For the cell in the midbrain , see Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus . Infobox Anatomy Name Interstitial cell of Cajal Latin cellulae interstitiales stimulantes ref http www.uni mainz.de FB Medizin Anatomie workshop EM EMDuodenum.html ref GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The Interstitial cell of Cajal ICC is a type of interstitial cell found in the gastrointestinal tract that serves as a pacemaker which creates the basal electrical rhythm leading to Muscle contraction contraction of the smooth muscle peristalsis & Segmentation . ref name Sanders cite journal author Sanders K, Koh S, Ward S title Interstitial cells of cajal as pacemakers in the gastrointestinal tract journal Annu Rev Physiol volume 68 issue pages 307 343 year 2006 pmid 16460275 doi 10.1146 annurev.physiol.68.040504.094718 ref Many types of smooth muscle tissues have now been shown to contain ICC, but with few exceptions the function of these cells is not known and is currently an area of active research . An international society International Society for ICC, www.isicc.org has recently been formed to provide a forum to discuss research in ICC in a variety of tissues. These cells are derived from mesoderm . ref name Turksen2006 cite book author Kursad Turksen title Embryonic Stem Cell Protocols Differentiation models url http books.google.com ?id 9Wk 5wuIR5gC&pg PA263 accessdate 14 April 2010 year 2006 publisher Humana Press isbn 9781588297846 pages 263 ref Role in slow wave activity ICC serve as electricity electrical pacemakers and generate spontaneous electrical slow wave threshold slow waves in the gastrointestinal GI tract. Electrical slow waves spread from ICC to smooth muscle cell s and the resulting depolarization initiates calcium ion entry and contraction. Slow waves organize gut contractions into phasic contractions that are the basis for peristalsis and segmentation contractions segmentation . Frequency of I ... more details
to a chronic irritant to the esophagus, or to accentuation in the peristalsis movement of the esophagus ... tertiary contractions of the esophagus, or lack of esophageal contraction peristalsis aperistalsis ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2009 This article is about the digestive process of a ruminant . For other uses, see Cud disambiguation . Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant s stomach in the mouth to be chewed for the second time. More accurately, it is a Bolus digestion bolus of semi degraded food regurgitation digestion regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant . Cud is produced during the physical digestive process of rumination . The idiomatic expression chewing one s cud means meditating or pondering similar expressions such as he chewed that over for a bit , or chew on that likely have the same derivation. Explanation The alimentary canal of ruminants, such as cattle , goat s, Ovis sheep , alpaca s and antelope , is unable to produce the enzymes required to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose of plant matter. Accordingly, these animals have developed a symbiotic relationship with a wide range of microbes , which largely reside in the reticulorumen , and which are able to synthesize the requisite enzymes. The reticulorumen thus hosts a microbial fermentation which yields products mainly volatile fatty acids and microbial protein , which the ruminant is able to digest and absorb. This allows digestion of less edible plants. Process of rumination The process of rumination is stimulated by the presence of roughage in the upper part of the reticulorumen . The chest cavity is stretched, forming a vacuum in the gullet that sucks the semi liquid stomach content into the esophagus . From the esophagus it is taken back to the mouth with retro peristalsis peristaltic movements. When the stomach content, or the cud, arrives in the mouth of the ruminant, it is pushed against the palate with the tongue to remove excess liquid, the latter is swallowed and the solid material is chewed thoroughly. The function of rumination is that food is physically refined to expose more surface area for bacteria working in the reticulorumen, as well as stimulation of ... more details
Dablink This page is about Renal colic. For other types of colic, see Colic . Infobox Disease Name Renal colic Image Caption DiseasesDB 26026 ICD10 ICD10 N 23 n 20 ICD9 ICD9 788.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Renal colic is a type of abdominal pain commonly caused by kidney stones . Presentation The pain typically begins in the abdomen and often radiates to the hypochondrium or the groin . The pain is often colicky comes in waves due to ureteric peristalsis, but may be constant. It may come in two varieties dull and acute the acute variation is particularly unpleasant and is often described as one of the strongest pain sensations felt by humans being worse than childbirth, broken bones, gunshot wounds, burns, or surgery . ref name titleeMedicine Nephrolithiasis Acute Renal Colic Article by Stephen W Leslie cite web url http www.emedicine.com MED topic3437.htm title eMedicine Nephrolithiasis Acute Renal Colic Article by Stephen W Leslie accessdate 2008 01 01 work ref Depending on the type and size s of the kidney stones moving through the urinal tract the pain may be stronger in the renal or bladder area or equally strong in both. In lower obstructions, males may experience pain in the genitals. Prognosis and treatment Most small stones are passed spontaneously and only pain management is required. Diclofenac, as well as many other Non steroidal anti inflammatory drug s ref name titleeIntravenous NSAID s in the management of renal colic Article by Debasis Das cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC2464448 title Intravenous NSAID s in the management of renal colic Article by Debasis Das accessdate 2011 10 02 work ref , and antispasmodics like Hyoscine butyl bromide or Otilonium bromide can be used. Although morphine may be administered to assist with pain management, it is often not recommended as morphine raises ureteral pressure, worsening the condition. There is typically no antalgic position for the patient lying down o ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Intestinal neuronal dysplasia Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 243180 OMIM mult OMIM2 601223 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Intestinal neuronal dysplasia or neuronal intestinal dysplasia or NID is an inherited disease of the intestine that effects one in 3000 children and adults. The intestine uses peristalsis to push its contents toward the anus IND sufferers have a problem with the motor neuron s that lead to the intestine, inhibiting this process and thus preventing digestion. It can often be confused for Hirschsprung s disease , as both have similar symptoms. ref name pmid18302074 cite journal author Mahesha V, Saikia UN, Shubha AV, Rao KL title Intestinal neuronal dysplasia of the myenteric plexus new entity in humans? journal Eur J Pediatr Surg volume 18 issue 1 pages 59 60 year 2008 month February pmid 18302074 doi 10.1055 s 2008 1038324 url http www.thieme connect.com DOI DOI?10.1055 s 2008 1038324 ref It can be grouped into NID A and NID B, with the A form affecting the Sympathetic nervous system sympathetic innervation, and the B version affecting the parasympathetic innervation. ref name pmid6649903 cite journal author Fadda B, Maier WA, Meier Ruge W, Sch rli A, Daum R title Neuronal intestinal dysplasia. Critical 10 years analysis of clinical and biopsy diagnosis language German journal Z Kinderchir volume 38 issue 5 pages 305 11 year 1983 month October pmid 6649903 doi 10.1055 s 2008 1059994 url ref ref name pmid8882403 cite journal author Barone V, Weber D, Luo Y, Brancolini V, Devoto M, Romeo G title Exclusion of linkage between RET and neuronal intestinal dysplasia type B journal Am. J. Med. Genet. volume 62 issue 2 pages 195 8 year 1996 month March pmid 8882403 doi 10.1002 SICI 1096 8628 19960315 62 2 195 AID AJMG15 3.0.CO 2 J url ref Treatment Conservative treatment involves the long term use of laxative s and enema s, and has limited success. Dietary changes in order to control the disease are ine ... more details
infobox disease Name Abdominal mass Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 R 19 0 r 10 ICD9 ICD9 789.3 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID GeneReviewsID GeneReviewsName An abdominal mass is any localized enlargement or swelling in the human abdomen . Depending on its location, the abdominal mass may be caused by an enlarged liver hepatomegaly , enlarged spleen splenomegaly , protruding kidney , a pancreatic mass , a retroperitoneal mass a mass in the posterior of the peritoneum , an abdominal aortic aneurysm , or various tumour s, such as those caused by abdominal carcinomatosis and omental metastasis . The treatments depend on the cause, and may range from watchful waiting to radical surgery . Features Many abdominal masses are discovered incidentally during routine physical examination . When they are present symptom atically, abdominal masses are most frequently associated with pain or digestive problems. However, depending on the cause, masses may be associated with other sign medical sign s and symptoms, such as jaundice or bowel obstruction . Diagnosis The first steps in diagnosis are a medical history and physical examination. Important clues during history include weight loss , diarrhea and abdominal pain . During physical examination, the clinician must identify the location of the mass, as well as characterize its location usually specified in terms of Quadrant anatomy quadrants . The mass should be assessed for whether it is rigid or mobile. It should also be characterized for pulse or peristalsis , as these would help in further identifying the mass. Routine blood test s are usually the next step in diagnosis after a thorough medical history and physical examination. They should include a full blood count , blood urea nitrogen BUN , creatinine , and liver function tests such as Liver function tests Albumin Alb albumin , international normalized ratio INR , partial thromboplastin time PTT , serum amylase and Liver function tests To ... more details
Cleanup rewrite date May 2009 Wiktionary Impaction , from the Latin impingere , is a medicine medical term used to describe several different types of blockage. In Reptiles Bearded Dragons in Captivity links here Impaction occurs in reptile s when they consume something that they cannot digestion digest . Common causes of impaction are rocks and sand which might be accidentally consumed when the reptile attacks its prey. Once the substance is ingested it will block the Gastrointestinal tract digestive tract and, if untreated, cause death. Symptoms Some symptoms include a lack of appetite or Fatigue medical lethargy . On many animals a large blue seemingly bruised spot will be visible in the abdomen however, this only shows through if the skin on the animal is clear enough to see the lower internal organs. ref name The Reptile Rooms Bearded Dragons, other Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and More http www.reptilerooms.com Sections index req viewarticle artid 87 page 1.html The Reptile Rooms Bearded Dragons, other Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and more Bot generated title ref Treatment Common treatments involve placing the animal in a lukewarm bath and gently rubbing the area under the impaction to help the passing of the consumed substance, place both thumbs on the back at the middle, put the first two fingers under the belly and rub gently in a circular way until the beaded dragon puffs up, when the lizard puffs up it will go the loo. If this fails, the animal must have an enema . ref name The Reptile Rooms Bearded Dragons, other Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and More In Horses An impaction may be a cause of colic see horse colic . In Humans In relation to Digestion main Fecal impaction Impaction is a pathology pathological condition in humans when an impassable mass of stone like faeces faecal matter collects in the rectum . It frequently occurs as a result of dehydration , inactivity, and medications, such as narcotics or psychotropic agents, which slow the peristalsis , and increa ... more details
The gastrocolic reflex or gastrocolic response is one of a number of physiological reflexes controlling the motility , or peristalsis , of the gastrointestinal tract . It involves an increase in motility of the colon anatomy colon in response to stretch in the stomach and byproducts of digestion in the small intestine . Thus, this reflex is responsible for the urge to defecate following a meal. The small intestine also shows a similar motility response. The gastrocolic reflex helps make room for more food. ref cite book first Sherwood last Lauralee title Human Physiology From Cells to Systems edition 7th year 2009 page 635 publisher Cengage Learning isbn 9780495391845 url http books.google.com books?id gOmpysGBC90C&pg PT663&dq gastrocolic reflex&hl en&ei U2xHTJ aOITGlQfdxq2YBQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 10&ved 0CFIQ6AEwCQ v onepage&q gastrocolic 20reflex&f false ref The reflex was demonstrated by myoelectric recordings in the colons of animals and humans, which showed an increase in electrical activity within as little as 15 minutes after eating. The recordings also demonstrated that the gastrocolic reflex is uneven in its distribution throughout the colon. The sigmoid colon is more greatly affected than the right side of the colon in terms of a phasic response however, the tonic response across the colon is uncertain. When pressure within the rectum becomes increased, the gastrocolic reflex acts as a stimulus for defecation. A number of neuropeptides have been proposed as mediators of the gastrocolic reflex. These include serotonin , neurotensin , cholecystokinin CCK , and gastrin . Clinically, the gastrocolic reflex has been implicated in pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome the very act of eating or drinking can provoke an overreaction of the gastrocolic response in some patients with irritable bowel syndrome due to their heightened visceral sensitivity, and this can lead to abdominal pain, diarrhea , or constipation . ref Sj lund K, Ekman R, Lindgr ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Muscular layer Latin tunica muscularis GraySubject GrayPage Image Ens.png Caption LAYERS Muscular layer includes the 2nd through 4th layers BR Serous membrane serosa BR Muscular coat longitudinal muscle BR Auerbach s plexus myenteric plexus BR Muscular coat circular muscle BR Submucous plexus submucosal plexus BR submucosa l BR Mucous membrane mucosal Image2 Gray1134.png Caption2 Transverse section of ureter . System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre t 22 DorlandsSuf 12832129 The muscular coat muscular layer , muscular fibers , muscularis propria , muscularis externa is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis . It usually has two distinct layers of smooth muscle inner and circular outer and longitudinal However, there are some exceptions to this pattern. In the stomach and colon, there are three layers to the muscularis externa. In the upper esophagus , part of the externa is skeletal muscle , rather than smooth muscle. The inner layer of the muscularis externa forms a sphincter at two locations of the alimentary canal in the pyloric stomach , it forms the pyloric sphincter in the anal canal , it forms the anal sphincter Additional images gallery Image Illu ureters wall.jpg Wall of the ureter. Image Illu stomach layers.jpg Layers of stomach wall. Image Gray1033.png Section of the human esophagus . Moderately magnified. Image Gray1058.png Section of duodenum of cat. X 60. Image Gray1141.png Vertical section of bladder wall. gallery External links eMedicineDictionary muscular layer http science.nhmccd.edu BioL urinary bladder2.htm Histology at nhmccd.edu BiowebUW APLab Table of Contents Lab 12 Colon 1 Colon 1e colon 1e.html Muscularis externa of the colon BiowebUW zoolab Table of Contents Lab 1b Cross section of the small int Smooth muscle layers smooth muscle layers.htm Smooth muscle layers of the gut OklahomaHistology 52 05 Duodenum UCDavis ... more details
cleanup date February 2011 Manipulative methods Manual lymphatic drainage MLD is a type of gentle massage which is intended by proponents to encourage the natural circulation of the lymph through the body . The lymph system depends on intrinsic contractions of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of lymph vessels peristalsis and the movement of skeletal muscles to propel lymph through the vessels to lymph nodes and then beyond the lymph nodes to the lymph ducts which return lymph to the cardiovascular system. Manual lymph drainage uses a specific amount of pressure less than 9 ounces per square inch and rhythmic circular movements to stimulate lymph flow. ref Milady s Guide to Lymph Drainage Massage Ramona Moody French Delmar Cengage 2004 ref History Manual Lymphatic Drainage was pioneered by Dr. Emil Vodder in the 1930s for the treatment of chronic sinusitis and other immune disorders. While working on the French Riviera treating patients with chronic colds, Dr Emil Vodder and his wife Dr. Estrid Vodder noticed these patients had swollen lymph nodes . In the 1930s, it was considered taboo to tamper with the lymphatic system due to the medical profession s poor understanding of this system. The Vodders were not deterred by this, and in 1932 began to study the lymph system, and developed careful hand movements to cause lymph movement. In 1936, after four years of research, they introduced this technique in Paris France. Recognition It is now recognized as a primary tool in lymphedema management. Therapists can today receive certification through special classes conducted by various organizations specializing in MLD. Scientific studies show mixed results regarding the efficacy of the method in treating lymphedema and further studies are needed. ref http www.sbu.se upload Publikationer Content0 3 Manual Lymph Drainage Compression Arm Lymphedema Breast Cancer 200504.pdf ref In several unique studies on animals, MLDT Manual lymphatic drainage treatment has been shown to ... more details
can be divided into two distinct patterns, peristalsis and Segmentation contractions segmentation ... 2008 03 19 ref Peristalsis Image Peristalsis.gif thumb Peristalsis Animation Peristalsis is one ... more details
Taxobox name Mexican mole worm image Bipes biporus.jpg regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Reptilia ordo Squamata subordo Amphisbaenia familia Bipedidae genus Bipes genus Bipes species B. biporus binomial Bipes biporus binomial authority Edward Drinker Cope Cope , 1894 The Mexican mole lizard , five toed worm lizard , Ajolote or Ajolote lizard Bipes biporus , is one of four amphisbaenia ns that have legs. They are pink convert 6 9 in cm adj on lizard like reptiles that live for 1 to 2 years and eat ground dwelling insects and earthworms . Their skin is closely segmented to give a corrugated appearance and like earthworms their underground movement is by peristalsis of the segments. The forelegs are strong and paddle like while the backlegs have disappeared and are visible only as vestigial bones in X rays. Breeding This species is oviparity oviparous and the females lay one to four Egg biology eggs in July. The species only breeds underground. The eggs hatch after two months. Location The Mexican mole lizard lives in Baja California , Mexico . Like all other amphisbaenians this is a Fossorial burrowing species that only surfaces at night or after heavy rain. Diet It is an opportunist carnivore and eats ants, termites, ground dwelling insect s, larvae, earthworm s, and small animals including lizard s. It usually pulls its prey down to the ground to start its meal. Size Length about convert 17 24 cm in , width convert 6 7 mm in . References Smithsonian Institution http reptile database.reptarium.cz species.php?genus Bipes&species biporus Bipes biporus at the Reptile Database External links http animals.jrank.org pages 3700 Mole Limbed Wormlizards Bipedidae TWO LEGGED WORMLIZARD Bipes biporus SPECIES ACCOUNT.html http animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu site accounts classification path Bipes biporus.html Bipes 20biporus http www.bluechameleon.org Photo 20& 20Image 20Stockpile 20 20BCV WEB 20 20Bipes 20biporus.htm http mexico herps.com Baja Bipes biporus.jpg DEFAULTSO ... more details
An Antimony pill is a Pill pharmacy pill made from metallic antimony . It was a popular remedy in the nineteenth century, and it was used to purge and revitalise the bowels. In use, it is swallowed and allowed to pass through the body, after which it is customarily recovered for reuse, giving rise to the name everlasting pill . The antimonial cup yielded the same effect. ref cite journal pmc 1543508 title President s address. Observations upon antimony year 1977 volume 70 issue 11 pmid 341167 last1 McCallum first1 RI pages 756 63 journal Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine ref According to the Medico Pharmaceutical Critic and Guide 1907 , edited by William J. Robinson quote We have referred in the past to the economy which used to be practiced by our fore fathers. Thus, for instance, it was customary to use leeches over and over again and there are instances of infection with syphilis by leeches that had been previously used on luetic patients. But we believe that the everlasting cathartic pill beats everything in the line of economy. This pill was a little bullet composed of metallic antimony which had or was believed to have the property of purging as often as it was swallowed. It is not inconceivable that it might have had such property, for it is possible that a minute amount was dissolved by the gastro intestinal juices and this amount, plus the suggestion, was sufficient to produce cathartic action. Then again the everlasting pill probably aided peristalsis by its mechanical weight and motion. The bullet was passed out, recovered from the feces and used over and over again. This, as Dr. J. A. Paris says, was economy in right earnest, for a single pill would serve a whole family during their lives and might be transmitted as an heirloom to posterity. ref cite book last Robinson first William Josephus authorlink William Josephus Robinson title The Medical critic and guide, Volumes 8 10 publisher series year page isbn ref See also Antimonial Antimonial c ... more details
gastroprokinetic agent , gastrokinetic , or prokinetic , is a type of drug which enhances gastrointestinal motility by increasing the frequency of contraction s in the small intestine or making them stronger, but without disrupting their rhythm. They are used to relieve gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal discomfort , bloating , constipation , heart burn , nausea , and vomiting . They are used to treat a number of gastrointestinal disorders , including irritable bowel syndrome , gastritis , gastroesophageal reflux disease acid reflux disease , ref name urlAcid Reflux Symptoms cite web url http www.acidrefluxsymptomse.com acid reflux symptoms.html title Acid Reflux Symptoms format work accessdate 2011 06 23 ref gastroparesis , and functional dyspepsia . Most of these drugs are grouped under ATC code A03 A03F Propulsives ATC code A03F . Pharmacodynamics These drugs may increase acetylcholine concentrations by antagonizing the M1 receptor M sub 1 sub receptor which inhibits acetylcholine release, or by enzyme inhibitor inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase which metabolizes acetylcholine . Higher acetylcholine levels increase gastrointestinal peristalsis and further increase pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter, thereby stimulating gastrointestinal motility, accelerating gastric emptying, and improving gastro duodenal coordination. The 5 HT4 receptor 5 HT sub 4 sub receptor is thought to play a significant role in both the physiology and pathophysiology of GI tract motility. ref Gershon MD, Tack J. The serotonin signaling system from basic understanding to drug development for functional GI disorders. Gastroenterology. Jan 2007 132 1 397 414. ref Therefore, 5 HT sub 4 sub receptors have been identified as potential therapeutic targets for diseases related to Gastrointestinal dysmotility GI dysmotility such as chronic constipation . Some of these prokinetic agents, such as mosapride and cisapride , classic benzamides , have only moderate affinity for ... more details
to the lack of peristalsis. A five minutes timed barium swallow can provide a useful benchmark to measure ... of manometry in achalasia showing peristalsis aperistaltic contractions, increased intraesophageal .... Manometry reveals failure of the LES to relax with swallowing and lack of functional peristalsis in the smooth ... esophageal peristalsis. ref name pathology cite book author Emanuel Rubin, Fred Gorstein ... more details
no footnotes date February 2012 Infobox scientist name John William Maddock Bayliss image WilliamBayliss1.jpg birth date 2 May 1860 birth place Wednesbury , Staffordshire , England death date death date and age 1924 8 27 1860 5 2 df y death place London, England nationality England field Physiology work institutions University College London alma mater University College London br Oxford University doctoral advisor doctoral students known for Secretin br Peristalsis author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced prizes Royal Medal , 1911 br Copley Medal , 1919 religion footnotes signature Sir William Maddock Bayliss 2 May 1860 27 August 1924 was an England English physiologist . He was born in Wolverhampton, Staffordshire and gained a B.Sc from London University . He graduated MA and DSc in physiology from Wadham College, Oxford . Bayliss and Ernest Henry Starling discovered the peptide hormone secretin and peristalsis of the intestines . The Bayliss Effect is named after him. He was also involved in the Brown Dog affair , successfully suing Stephen Coleridge for libel over accusations he made about Bayliss s vivisection work. In 1893 Bayliss married Gertrude Ellen Starling, the sister of Ernest Starling. Bayliss was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1903. ref cite web url http www2.royalsociety.org DServe dserve.exe?dsqIni Dserve.ini&dsqApp Archive&dsqCmd Show.tcl&dsqDb Persons&dsqPos 0&dsqSearch 28Surname 3D 27bayliss 27 29 title Library and Archive Catalogue& 124 publisher Royal Society accessdate 11 December 2010 ref He jointly delivered their Croonian lecture in 1904 and was awarded their Royal Medal in 1911 and their Copley Medal in 1919. He was knighted for his contribution to medicine in 1922. Bayliss died in London in 1924. The Bayliss and Starling Society was founded in 1979 as a forum for scientists with research interests in central and autonomic peptide function. See also List of residents of Wolverhampton References reflist Citat ... more details
shortens as material is forced into the anal canal and peristalsis peristaltic wave s propel ... of one finger into the rectum, is used to induce peristalsis in patients whose own peristaltic ... more details
Advert article date February 2012 File Phyllanthus officinalis.jpg thumb Emblica officinalis Triphala is an Ayurvedic ref name McIntyre2005 Cite book author Anne McIntyre title Herbal treatment of children Western and Ayurvedic perspectives url http books.google.com books?id QLin14nRVBsC&pg PA278 accessdate 24 July 2010 date 7 September 2005 publisher Elsevier Health Sciences isbn 9780750651745 pages 278 ref herb al rasayana formula consisting of equal parts of three myrobalans , taken without seed Amalaki Phyllanthus emblica , Beleric Bibhitaki Terminalia bellirica , and Haritaki Terminalia chebula . ref name formulary Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia committee. The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part I, 2nd English ed. New Delhi Controller of Publications 2003 ref The word triphala better triphal , from Hindi Sanskrit IPA hns t r p la , widely pronounced IPA en tri f l or IPA en tri f l by English speakers means literally three fruits . ref name formulary Natural Herbal Laxative and Colon Cleanser, Tonifier, and Rejuvenative that is Non Habit Forming Triphala Rasayana is a mild laxative, which cleanses and tonifies the gastro intestinal tract. It is made from the three most important herbs in Ayurveda for balancing the five elements Amalaki Emblica officinalis , Haritaki Chebulic myrobalan , and Bhibitaki Beleric myrobalan . No clinical proof has been established however Triphala may help support constipation reduction colon tonification gastrointestinal tract tonifing intestinal cleansing digestive balance better food assimilation serum cholesterol balance better circulation bile duct opening sluggish peristalsis reduction headaches reduction Uterine health Article respiratory health kidney health cardio vascular health liver health Hemorrhoids Precautions Not recommended for acute diarrhea or during pregnancy. Very underweight persons should avoid using this product as it will decrease weight. Instructions Recommended dosage is 1 teaspoon. If you wish to t ... more details
File Igor Vamos Berlin Film Festival 2009 .jpg thumb Igor Vamos at the 59th Berlin International Film Festival 2009 Igor Vamos , born April 15, 1968, is an internationally known multimedia artist, leading member of The Yes Men using the alias Mike Bonanno , and an associate professor of media arts at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . ref name guggenheim cite web url http www.rpi.edu web Campus.News may 03 may 5 vamos.htm title Igor Vamos Wins Prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship publisher Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute accessdate 2008 07 31 ref He is also a co founder of RTmark and the recipient of a List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2003 2003 Guggenheim Fellowship , granted for a project that used Global Positioning System GPS and other wireless technology to create a new medium with which to view his documentary Grounded , about an abandoned military base in Wendover, Utah . ref name guggenheim Vamos earned an undergraduate degree in Studio Art from Reed College and an MFA in Visual Arts from the University of California, San Diego . While at Reed, Vamos organized a student group called Guerrilla Theater of the Absurd. They performed and documented culture jamming acts of protest, including Reverse Peristalsis Painters , where 24 people in suits stood outside the downtown venue of Dan Quayle s fundraiser for Oregon senator Bob Packwood and drank ipecac , forcing themselves to vomit the red, white and blue remains of the mashed potatoes and food coloring they had consumed earlier and a middle of the night contribution to the debate over re naming Portland s Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard, wherein the city awoke to find that all of the street signs and freeway exits for another major boulevard had been changed to read Malcolm X Street. ref http www.vdb.org smackn.acgi tapedetail?UNDENIABLE Video Data Bank page for Vamos film Undeniable Evidence. ref Another successful early project was the Barbie Liberation Organization , where Vamos and his cohorts purch ... more details
The Basal or Basic electrical rhythm BER or electrical control activity ECA determines the frequency of the contractions in the Human gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal GI tract. Physiology Smooth muscle within the GI tract causes the involuntary Peristalsis peristaltic motion that moves consumed food down the esophagus and towards the rectum . ref name Wood citation title Medical Physiology Principles for Clinical Medicine edition 3 last Wood first Jackie D. chapter Gastrointestinal Physiology pages 463 496 editor1 first Rodney A. editor1 last Rhoades editor2 first David R. editor2 last Bell publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Philadelphia, PA year 2009 ref The smooth muscle throughout most of the GI tract is divided into two layers an outer longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer. ref name Wood Both layers of muscle are located within the muscularis externa . The stomach has a third layer an innermost oblique layer. The physical contractions of the smooth muscle cells can be caused by action potential s in Efferent nerve fiber efferent motor neuron s of the enteric nervous system , or by receptor mediated calcium influx. ref name Wood The inner circular layer is innervated by both excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons, while the outer longitudinal layer is innervated by mainly excitatory neurons. These action potentials cause the smooth muscle cells to contract or relax, depending on the particular stimulation the cells receive. Longitudinal muscle fibers depend on calcium influx into the cell for excitation contraction coupling , while circular muscle fibers rely on intracellular calcium release. Contraction of the smooth muscle can occur when the BER reaches its plateau an absolute value less than 45mV Citation needed date January 2010 while a simultaneous stimulatory action potential occurs. A contraction will not occur unless an action potential occurs. Generally, BER waves stimulate action potentials and action potentials stimulate ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
