In computer networking , peering is a voluntary interconnection of administratively separate Internet ... definition of peering is settlement free or sender keeps all, meaning that neither party pays the other for the exchanged traffic instead, each derives revenue from its own customers. Peering ... Gateway Protocol BGP routing protocol and is often accompanied by peering agreements of varying ... peering being also used routinely when there is some settlement involved, even though that does not correspond to the original technical meaning of the word. The phrase settlement free peering is in turn used to unambiguously describe the pure cost free peering situation. How peering works The Internet ... other network who also does not purchase transit. Motivations for peeringPeering involves two networks ... benefit is most often the motivation behind peering, which is often described solely by reduced ... peers . Physical interconnections for peering Image AS interconnection.svg thumbnail Scheme of interconnection and peering of autonomous systems The physical interconnections used for peering are categorized into two types Public peering Interconnection utilizing a multi party shared switch fabric such as an Ethernet switch. Private peering Interconnection utilizing a point to point link between two parties. Public peering Public peering is accomplished across a Layer 2 access technology ... other carriers across a single physical port. Historically, public peering locations were known ... ref Since public peering allows networks interested in peering to interconnect with many other networks through a single port, it is often considered to offer less capacity than private peering, but to a larger ... that public peering exchange points provide an excellent way to meet and interconnect with other networks who may be open to peering with them. Some larger networks utilize public peering as a way to aggregate a large number of smaller peers , or as a location for conducting low cost trial peering ... more details
Multiple issues context October 2009 unreferenced August 2010 Voice peering , also called VoIP peering , refers to the forwarding of calls from one ITSP to another ITSP directly using VoIP technology. The call is not forwarded over the PSTN and this leads to costs savings no call charges and better quality because there is no transcoding between the VoIP cloud and the PSTN, and then back from the PSTN to the next VoIP cloud. VoIP peering may occur on Layer 2 basis, i.e. a private network is provided, and carriers connected with it manage peering between one another, or on a layer 5 basis, i.e. peering occurs on open networks, with routing and signaling managed by a central provider. Voice peering can occur on a bilateral or multilateral basis. Bilateral peering does not scale when many service providers seek to interconnect and peer with one another. Standards on Multilateral, layer 5 peering are under development by the IETF working group on VoIP Peering, SPEERMINT. External links http www.voipplanet.com backgrounders article.php 3644066 VoIP Planet Article http www.xconnect.net assets Uploads XConnectBridgingTheVoIPIslandsWhitePaper2.pdf White Paper on SIP Peering DEFAULTSORT Voice Peering Category VoIP terminology & concepts ... more details
refimprove date November 2010 The Auckland Peering Exchange APE is an Ethernet based neutral peering point running over the CityLink Limited CityLink metropolitan network in Auckland , New Zealand . ref http ape.nzix.net what.html What is APE? , Auckland Peering Exchange. ref It is part of CityLink s ExchangeNET group of peering exchanges. The Auckland Peering Exchange was established to allow entities connected to the APE switches in Auckland to send traffic directly to and from each other rather than via their Internet Service Provider ISP . This activity is known as peering . This provides improvements in speed as traffic travels directly between the parties and reduces load on the network by reducing the need for traffic to be duplicated through one or more intermediate ISP router computing router s. In some cases this also avoids traffic being routed out of town , or incurring ISP s traffic charges. The Auckland Peering Exchange provides two route servers which contain routing details for each of the participants. This simplifies peering enormously for most exchange users. APE grew out of discussions on the NZNOG mailing list. citation needed date November 2010 The Sky Tower was agreed to be a sensible meeting place, since it was already equipped as a Colocation center telehousing facility , it is a good high point for wireless access, and it is a neutral point to meet. citation needed date November 2010 Initially participant equipment and the CityLink switches were mainly located on the 48th floor of the Sky Tower. citation needed date November 2010 This deck is air conditioned and enclosed with low attenuation glass, allowing point to point radio shots back to base without needing weatherproofing and resource consent for external antennas. CityLink have also extended APE s L2 Local Area Network LAN outside of the Sky Tower so it is possible to connect to APE at a number ... External links http ape.nzix.net Auckland Peering Exchange coord missing New Zealand Category ... more details
MLPA can stand for Marine Life Protection Act Multi Lateral Peering Agreement Multiplex Ligation dependent Probe Amplification Missouri Limestone Producers Association Minnesota Language Proficiency Assessments disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2008 TransNexus , founded in 1997, is a commercial company providing software products for managing peering among VoIP networks. VoIP Peering is a concept that has grown from the practice of peering IP data networks. Evolution of VoIP Peering In the beginning of the Internet, IP networks interconnected through public peering points such as Metropolitan Area Ethernet MAE East located on Washington DC or MAE West located in San Francisco. These public peering points soon became overwhelmed by the growing amount of data traffic being exchanged between IP networks. To address this problem, private data network operators began to privately interconnect peer their networks. As VoIP technology developed, it was first deployed as a technology to bypass toll charges of the long distance telephone networks or Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN . VoIP networks were stand alone networks interconnected only with the PSTN. VoIP peering, however, is the growing practice of directly interconnecting VoIP networks. TransNexus, along with Cisco , 3Com and others was the creator of the ETSI Open settlement protocol OSP . The OSP protocol is global standard for enabling secure peer to peer VoIP routing and accounting without the need of an intermediary device, such as a proxy, session border controller or Back to Back User Agent B2BUA , in the VoIP signaling path. OSP peering is a general technique which may be used for any VoIP protocol i.e. H323, SIP or IAX and other IP communication transactions such as video, file sharing or short messaging. External links http www.transnexus.com Official website Category Networking companies of the United States ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 The Victorian Internet Exchange is an Internet Exchange Point in Australia . Formed from the Australian Internet Exchange AUIX project, VIX is located in the Melbourne AAPT Exchange and offers multi lateral peering . Note AAPT site is long since defunct. there is a VIX run by WAIX http www.waia.asn.au content new carrier neutral peering point melbourne Category Internet exchange points Internet stub Compu network stub Compu sci stub Telecomm stub Melbourne stub ... more details
peering fabric. Similar arrangements were formalised in the eastern states with the formation ... the Peering Discussion cite conference first Gavin last Tweedie authorlink coauthors title West Australia ... more details
The Kenya Internet Exchange KIXP is an Internet exchange point started in late 2000 by Kenya n Internet service providers in an attempt to cut their operating cost by avoiding the use of expensive international links. There is a wide belief that most of the traffic on international links are local and therefore a waste. This was because without a local peering point , communication between people using different service providers had to travel abroad for peering. One example might be an individual using Africa Online who sent an email to his girlfriend across the street. If his girlfriend happened to be using Swift Global as a service provider, the email would have to travel to the US for peering before returning to Kenya. This proved controversial as the sole international carrier, government owned Jambonet is a government entity. The government felt that it would lead to erosion of telecommunications revenue. Communications Commission of Kenya http www.cck.go.ke aboutcck about.htm equivalent to the Federal Communications Commission in the US therefore ruled the peering point illegal, and was closed the same year. The Internet exchange was re opened in February, 2002 and peering members have since increased from the initial four to its current 20 members. See also Jambonet Telkom Kenya External links KIXP official site changed from .net to new domain .or.ke http www.kixp.or.ke or http www.kixp.net KIXP E mail info kixp.or.ke, or kixp kixp.or.ke Nick KIXP Feb 23rd 2006 http www.kixp.or.ke Official website http www.hartford hwp.com archives 36 269.html The background of KIX http www.hartford hwp.com archives 36 273.html Government and Internet phones Kenya stub Category Telecommunications companies of Kenya Category Internet exchange points ... more details
The Wellington Internet Exchange WIX is an Ethernet based neutral peering point running over the CityLink Limited CityLink metropolitan network in Wellington , New Zealand . It is part of CityLink s ExchangeNET group of peering exchanges. The Wellington Internet Exchange WIX was established to allow entities connected to the CityLink metropolitan network in Wellington to send traffic directly to and from each other rather than via their Internet Service Provider ISP . This activity is known as peering . This provides improvements in speed as traffic travels directly between the parties and reduces load on the network by reducing the need for traffic to be duplicated through one or more intermediate ISP Router computing router s. In some cases this also avoids traffic being routed out of town , or incurring ISP s traffic charges. Each connected entity could add specific details of networks they want to talk to directly to their routers static routes and bilateral Border Gateway Protocol BGP sessions but this quickly becomes an administrative headache as adds, changes and deletions become time consuming and error prone if more than a few peering sessions are configured. The Wellington Internet Exchange provides two route servers which contain routing details for each of the participants. This simplifies peering enormously for most exchange users. The WIX has been described as a world first for a distributed metropolitan Ethernet based Internet exchange. ref http www.linuxjournal.com article 8073 WIX a Distributed Internet Exchange Linux Journal, Thursday 26 May 2005 accessed 27 April 2007 ref References References External links http wix.nzix.net Wellington Internet Exchange Category Internet exchange points Category Internet in New Zealand ... more details
in the Internet solely via settlement free interconnection , also known as settlement free peering ... settlements. ref Cite web url http arstechnica.com guides other peering and transit.ars 4 title How the Net works an introduction to peering and transit Page 4 accessdate 2008 11 04 date 2008 09 ... 1 networks. It is possible to become transit free by paying for peering or agreeing to settlements ... . The Internet peering community is roughly the set of peering coordinators present at Internet exchange ..., nor whether they cover peering connections. As a result, the term tier 1 network is used in the industry ... and their peering agreements supplanted the government sponsored NSFNet, a program that was officially ... dependent on the peering relationship of the partners, because a tier 1 network does not have any alternate transit paths. If two tier 1 networks arrive at an impasse and discontinue peering with each ... Peering ref Those portions of the Internet typically remain partitioned until one side purchases ... to resume voluntary peering . or date November 2010 Lower tier ISPs and their customers may be unaffected ... other tier 2 and end user networks. Thus a tier 2 network with good peering is frequently much ... of debate is whether it is possible to become a tier 1 through the purchase of paid peering, or settlement ..., it does not simulate the financial or political peering motivations, and is thus considered by most Peering Coordinators to not be a true tier 1 for most discussions. citation needed date November ... their specific countries or regions of origin, these networks maintain peering policies which mimic those of tier 1 networks such as lack of openness to new peering relationships and having existing peering with every other major network in that region . However, this network may then extend to another ...? Less extreme examples of much less restrictive peering requirements being set for regions in which ... 1 holds some merit for understanding the peering motivations of such a network within different regions ... more details
The Mozambique Internet Exchange Moz Ix is a neutral, not for profit partnership between Internet Service Provider s in Mozambique . As an Internet Exchange , Moz Ix provides physical interconnection for its members to exchange Internet traffic through co operative peering agreements. Established Internet Service Providers are welcome to become members of Moz Ix provided they fulfill the prerequisites and agree to adhere to the terms laid out in the Moz Ix Policy. Internet stub Category Internet service providers of Africa Category Internet exchange points ... more details
The Dark Universe Observatory DUO is a planned NASA Space telescope space based telescope . It will conduct observations of galaxy clusters on the X ray range with the intent of finding data related to both dark matter and dark energy energy . References cite web url http epo.sonoma.edu duo index.html title Dark Universe Observatory Into the Darkness Peering publisher Sonoma State University accessdate 2008 03 03 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot Category Space telescopes US spacecraft stub ... more details
ExchangeNET is a network of neutral Internet exchange point s in New Zealand operated by CityLink Limited CityLink . ref cite web url http www.citylink.co.nz sites default files pdf ExchangeNET Sales Sheet.pdf title ExchangeNET publisher CityLink accessdate 20 November 2011 ref The exchanges are Auckland Peering Exchange Palmerston North Internet Exchange Wellington Internet Exchange 3 Cities Internet Exchange Hutt City, Upper Hutt and Porirua Christchurch Internet Exchange Dunedin Peering Exchange NZ IPv6 Internet Exchange Auckland and Wellington The following exchange is planned but not yet operational Southland Internet Exchange IS online but with some restrictions References reflist External links http nzix.net New Zealand Internet Exchanges ExchangeNET CityLink website http www.ispmap.co.nz searchisp.php ISPs that peer Category Internet exchange points Category Internet in New Zealand ... more details
Infobox Internet exchange point name PIRIX image image width full name PIRIX Internet Exchange abbreviation PIRIX founded 2009 location Saint Petersburg , Russia members http pirix.ru members 41 ports peers website http www.pirix.ru www.pirix.ru peak peak in http pirix.ru statistics 15 Gb s peak out http pirix.ru statistics 15 Gb s daily daily in daily out PIRIX Internet Exchange is Internet Exchange Point situated in Saint Petersburg Russia . PIRIX is a center for broadband connectivity and Internet services in Saint Petersburg. It offers peering, switching and housing facilities to Internet Access and Service Provider s. PIRIX started in 2009 and is a fast growing, neutral and independent peering point. Customers More than 40 different carriers and ISPs now participate in PIRIX data points, including Google Yandex Interzet ER Telecom External links http www.pirix.ru PIRIX Internet Exchange official website Category Internet exchange points Category Internet in Russia ... more details
JINX Johannesburg Internet Exchange , located at Johannesburg , South Africa , is the main Internet Exchange Point IXP in Africa . ref name ping http royal.pingdom.com 2008 04 30 africa E2 80 99s internet still very far behind Africa s Internet Is Still Very Far Behind , Royal Pingdom ref It is run by the Internet Service Providers Association Internet Service Providers Association of South Africa ISPA . ref name mybb http mybroadband.co.za news Internet 9909.html JINX and CINX traffic growth ref JINX started operating in 1996 . The amount of traffic processed by the JINX has been steadily growing, and growth has been exponential in the second half of the 2000s decade 2000s , ref name mybb with, for example, 450 Mbps peak hour load in 2008 ref name ping that almost doubled to 800 Mbit s in early 2010. ref name mybb2 http mybroadband.co.za news Telecoms 11563.html JINX, CINX peering details hidden ref In part the growth can be attributed to the open peering policy adopted by some of the larger participants, like TENET network TENET and MWEB and the large content base that is available from provider like Internet Solutions . The graphs say it all When using JINX figures to extrapolate Internet usage stats in South Africa, bear in mind that a significant amount of traffic does not go through the public switch fabric, but is changed over private peering sessions. ref http www.menog.net menog meetings menog3 presentations goburdhan za peering update.pdf ref Most major South African Internet Service Provider s have chosen to local peering peer via JINX some examples are Internet Solutions , Neotel , TENET network TENET , iBurst , Vox Telecom and MWEB . ref name mybb As of August 2011, JINX members exchange close to 3Gbit s of traffic during peak periods. ref name mybb http mybroadband.co.za news internet 33742 jinx and cinx boasting gbps traffic.html JINX and CINX boasting Gbps traffic ref In 2009 , the ISPA restarted the exchange point in Cape Town , CINX , to complement ... more details
Infobox Internet exchange point name European Commercial Internet Exchange ECIX image image width full name abbreviation ECIX founded 2001 location D sseldorf , Berlin , Hamburg , Germany members 157 as of 2011 September ref name MEMBERS cite web url http www.ecix.eu members.shtml title ECIX Current Members ref ports peers website http www.ecix.eu www.ecix.eu peak 86 Gbits s as of 2011 September ref name PEAK cite web url http www.ecix.eu stats.shtml title ECIX Bandwidth Statistics ref peak in peak out daily daily average 40 Gbits s as of 2011 September daily in daily out European Commercial Internet Exchange ECIX is a brand name of PEERING GmbH located in Berlin and D sseldorf . PEERING GmbH is a commercial organisation operating the ECIX. There are three POP s in Germany with more than 150 members ref name MEMBERS and peak traffic higher than 85Gb s ref name PEAK , making it the second largest IXP in Germany by membership and traffic. ECIX currently operates a Force10 and Cisco based infrastructure with 1 80Gb s links. D sseldorf Interxion Equinix MESH Level3 Fibre1 Berlin Speedbone I P B I P B Carrier Colo Level3 Hamburg IPHH Level3 Wendenstrasse References reflist External links http www.ecix.eu Website of the ECIX http www.ecix.eu stats.shtml traffic statistics http www.peering.eu Website of PEERING DEFAULTSORT ECIX Category Internet exchange points Category Internet architecture ... more details
has no set maximum bandwidth. All three network tiers operate independently. Network peering CENIC also engages in networking peering relationships, in particular Pacific Wave a joint project ... California , and the University Of Washington University of Washington , which provides peering ... also engages in peering via TransitRail , a national level peering structure that allows National LambdaRail NLR members to leverage their membership in that organization to engage in peering relationships ... more details
PAIX , the Peering And Internet eXchange , is a neutral Internet exchange point operated by Switch and Data . PAIX began operations in 1996 as Palo Alto Internet Exchange in Palo Alto, California , and was owned and operated by Digital Equipment Corporation , or DEC. In its early days, it used a Digital Ethernet Local Network Interconnect DELNI as its interconnection infrastructure. ref cite web url http seclists.org nanog 2009 Apr 599 title NANOG post by Stephen Stuart Re DELNI date Sat Apr 18 2009 accessdate 2011 08 08 ref AboveNet acquired PAIX, and later sold it to Switch and Data around the time that AboveNet filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Equinix acquired PAIX from Switch and Data April 2010. Switch and Data provides peering and Internet exchange points in Atlanta, Georgia Dallas, Texas Miami, Florida New York City, New York Palo Alto, California Philadelphia, Pennsylvania San Jose, California Seattle, Washington and Vienna, Virginia among other places. ref cite web url http www.switchanddata.com services InternetExchange.aspx title Internet Exchange publisher Equinix accessdate 2010 08 21 ref References reflist Category Internet exchange points ... more details
in U.S. Peering Cogent has been controversial in the ISP market for low bandwidth pricing and its public disputes over peering with AOL 2003 ref cite news last Noguchi first Yuki title Peering Dispute ... has stated that no peering agreement existed with Cogent, and that they were severing connections from a failed settlement free peering trial the previous year. Cogent was notified of the impending ... to arrange for peering. ref https www.sprint.net cogent.php ref ref http www.cogentco.com us NetNeutrality.php ... 6, 2011, Cogent automatically stopped peering with The Department of Energy Sciences Network ESnet ... Berkeley National Lab ref causing a disruption for 3 days. Cogent has yet to agree on peering with one ... more details
Cleanup date November 2009 Notability date November 2009 Stockholm Internet eXchange is an Stockholm based Internet exchange point operator. Founded in late 2005 and with the first joining ISPs in December 2006, the organization is non profit and independent. Currently there are more than 60 active members of STHIX. STHIX is based on Ethernet technology and currently offers connection speeds of 100Mbit s FE , 1000Mbit s GE and 10000Mbit s TE . STHIX provides peering for both the IPv4 and IPv6 internet protocols, currently STHIX only supports Maximum transmission unit MTU 1500 peering. STHIX is a distributed Internet exchange point, currently present at eight data centers in the Stockholm area, with its core node located at Stokabs KN1 facility. See also Internet exchange point List of Internet exchange points External links http sthix.net sthix.net https apps.db.ripe.net whois lookup ripe organisation ORG SIX2 RIPE.html STHIX RIPE whois data http www.stokab.se Stokab https www.peeringdb.com private exchange view.php?id 172 PeeringDB STHIX page Free login required, no registration required. nonprofit org stub DEFAULTSORT Sthix Category Internet in Sweden Category Internet exchange points ... more details
The Tanzania Internet eXchange TIX is an Internet exchange point in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania . It is a project of the Tanzania Internet Service Providers Association. Established in late 2003, it is housed at Posta Building, Ghana Avenue in Dar es Salaam. Currently November 2005 12 Internet service provider s are connected and peering with each other. Internet traffic between them and their customers is routed through fast and cheap local links and does not need to cross slow and expensive international satellite circuits. As of December 2010 aggregate traffic was at 10 Mbit s . External links http www.tix.or.tz Category Internet exchange points compu network stub ... more details
Route Views is a project founded by the University of Oregon to allow Internet users to view global BGP routing information from the perspective of other locations around the internet. Originally created to help Internet Service Providers determine how their network prefixes were viewed by others in order to debug and optimise access to their network, Route Views is now used for a range of other purposes such as academic research. Route Views servers get their information by peering directly with other BGP routers, typically at large Internet Exchange Point IXPs . The servers can be accessed via telnet or Secure Shell SSH . External links http www.routeviews.org Route Views homepage Category Internet architecture Category Network management ... more details
Orphan date October 2011 Mauretania Comics was an independent comics anthology published by Paul Harvey artist Paul Harvey and Chris Reynolds. Reynolds main character was the mysterious Monitor, a strange helmeted figure, while Harvey s was the more blatant Mincer. The stories were mainly quiet, distant pieces, as if peering into other people s lives. A Chris Reynlds graphic novel simply entitled Mauretania came out by Penguin Books in 1990. Though an original story made up the bulk of the volume, Mauretania also reprinted several Reynolds short stories from Mauretania Comics . Harvey is now one of the Stuckist painters. External links http www.metropoppyfield.com Metropoppyfield, Chris Reynolds website Category Comic book publishing companies of the United Kingdom Category Comics publications comics stub ... more details
In network routing , BGP confederation is a method to use Border Gateway Protocol BGP to subdivide a single Autonomous system Internet autonomous system AS into multiple internal sub AS s, yet still advertise as a single AS to peering external peer s. The intent is to reduce IBGP mesh size. See also Route reflector External links http www.cisco.com en US tech tk365 technologies tech note09186a00800c95bb.shtml bgpconfed Cisco tech note on BGP configuration https www.juniper.net customers csc documentation techdocs downloads pdf 350010.pdf Juniper tech note on differences between BGP route reflectors and confederations network stub Category Routing ... more details
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