. Feather pecking in poultry its relation with ground pecking. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 16 63 67 ref or pecking during dustbathing, ref name Vestergaard and Lisborg, 1993 Vestergaard, K.S., Lisborg, L., 1993. A model of feather pecking development which relates to dustbathing in the fowl .... Selection method and early life history affect behavioural development, feather pecking and cannibalism ... Dixon, L.M., 2008. Feather pecking behaviour and associated welfare issues in laying hens. Avian ..., 2010. The effects of four types of enrichment on feather pecking behaviour in laying hens housed ... of their Conspecificity conspecifics . Feather pecking is not aggression. During aggressive encounters, hens peck exclusively at the top of the head or the comb, whereas during feather pecking, the areas ... or preen gland, the back, the tail feathers and the wing feathers. Although feather pecking activity ... more details
Pecking order or just peck order is the colloquial term for a hierarchical system of social organization in chickens. It was first described from the behaviour of poultry by Thorleif Schjelderup Ebbe in 1921 under the German terms Hackordnung or Hackliste and introduced into English in 1927. ref Perrin, Porter G. 1955 Pecking Order 1927 54. American Speech 30 4 265 268 ref The original usage of peck order referred to expression of dominance of birds. Dominance in chickens is expressed in various behaviours including pecking which was used by Schjelderup Ebbe as a measure of dominance and leadership order. In his 1924 German language article he noted that defense and aggression in the hen is accomplished with the beak . ref Schjelderup Ebbe, 1975 p. 36 cited in Rajecki, D. W. 1988 ref A rooster is not required in a hen house. Chickens will lay an egg once every 25 hours. The rooster, if present, may fertilize the egg, but is not needed to simply lay an egg. In small batches of females without a rooster, one female will assume the dominant role. She will stop producing eggs and become the watch dog for the flock. This emphasis on pecking led most subsequent studies on fowl behaviour to use it as a primary observation. However, it was also noted that rooster s tended to leap and use their feet in conflicts. ref Rajecki, D. W. 1988. Formation of Leap Orders in Pairs of Male Domestic ... its counterpart in other animal species , including humans . Still, the term pecking order is often used synonymously the pecking order was the first studied example of the social hierarchy among animals. The basic concept behind the establishment of the pecking order among, for example, chickens ... which individual gets preferential access to resources such as food and mates. Pecking order theory in finance main Pecking order theory Donaldson observed that firms prefer first to finance investment ... for external finance. Pecking order theory explains negative intra industry correlation between profitability ... more details
In the theory of firm s capital structure and financing decisions, the pecking order theory or pecking order model was first suggested by Donaldson in 1961 and it was modified by Stewart Myers Stewart C. Myers and Nicolas Majluf in 1984 ref http dx.doi.org 10.1016 0304 405X 84 90023 0 Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have, Journal of Financial Economics, 1984 ref . It states that companies prioritize their sources of financing from internal financing to Stock equity according to the principle of least effort , or of least resistance, preferring to raise equity as a financing means of last resort. Hence, internal funds are used first, and when that is depleted, debt is issued, and when it is not sensible to issue any more debt, equity is issued. Pecking order theory starts with asymmetric information as managers know more about their companies prospects, risks and value than outside investors. Asymmetric information affects the choice between internal and external financing and between the issue of debt or equity. There therefore exists a pecking order for the financing of new projects. Asymmetric information favours the issue of debt over equity as the issue of debt signals the boards confidence that an investment is profitable ... of the pecking order theory have not been able to show that it is of first order importance in determining ... cgi content abstract 15 1 1 Testing Trade Off and Pecking Order Predictions About Dividends ... cgi repec?handle RePEc nbr nberwo 4722 Testing static trade off against pecking order models ... What data? ? ? ? are better explained by the Pecking Order than by the trade off theory . Goyal and Frank show, among other things, that Pecking Order theory fails where it should hold, namely for small ... papers.cfm?abstract id 243138 Testing the pecking order theory of capital structure, Journal of Financial Economics, 2003 ref Profitability and debt ratios The pecking order theory explains the inverse ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Grand Pecking Order Type Studio album Artist Oysterhead Cover Oysterhead The Grand Pecking Order.jpg Released October 2, 2001 small United States U.S. small Recorded The Barn , April 2001 Genre Alternative rock Length 51 46 Label Elektra Records Elektra br Asylum Records Asylum Producer Oysterhead The Grand Pecking Order is the first and only album by United States American Rock music rock band Oysterhead , released on October 2, 2001. The album was recorded in guitarist Trey Anastasio s The Barn Barn recording studio. Oysterhead was intended to be a single performance, but the project spawned this album and a mini tour in support of the album. Many of the songs from that first performance are on the album, including Little Faces a reworked version of I Am Oysterhead , Mr. Oysterhead, Rubberneck Lions, Pseudo Suicide, and Owner of the World. The song Oz is Ever Floating refers to the album s recording engineer, Oz Fritz, and his beliefs in psychoanalyst John C. Lilly Dr. John C. Lilly . The song Birthday Boys is about the temporally proximate birthdays of Claypool September 29 and Anastasio September 30 while in Las Vegas, Nevada Las Vegas in 2000. ref Billboard, October 3, 2001. ref The song Radon Balloon would appear as a reworked instrumental version on Anastasio s Trey Anastasio album self titled album as Ray Dawn Balloon ... Media rev2score 6 10 ref http www.pitchforkmedia.com article record review 20664 the grand pecking order?artist title 20664 the grand pecking order Pitchfork Media review ref rev3 Rolling Stone rev3score ... the grand pecking order Rolling Stone review ref Automatically generated by DASHBot Allmusic gave ... length11 4 54 title12 The Grand Pecking Order lyrics12 Claypool music12 Anastasio and Claypool ... References reflist Les Claypool DEFAULTSORT Grand Pecking Order Category 2001 albums Category Oysterhead albums Category Elektra Records albums it The Grand Pecking Order ... more details
File Psittacus erithacus feather plucking pet 6.jpg thumb right A pet African Grey Parrot Congo African Grey Parrot displaying signs of extensive feather plucking. Abnormal behaviour birds When housed under captive or commercial conditions, birds often show a range of abnormal behaviours . These are often self injurious or harmful to other individuals, and include Feather pecking Cannibalism poultry Cannibalism Vent pecking Toe pecking Feather plucking Stereotypy In animals Stereotypies Polydipsia in birds Polydipsia Sham dustbathing Sham or vacuum dustbathing See also Battery cages Furnished cages Chicken Animal psychopathology Comparative psychology Stereotypy In animals Stereotypy Category Bird health Bird stub ... more details
Toby Hull is the son of Rod Hull , a popular entertainer who appeared with an arm length puppet known as Emu puppet Emu . He is one of three children from Hull s second marriage. ref name pecking cite news url http www.guardian.co.uk lifeandstyle 2007 oct 06 familyandrelationships.family1 title Pecking order publisher The Guardian date October 6, 2007 accessdate June 18, 2010 location London first Simon last Hattenstone ref After the death of Rod in 1999, Toby brought Emu out of retirement during the 2003 pantomime season ref cite web url http www.thebubbleburst.co.uk bb.php?entry Rod 20Hull 20And 20Emu title Rod Hull and Emu publisher The bubble burst.co.uk accessdate June 18, 2010 ref after interest from a fan, ref name pecking appearing in Cinderella at the Theatre Royal, Windsor . Toby Hull and a refurbished ref name pecking Emu now appear in their own series on CITV . ref name son cite news url http www.dailymail.co.uk tvshowbiz article 481370 Emu returns British television 20 years Rod Hulls son.html title Emu returns to British television after 20 years with Rod Hull s son publisher The Daily Mail date September 12, 2007 accessdate June 18, 2010 location London ref References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Hull, Toby ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Hull, Toby Category Living people UK bio stub Entertainer stub ... more details
what he called the pecking order theory . Fama and French ref Fama, E. and French, K. Testing Tradeoff and Pecking Order Predictions about Dividends and Debt, Review of Financial Studies 15 Spring 2002 , 1 37, ref criticized both the trade off theory and the pecking order theory in different ways. Welch ... substitution theory Cost of capital Corporate finance Market timing hypothesis Pecking order theory ... more details
pecking , sometimes called cloacal cannibalism , is considered to be a separate form of cannibalistic pecking as this can be observed in well feathered birds and the vent or cloaca is targeted exclusively. ref name Savory et al., 1995 Savory, C.J., 1995 . Feather pecking and cannibalism. World s Poultry ... affect behavioural development, feather pecking and cannibalism in laying hens A review. Applied ... herbivorous in adulthood. ref name Savory, 2010 Feather pecking is often the initial cause of an injury which then attracts the cannibalistic pecking of other birds perhaps as re directed foraging or feeding behaviour. In the close confines of modern farming systems, the increased pecking ... of the cannibalised bird attract more pecking attention. Development Chicks avian incubation brooded with a hen had lower mortality levels due to feather pecking and cannibalism compared to non ... to the inclusion of vent pecking by some researchers but not others. Mortalities, due mainly to cannibalism ... which examined skin damage most of which would have been cause by pecking on hens at the end ... group sizes in larger cages or floor systems can elevate the risk of cannibalism and feather pecking ... factors on the prevalence of floor eggs, cloacal cannibalism and feather pecking in commercial flocks ... in captivity Battery cages Chicken Feather pecking Furnished cages Poultry farming Savaging Toe pecking Vent pecking References Reflist 3 Category Bird health Category Poultry farming ... more details
feather pecking, improve food utilisation due to less spillage and increase egg production. ref ... activity, agonistic behaviour and pecking damage. British Poultry Science, 24 371 381 ref Welfare concerns ... behaviour of birds in captivity Feather pecking Chicken List of mutilatory procedures on animals ... more details
and Matt Groening . ref name sfchronicle The Grand Pecking Order In 2001, Oysterhead officially reformed to record and release an album entitled The Grand Pecking Order , which featured nine new ... Music Festival . The band performed music from The Grand Pecking Order during the set ... music festival in Masontown, WV in July, 2006. Discography The Grand Pecking Order 2001 References ... more details
A dominance signal is used in a dominance hierarchy or pecking order to indicate an animal s dominance . Dorsal darkening has been suggested to represent a dominance signal in male tree lizard s. ref citation title Locomotor performance and dominance in male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus author MA Robson, DB Miles publisher Functional Ecology year 2000 jstor 2656410 ref Gorilla s sometimes use chest drumming as a dominance signal. ref citation title Functional similarities between bimanual coordination and topic comment structure author M Krifka publisher Working Papers of the SFB pages 632 year 2007 url http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.119.2145&rep rep1&type pdf page 67 ref Animals also sometimes use signals to indicate submission . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Dominance Signal Category Ethology ethology stub ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Kevin McColley is the author of several critically acclaimed novels. Before becoming a full time writer, he worked many jobs, including operating a nuclear reactor . He served in the U.S. Navy for six years, during which he traveled throughout the Caribbean pursuing drug runner s. He also spent eight months in the Mediterranean recovering downed U.S. pilots, both dead and alive, and he patrolled Muammar al Gaddafi Gaddafi s line of death. He lives in northern Minnesota . ref http news.minnesota.publicradio.org features 2003 07 04 robertsont northwriters Northern Minnesota writers feed creativity through nature. Minnesota Public Radio, 11 July 2003. Retrieved 21 June 2011. ref He is a teacher who also works as a writing instructor for the Long Ridge Writers Group. Bibliography The Walls of Pedro Garcia , Delacorte Press , 1993 Pecking Order , HarperCollins , 1994 Sun Dance , Simon and Schuster , 1996 Switch , Simon and Schuster, 1997 Praying to a Laughing God , Simon and Schuster, 1998 The Other Side , Simon and Schuster, 2000 References Reflist Persondata NAME McColley, Kevin ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT McColley, Kevin Category Year of birth missing living people Category Living people Category American novelists US novelist stub ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Till Sverige Med K rlek Type video Artist Tourniquet Cover ToSwedenWithLove.jpg Cover size Released September 26, 2006 Recorded March 12, 2005 Genre Christian metal Thrash metal Length 1 12 23, plus extras Label Pathogenic Records Director Producer Tourniquet Productions Reviews Chronology Last album This album Next album Misc Till Sverige Med K rlek is a live DVD by Tourniquet band Tourniquet , released on September 26, 2006 on the band s http www.tourniquet.net official website . It was recorded March 12th, 2005 at the last ever Bobfest , a Christian Rock festival in Link ping , Sweden . Track listing Intro The Test For Leprosy Acidhead Pathogenic Ocular Dissonance Where Moth And Rust Destroy Restoring The Locust Years Ted s Drum Solo Broken Chromosomes The Tomb Of Gilgamesh Vanishing Lessons Ted Speaks Ark Of Suffering The Skeezix Dilemma Part II End Credits Extra Material Live performance of Pecking Order at Cornerstone Festival Cornerstone , 2002. Rehearsal footage from 2005. Acoustic performance of If I Was There . Lineup Ted Kirkpatrick Drums Luke Easter Vocals Steve Andino Bass Guitar Aaron Guerra Guitar, vocals Tourniquet Category Tourniquet albums Category Live video albums Category 2006 live albums Category 2006 video albums ... more details
Duke Stepanovich lang ru young bogatyr , who rides through a treacherous mountain pass towards the Kiev , the capital of ancient Rus , to prince Vladimir . In this image Which? date January 2011 , hungry birds swoop before him, intent on pecking him, while a dragon breathes fire at his horse s hooves. ref http www.tradestonegallery.com index.php?content itemview&sku 0000100942 Duke Stepanovich c.2005 from Kholui by Gryaznov , Tradestone Gallery ref Different versions of this bylina specify different motherlands for Duke Stepanovich India , Volyn , Korela , Halych Galich . ref http slavyans.narod.ru herous duk stepanovich.html , Slavyans ref In this version, when he came to Kiev and met Prince Vladimir, the capital seemed poor to him and he told the prince how rich his homeland was. On the instigation of Churila Plyonkovich, a rash young knight, Vladimir imprisoned Stepanovich and sent scouts to Duke s homeland to ascertain if Duke told the truth. The scouts returned with confirmation, and the message that if all Kiev s treasures were sold, it wouldn t be enough to buy sufficient paper to inventory Stepanovich s homeland s wealth. Churila confronts Stepanovich with a variety of tests, which ends with the Duke prevailing and Churila chastened. ref http www.sunbirds.com texts themes 1097 Duke Stepanovich , Sunbirds.com ref links Reflist Category Characters in Bylina ru uk ... more details
Private Equity International , is the flagship monthly magazine published by PEI Media , a London headquartered financial media group dedicated to global alternative asset classes. Referred to as PEI within the private equity industry, the magazine consists of global news, features, comment and analysis on private equity and its practitioners. One of its most popular elements is Privately Speaking , an in depth conversation with key industry figures such as Damon Buffin i, Stephen Schwarzman , Martin Halusa , Howard Marks, Kevin Landry ref http www.ta.com news PrivateEquity Dec04.pdf ref , William Macaulay ref http www.firstreserve.com Articles Macaulay article.pdf ref and Sameer Al Ansari . PEI also features extensive interviews with heavy hitting limited partners like the California State Teachers Retirement System and TIAA CREF . Each year the magazine publishes a proprietary list of the world s largest private equity firms, dubbed the PEI 50 ref http dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com 2007 04 30 a new private equity pecking order ref . References Reflist Category British business magazines Category Publications with year of establishment missing Category Monthly magazines ... more details
Schjelderup may refer to Ferdinand Schjelderup 1886&ndash 1955 , Norwegian mountaineer, Supreme Court Justice and resistance member during the German occupation of Norway Gunnar Schjelderup 1895&ndash 1972 , Norwegian businessperson Guttorm Schjelderup born 1961 , Norwegian economist Harald K. Schjelderup 1895&ndash 1974 , Norwegian physicist, philosopher and psychologist Ingrid Schjelderup born 1932 , Norwegian politician for the Centre Party John Schjelderup Gi ver 1901&ndash 1970 , Norwegian author and polar researcher Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup, Jr. 1894 1980 , Norwegian bishop, son of Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup, Sr. Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup, Sr. 1853 1913 , Norwegian bishop, father of Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup, Jr. Melchior Schjelderup Olsson Fuhr 1790&ndash 1869 , Norwegian politician Mon Schjelderup 1870&ndash 1934 , Norwegian composer and pianist Thorleif Frederik Schjelderup 1859&ndash 1931 , Norwegian businessperson Thorleif Schjelderup 1920&ndash 2006 , Norwegian author and in the 1940s and 1950s one of Norway s best ski jumpers Thorleif Schjelderup Ebbe 1894 1982 , Norwegian zoologist who described the pecking order of hens surname de Schjelderup ... more details
Taxobox name Twin banded Loach image image width image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata superclassis Osteichthyes classis Actinopterygii ordo Cypriniformes familia Cobitidae subfamilia Botiinae genus Botia species B. rostrata binomial Botia rostrata binomial authority G nther, 1868 Botia rostrata also called Botia dayii or Botia geto , the ladder loach or twin banded loach , is a freshwater fish belonging to the loach family Cobitidae . It originates in calmer water pool areas of highland streams of India, Bangladesh and also in the Salween and Irrawaddy basin in China. It is not as common in the aquarium trade as the clown loach or yoyo loach . In the aquarium They can reach lengths of up to 8 inches 20 cm and needs a tank of at least 55 gallons 210L to start and will need a 75 gallon 300L or more as they grow. They need to be in groups of five or more to create a pecking order and will never be seen when kept singly. During fighting or feeding time a larger specimen of this fish may be seen graying out darkening in body . This a dominance behavior and does not have to be worried. They like having plenty of hiding spots and crannies to cram into so rocks and wood are needed. clear Category Cobitidae Category Fish of South Asia Category Fish of Southeast Asia Cobitidae stub ... more details
damage caused by injurious pecking such as Cannibalism poultry cannibalism , feather pecking and vent pecking , and thereby improve livability. ref name Hester and Shea Moore, 2003 Commercial ... of age, i.e. before injurious pecking usually begins. However, broiler breeding stock may be trimmed ... since 1992. In close confinement, Cannibalism birds cannibalism , feather pecking and aggression are common ... pecking varies among different strains of chickens, but does not manifest itself consistently. Some ... occur at a later age if an outbreak of feather pecking occurs, and in some cases, birds may be beak ... chicks has been based on the observed reduction in pecking behavior, reduced activity and social behavior ... time engaging in beak related behaviours preening, feeding, drinking, exploratory pecking and more ... trimming in poultry Its implications for welfare. World s Poultry Science Journal, 51 51 61 ref Pecking ... that hens are protecting a painful area from further stimulation. However, pecking force did ... implications of beak trimming. Poult. Sci., 86 1273 1282 ref Benefits Main Feather pecking The benefits ... decreases in production. These include reduced feather pecking and cannibalism, better feather ..., C.J., 2010 . The risk factors affecting the development of gentle and severe feather pecking ... pecking cloacal cannibalism . ref name Glatz, 2005 See also List of mutilatory procedures on animals ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Vanishing Lessons Type studio Artist Tourniquet band Tourniquet Cover Tourniquet Vanishing Lessons.jpg Released 1994 Recorded Genre Christian metal br Thrash metal br Hard rock br Heavy metal music Heavy metal Length 48 49 Label Intense Records Producer Jim Faraci Reviews Last album Intense Live Series, Vol. 2 br 1993 This album Vanishing Lessons br 1994 Next album Carry the Wounded br 1995 Misc Extra album cover Upper caption 2004 Cover Type studio Cover Vanishing lessons rerelease.jpg Lower caption Vanishing Lessons is a 1994 album by Christian metal band Tourniquet band Tourniquet . It is the first album to feature vocalist Luke Easter musician Luke Easter . The album was independently rereleased in 2004 with digital remastering, new artwork and bonus tracks. Track listing Bearing Gruesome Cargo 4 35 Pecking Order 5 52 Drowning Machine 4 46 Pushin Broom 5 36 Vanishing Lessons 4 21 My Promise 4 31 Acid Head 4 24 K517 2 12 Twilight 4 03 Your Take 3 21 Sola Christus 5 01 Bonus tracks on 2004 remaster 12. HHS2 Handel Harpsichord Suite 2 1 28 13. Acidhead LIVE 2000 4 57 14. Pecking Order LIVE 2002 5 47 15. Vanishing Lessons LIVE 2002 4 26 16. Drowning Machine DEMO 1994 4 27 17. Twilight DEMO 1994 3 57 On the Brazilian version track number 16 is a live version of Bearing Gruesome Cargo . There is no track 17. Credits Luke Easter musician Luke Easter Vocals Gary Lenaire Guitar Victor Macias Bass Ted Kirkpatrick Drums 2000 and 2002 Live Tracks Ted Kirkpatrick Drums Luke Easter musician Luke Easter Vocals Aaron Guerra Guitars, Vocals Steve Andino Bass External links http www.tourniquet.net discography index.php?id 5 Vanishing Lessons 1994 at Tourniquet.net http www.tourniquet.net discography index.php?id 15 Vanishing Lessons 2004 at Tourniquet.net Tourniquet Category 1994 albums Category Tourniquet albums it Vanishing Lessons pt Vanishing Lessons fi Vanishing Lessons ... more details
Taxobox name Maui Nui Akialoa status EX status ref ref http www.birdlife.org action science species global species programme whats new.html Species changing IUCN Red List. ref status system IUCN3.1 image Akialoa lanaiensis.jpg image width 250px image caption Restoration regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Bird Aves ordo Passeriformes familia Drepanididae genus Akialoa species A. lanaiensis binomial Akialoa lanaiensis binomial authority Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild Rothschild , 1893 synonyms Hemignathus obscurus Gmelin, 1788 pro parte update date November 2010 The Maui Nui Akialoa or Lana i Akialoa Akialoa lanaiensis is a species of finch in the Fringillidae family. It was endemic to the island of Lanai , Hawaii in modern times, but seems to have occurred on all major islands of former Maui Nui before human settlement. The Maui Nui Akialoa was one of the birds that made up the group Akialoa. This group included the long billed birds that were from five inches to nine inches in length. What makes up to a third of their length was their bill which ranged from an inch in length, to two and a half. This species was the second largest of the Akialoas and was the most widespread. It once inhabited the islands of Lanai, Kahoolawe and Molokai but had vanished before scientists could see them alive on these islands. It was a greyish yellow bird that was found at mid altitude areas where it was seen pecking on bark in search or insects and seen pecking at flowers in search of nectar. The bird was six inches long, with a bill that was an inch and a half in length. It was a bird that was very fragile in nature and elusive. It was never found in high numbers and may have been on the verge of extinction on Maui just when the Europeans. The loss of the understory layer to pigs was a big hit to the last of the birds. If the land was cleared by pigs the land would have a forest floor layer made up of durable, pig resistant plant the Akialoa was not accompanied to. By t ... more details
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