Image Peroxynitrite ion 2D.png thumb right The structure of the peroxynitrite ion anion File Reactions of peroxynitrite leading to either apoptotic or necrotic cell death.jpg 300px thumb Reactions of peroxynitrite leading to either apoptotic or necrotic cell death Peroxynitrite sometimes called peroxonitrite is the anion with the formula ONOO sup sup . It is an unstable structural isomer of nitrate , NO sub 3 sub sup sup , which has the same formula but a different structure. Although peroxynitrous acid is highly reactive, its conjugate base peroxynitrite is stable in basic solution. ref Holleman, A. F. Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Academic Press San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0 12 352651 5. ref ref http www.scielo.br scielo.php?script sci arttext&pid S0100 40421998000300014&lng pt&nrm iso&tlng en W. H. Koppenol ref It is prepared by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with nitrite H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub NO sub 2 sub sup sup ONOO sup sup H sub 2 sub O Peroxynitrite is an oxidant and nitrating agent. Because of its oxidizing properties, peroxynitrite can damage a wide array of molecules in cell biology cell s, including DNA and protein s. Formation of peroxynitrite in vivo has been ascribed to the reaction of the free radical superoxide with the free radical nitric oxide ref Pacher, P. Beckman, J. S. Liaudet, L. Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and disease Physiological Reviews 2007 ... lbarna articles 17667957.pdf Csaba Szab , Harry Ischiropoulos and Rafael Radi Peroxynitrite biochemistry ... results in peroxynitrite, a molecule that is itself not a free radical, but that is a powerful oxidant. In the laboratory, a solution of peroxynitrite can be prepared by treating acidified hydrogen ... 1 sup . ref Beckman, J. S. Koppenol, W. H. Nitric Oxide, Superoxide, and Peroxynitrite the Good, the Bad .... It is these radicals carbonate radical and nitrogen dioxide that are believed to cause peroxynitrite ... Toxins cs Peroxynitrit de Peroxinitrite es Peroxinitrito fr Peroxynitrite it Perossinitrito pt ... more details
peroxynitrite ONOO sup sup ref name pmid9741578 cite journal first Giuseppe L. last Squadritoa coauthors William A. Pryor title Oxidative chemistry of nitric oxide the roles of superoxide, peroxynitrite ... issn doi brokendate 2009 03 16 ref NO nitric oxide O sub 2 sub sup sup super oxide ONOO sup sup peroxynitrite ... oxide NO in the vasculature. The reaction produces peroxynitrite and depletes the bioactivity ... oxide modulates superoxide release and peroxynitrite formation in human blood vessels journal ... url issn ref Peroxynitrite itself is a highly reactive species which can directly ... peroxynitrite, nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and nitronium ion journal Chem. Res. Toxicol. volume ... more selectively throughout the cell. Peroxynitrite is able to get across cell membranes to some ... Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease journal Physiol. Rev. volume 87 issue 1 pages ... ref Additionally peroxynitrite can react with other molecules to form additional types of RNS including ... N sub 2 sub O sub 3 sub dinitrogen trioxide Biological targets Peroxynitrite can react directly with proteins ..., myoglobin, and cytochrone c by oxidizing ferrous heme into its corresponding ferric forms. Peroxynitrite ... is tyrosine nitration however peroxynitrite does not react directly with tyrosine. Tyrosine reacts with other RNS that are produced by peroxynitrite. All of these reactions affect protein structure ... more details
orphan date June 2010 The orthonitrate ion is NO sub 4 sub sup 3 sup . It is only known in two compounds, Na sub 3 sub NO sub 4 sub and K sub 3 sub NO sub 4 sub which were prepared by fusion of the nitrate and oxide ref name Greenwood Greenwood&Earnshaw ref , e.g. NaNO sub 3 sub Na sub 2 sub O Na sub 3 sub NO sub 4 sub The orthonitrate ion is tetrahedral and the N O bond length is 139 pm which compares with the sum of the covalent radius covalent radii of 137 pm and with the bond lengths in nitrates range 122 127 pm and nitrites range 113 123 pm where there is double bonding ref name Greenwood . Other nitrogen oxoanions Other nitrogen oxoanion s include nitrate , NO sub 3 sub sup sup nitrite , NO sub 2 sub sup sup peroxynitrite peroxonitrite , peroxynitrite , OONO sup sup trioxodinitrate , hyponitrate , ON NO sub 2 sub sup 2 sup nitroxylate , O sub 2 sub N NO sub 2 sub sup 4 sup References reflist Category Oxoanions es Ortonitrato it Ortonitrato ru zh ... more details
JS, Liaudet L title Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. journal Physiol Rev ... url http www.jhc.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11850437 ref Peroxynitrite and or nitrative ... L title Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. journal Physiol Rev. year 2007 volume ... and peroxynitrite in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Emerging new therapeutical strategies ... more details
Respiratory burst sometimes called oxidative burst is the rapid release of reactive oxygen species Superoxide superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide from different types of Cell biology cells . Usually it denotes the release of these chemical s from immune cell s, e.g., neutrophil granulocyte neutrophil s and monocyte s, as they come into contact with different bacterium bacteria or fungus fungi . They are also released from the ovum of higher animals after the ovum has been fertilized . These substances can also be released from plant cell s. Respiratory burst plays an important role in the immune system . It is a crucial reaction that occurs in phagocyte s to degrade internalized particles and bacteria . NADPH oxidase , an enzyme family in the vasculature in particular, in vascular disease , produces superoxide , which spontaneously recombines with other molecule s to produce reactive free radical s. The superoxide reacts with Nitric oxide NO , resulting in the formation of peroxynitrite , reducing the bioactive Nitric oxide NO needed to dilate terminal arteriole s, feed Artery arteries and resistance arteries. Superoxide anion , peroxynitrite, and other reactive oxygen species also lead to pathology via Redox peroxidation of protein s and lipid s, and via activation of redox sensitive signaling cascades and Nitrosylation protein nitrosylation . NADPH oxidase activation has been suggested to depend on prior Protein kinase C PKC activation. ref name pmid12874436 cite journal author Inoguchi T, Sonta T, Tsubouchi H, Etoh T, Kakimoto M, Sonoda N, Sato N, Sekiguchi N, Kobayashi K, Sumimoto H, Utsumi H, Nawata H title Protein kinase C dependent increase in reactive oxygen species ROS production in vascular tissues of diabetes role of vascular NAD P H oxidase journal J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. volume 14 issue 8 Suppl 3 pages S227 32 year 2003 pmid 12874436 doi 10.1097 01.ASN.0000077407.90309.65 http jasn.asnjournals.org cgi content full 14 suppl 3 S227 Free full text ref My ... more details
Refimprove date January 2007 Chembox IUPACName Peroxynitrous acid SystematicName Hydroxy nitrite ref Cite web title Hydroxy Nitrite PubChem Public Chemical Database url http pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov summary summary.cgi?cid 123349&loc ec rcs work The PubChem Project location USA publisher National Center for Biotechnology Information ref Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 14691 52 2 PubChem 123349 PubChem Ref Pubchemcite correct pubchem ChemSpiderID 109951 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider MeSHName Peroxynitrous acid ChEBI 25942 Gmelin 49207 SMILES OON O StdInChI 1S HNO3 c2 1 4 3 h3H StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey CMFNMSMUKZHDEY UHFFFAOYSA N StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider Section2 Chembox Properties H 1 N 1 O 3 ExactMass 62.995642903 g mol sup 1 sup Peroxynitrous acid HNO sub 3 sub is a Reactive nitrogen species RNS , commonly known as a free radical. It is the conjugate acid of peroxynitrite ONOO sup sup . It has a p K sub a sub of 6.8. Peroxynitrous acid can Homolysis homolyze to form nitrogen dioxide and hydroxyl radical as a pair of Cage effect chemistry caged radicals. Approximately 66 of the time, these two radicals undergo electron transfer to form nitronium ion and hydroxide . The other 33 of the time, the two species escape the solvent cage as free radicals. OH NO sub 2 sub HOONO OH sup sup NO sub 2 sub sup sup Peroxynitrous acid is thought to be important in atmospheric chemistry . References Reflist Category Nitrogen oxoacids zh ... more details
chembox UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 40X2P7DPGH verifiedrevid 437141678 ImageFile Ebselen 2D skeletal.png ImageSize 200px ImageName Skeletal formula of ebselen ImageFile1 Ebselen 3D balls.png ImageSize1 200px ImageFile2 Ebselen 3D vdW.png ImageSize2 200px ImageName1 Ball and stick model of the ebselen molecule IUPACName 2 Phenyl 1,2 benzoselenazol 3 one OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 3082 InChI 1 C13H9NOSe c15 13 11 8 4 5 9 12 11 16 14 13 10 6 2 1 3 7 10 h1 9H InChIKey DYEFUKCXAQOFHX UHFFFAOYAZ SMILES1 O C1c3ccccc3 Se N1c2ccccc2 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 51085 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C13H9NOSe c15 13 11 8 4 5 9 12 11 16 14 13 10 6 2 1 3 7 10 h1 9H StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey DYEFUKCXAQOFHX UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 60940 34 3 PubChem 3194 SMILES C1 CC C C C1 N2C O C3 CC CC C3 Se 2 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 13 sub H sub 9 sub NOSe MolarMass 274.17666 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Ebselen or 2 phenyl 1, 2 benzisoselenazol 3 2H one also called PZ 51 or DR3305 , is a mimic of glutathione peroxidase and can also react with peroxynitrite . ref cite journal author Schewe T title Molecular actions of ebselen an antiinflammatory antioxidant journal Gen Pharmacol volume 26 issue 6 pages 1153 69 year 1995 pmid 7590103 doi 10.1016 0306 3623 95 00003 J ref It is being investigated as a possible treatment for reperfusion injury and stroke , ref cite journal author Parnham M, Sies H title Ebselen prospective therapy for cerebral ischaemia journal Expert Opin Investig Drugs volume 9 issue 3 pages 607 19 year 2000 pmid 11060699 doi 10.1517 13543784.9.3.607 ref ref cite journal author Yamaguchi T, Sano K, Takakura K, Saito I, Shinohara Y, Asano T, Yasuhara H title Ebselen in acute ischemic stroke a placebo controlled, double blind clinical trial. ... more details
s include nitrate , NO sub 3 sub sup sup nitrite , NO sub 2 sub sup sup peroxynitrite peroxonitrite , peroxynitrite , OONO sup sup peroxynitrate peroxonitrate , HNO sub 4 sub sup sup trioxodinitrate ... more details
uric acid after ingestion, which is a natural antioxidant and a peroxynitrite scavenger, which can ... 3468 uric acid peroxynitrite2 98.html&date 2009 10 26 00 12 14 Uric Acid Natural Scavenger Of Peroxynitrite Bot generated title ref peroxynitrite has been correlated with axon degeneration http www.fedem.org ... more details
such as peroxynitrite. Excessive nitric oxide produced during reperfusion reacts with superoxide to produce the potent reactive species peroxynitrite . Such radicals and reactive oxygen species attack ... more details
that inhibits peroxynitrite induced diseases. ref name ipct cite journal last Rose first Peter et ... Ong first5 CN last6 Whiteman first6 M title Inhibition of peroxynitrite mediated cellular toxicity ... more details
used commercially had antioxidant activity against peroxyl radical s and to a lesser extent peroxynitrite ... activity for peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals. ref name schauss2006b cite journal title Antioxidant ... capacity of the pulp, with higher antioxidant capacity against peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals ... more details
of peroxynitrite . Extremely reactive, will attack most cellular components ROOH, peroxide organic ... group s, amino group s and methionine . ONOO , peroxynitrite Formed in a rapid reaction between O sub ... O sub 2 sub , nitric oxide NO and their particularly reactive product, peroxynitrite ONOO ... more details
nitration via a putative heme peroxynitrite intermediate. ref name pmid19627146 cite journal author ... reactivity phenolic nitration via a putative heme peroxynitrite intermediate journal J. Am. Chem ... more details
It seems that its mechanism of action is peroxynitrite inactivation ref cite journal pmid 19425822 ... uric acid levels protects against blood brain barrier destruction through peroxynitrite scavenging . ref cite journal author Kean RB, Spitsin SV, Mikheeva T, Scott GS, Hooper DC title The peroxynitrite ... cgi content full 165 11 6511 date December 1, 2000 ref Peroxynitrite has been correlated with the axons ... more details
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