. An animal could also be a pest when it causes damage to a wild ecosystem or carries bacteria germs ... vector malaria , and tick s which carry Lyme disease . The term pest may be used to refer specifically ... has much overlap with pest, but generally only includes those creatures that are seen to be vectors of diseases. It is possible for an animal to be a pest in one setting but beneficial or domesticated ... plant pest has a very specific definition in terms of the International Plant Protection Convention and phytosanitary measures worldwide. A pest is any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal ... PDF In Pimentel D. ed. 2002 . Encyclopedia of Pest Management . ISBN 978 0 8247 0632 6. ref Invertebrate pests Insects further2 Insect bites and stings Category Pest insects File Helicoverpa armigera ... is a worldwide distributed slug pest. ref name Speiser 2002 Local importance slug pests include ... abundance of the snail Succinea costaricana Stylommatophora Succineidae , a tropical pest . Revista ... Pest control Nuisance wildlife management Home stored product entomology References reflist Further ... http entomology.ifas.ufl.edu pestalert UF IFAS Pest Alert Web site arthropod s, nematode s and Plant ... more details
wiktionarypar pestPest may refer to Pestorganism , an animal or plant detrimental to humans or human concerns Pest, an archaic term for Infectious disease pestilence , originally the Black Death Pest hockey , an ice hockey player specialising in aggravating opponents Pest music , a British music group Pest musician , a Norwegian black metal vocalist Specialized Unit for Special Tactics PEST Posebna Enota za Specialno Taktiko PEST unit , a Slovenian Military Police special forces unit The Pest 1917 film , a 1917 film starring Oliver Hardy The Pest 1997 film , a 1997 film starring John Leguizamo The Pest 2008 film , a 2008 film starring Harry Shearear PEST analysis Political, Economic, Social and Technological , a framework for analysis of macroenvironmental factors An annoyance Places Pest, Hungary Pest County disambig als Pest Begriffskl rung cs Pest da Pest flertydig de Pest Begriffskl rung eo Pest apartigilo fr Pest gl Pest hu Pest egy rtelm s t lap nl Pest no Pest andre betydninger pl Pest ro Pesta simple Pest ... more details
The Pest can refer to The Pest 1917 film The Pest 1917 film , a 1917 film starring Oliver Hardy The Pest 1922 film The Pest 1922 film , a 1922 film starring Stan Laurel The Pest 1997 film The Pest 1997 film , a 1997 film starring John Leguizamo disambig it The Pest ... more details
In agriculture and gardening , a beneficial organism is any organism that benefits the growing process, including insect s, arachnid s, other animal s, plant s, bacteria , fungus fungi , virus es, and nematode s. Benefits include pest control , pollination , and maintenance of soil health. The opposite of beneficial organisms are pest animal pest s, which are organisms deemed detrimental to the growing process. Beneficial or pest The distinction between beneficial and pest is arbitrary, subjectively determined by examining the effect of a particular organism in a specific growing situation. Insects Beneficial insects can include predators such as ladybug s of pest insects, and pollinators such as bee s, which are an integral part of the growth cycle of many crops . Increasingly certain species of insects are managed and used to intervene where natural pollination or biological control is insufficient, usually due to human disturbance of the balance of nature. Nematodes Certain microscopic nematodes worms are beneficial in destroying and controlling populations of larvae that are damaging or deadly to crops and other plants. They are commonly used in organic gardening for their ability to kill various kinds of harmful larvae fungus gnat s, flea larvae, spidermite s, weevil s, Larva grub s, rootworm s, cutworm s, etc. Microorganisms Many different soil microorganisms are responsible for nutrient recycling for one, through decomposing plant residues and other soil building and maintaining activities. Mixed culture of beneficial microorganisms such as photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas sp lactic acid bacteria lactobacillus sp. , yeast saccharomyces sp. and fermenting fungi ... and biological pest control . References reflist See also Integrated Pest Management Companion planting ... Organisms br Category Biological pest control agents Category Biological pest control Category Sustainable agriculture Category Agriculture Category Pest control Category Organic gardening et Kasurid ... more details
saved book title Organism subtitle cover image cover color Organism Main article Organism Superorganism Superorganism Evolution Common descent Abiogenesis Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Category Wikipedia books on biology Organism ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Ur organism is the term loosely given to the hypothetical first life species, from which all other life presumably evolved. The term was used first by Charles Darwin , and has been picked up by various subsequent thinkers addressing the same questions of origin of species. Not to be confused with the Last universal ancestor LUA , the term ur organism refers to the first universal ancestor common to all life existing on earth today. It is therefore the ancestor of the LUA. The ur organism is not necessarily the Abiogenesis first instance of life arising abiogenically on Earth. As with the concept of the Mitochondrial Eve , the existence of the ur organism does not imply the existence of a population bottleneck or a first organism. It is estimated to have lived some 3.9 to 4.1 billion years ago. See also Abiogenesis Aleksandr Oparin Last universal ancestor Common descent DEFAULTSORT Ur Organism Category Origin of life Category Hypothetical life forms Biology stub ... more details
sociology In sociology , the social organism is theoretical concept in which a society or social structure is viewed as a living organism. From this perspective, typically, the relation of social features, e.g. law , family , crime , etc., are examined as they interact with other features of society to meet social needs. All elements of a society or social organism have a function that maintains the stability and cohesiveness of the organism. History The model or concept of society as an organism was developed in the late 19th century by mile Durkheim , a French sociologist. According to Durkheim, the more specialized the function of an organism or society the greater its development, and vice versa. Generally, culture , politics , and economics are the three core activities of society. Social health depends on the harmonious interworking of these three activities. Hence, the health of the social organism can be thought of a function of the interaction of culture, politics, and economics, which in theory can be studied, modeled, and analyzed. The conception of an organismic society was elaborated further by Herbert Spencer in his essay on The Social Organism . Related An analogous concept is the Gaia hypothesis in which the entire earth is theorized to be a single unified organism . If global society can be seen as a super organism, then the Internet can be viewed as that organism ... R. title The Social Organism A Short History of the Idea That a Human Society May Be Regarded As a Gigantic ... Rawie, Henry title The Social Organism and its Natural Laws publisher Williams & Wilkins Co. year 1990 id ASIN B000879AT2 cite book author Steiner, Rudolf title The Renewal of the Social Organism publisher ...? http www.gwu.edu asc people new cannon gwc.html The Fluid Matrix of the Social Organism http www.brocku.ca MeadProject Thomas Thomas 1905.html Social Psychology and the Social Organism http ... the essay The Social Organism in volume 1 Category Superorganisms Category Sociological paradigms ... more details
Citations missing date November 2008 Maintenance of an organism is the collection of processes to stay alive, excluding production processes. The Dynamic Energy Budget theory delineates two classes Somatic maintenance . This comprises mainly the turnover of structural mass mainly proteins and the maintenance of concentration gradients of metabolites across membranes e.g., counteracting leakage . This is related to maintenance respiration . Maturity maintenance . This comprises the maintenance of defence systems such as the immune system , the preparation of the body for reproduction. The theory assumes that maturity maintenance costs can be reduced more easily during starvation than somatic maintenance costs. Under extreme starvation conditions, somatic maintenance costs are paid from structural mass, which causes shrinking.Some organism manage to switch to the turpor state under starvation conditions, and reduce their maintenance costs. DEFAULTSORT Maintenance Of An Organism Category Developmental biology ... more details
A fastidious organism is any organism that has a complex nutritional requirement. In other words, a fastidious organism will only grow when specific nutrients are included in its diet. The more restrictive term fastidious microorganism is often used in the field of microbiology to describe microorganism s that will only grow if special nutrients are present in their culture medium . ref cite web last Rao P.N. first Sridhar title Culture Media url http www.microrao.com micronotes culture media.pdf accessdate 23 March 2012 ref See also Growth medium References Reflist Microbiology stub Category Microbial growth and nutrition ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A pioneer organism is an organism that populates a region after a natural disaster or any other event that may have caused most life in that area to disappear. Common pioneer organisms include lichen s and algae . Mosses usually follow lichens in colonization, but cannot serve as pioneer organisms. Pioneer organisms modify their environment and establish conditions under which more advanced organisms can live. In some circumstances, other organisms can be considered pioneer organisms. Birds are usually the first to inhabit newly created islands, and seeds, such as the coconut , may also be the first arrivals on barren soil. seealso Ecological succession Primary succession Secondary succession ecology stub Category Ecological succession Category Population ecology ... more details
, but they are anaerobic organism anaerobic because they do not use it as a terminal electron acceptor ... aerobes, which require oxygen. Most anaerobic organism s are bacteria. Clarify date December 2010 Being .... However, for the whole organism this cannot be sustained for long, and humans are therefore ... anaerobic organism Fermentation biochemistry Microaerophile Bacteria Use dmy dates date December 2010 DEFAULTSORT Aerobic Organism Category Cellular respiration Category Microbiology ar ... pl Aerob pt Aerobiose ro Organism aerob ru sl Aerobiont sv Aerob uk zh ... more details
Disputed date March 2008 Philosophy of Organism or Organic Realism is how Alfred North Whitehead described his metaphysics . It is now known as process philosophy . Central to this school is the idea of concrescence philosophy concrescence . Concrescence means growing together com con from Latin for together , crescence from Latin crescere cret grow , the present is given by a consense of subjective form s. We are multiple individuals, but there are also multiple individual agents of consciousness operant in the construction of the given. Marvin Minsky calls this the society of mind in his book Society of Mind . Whitehead s subjective forms complement eternal objects in his metaphysical system eternal objects being entities not unlike Plato s archetypal Forms . In Process and Reality , Whitehead proposes that his organic realism be used in place of classical materialism . References Agar, W. E. 1936. Whitehead s Philosophy of Organism an Introduction for Biologists . The Quarterly Review of Biology , Vol. 11, No. 1 16 34. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1997. Science and the Modern World . Free Press. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1979, 2nd Ed. Process and Reality Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927 28 . Free Press publisher Free Press . See also Organicism DEFAULTSORT Philosophy Of Organism Category Alfred North Whitehead Category Metaphysics Category Holism philosophy stub ... more details
to highlight the nuclei of its cells. Multicellular organisms are organism s that consist of more than one cell biology cell , in contrast to single cell organism s. To form a multicellular organism, these cells ..., true multicellular organisms must solve the problem of regenerating a whole organism from germ cell ... cells in one organism this mechanism is observable in Drosophila . A third hypothesis is that, as a unicellular organism divided, the daughter cells failed to separate, resulting in a conglomeration of identical cells in one organism, which could later develop specialized tissues. This is what ... leading to the incorporation into one multicellular organism of their genome. ref cite book author Margulis ...?a o&d 96971657 ref Each respective organism would become a separate lineage of differentiated cells ... extinct. However, the problem with this theory is that it is still not known how each organism ... one individual organism once more. The Cellularization Syncytial Theory This theory states that a single unicellular organism could have developed endomembrane internal membrane partitions around each ... serves the organism s needs, while the micronucleus is used for sexual like reproduction ..., this theory needs a demonstrable example and mechanism of generation of a multicellular organism ... of different species led to a multicellular organism. At least some, it is presumed land evolved .... Advantages of Multicellularity Allows an organism to grow larger than would be otherwise possible ... cellular lineages within an organism. See also Cellular differentiation Organogenesis Embryogenesis ... of Life Eukaryotes Evolution DEFAULTSORT Multicellular Organism Category Developmental biology Category ... cs Mnohobun nost cy Organeb amlgellog de Vielzeller et Hulkrakne organism es Pluricelular eu Zelulanitz ... simple Multicellular organism sk Mnohobunkov organizmus sl Mnogoceli ar sv Flercellig organism uk ur zh ... more details
unreferenced date May 2011 Evolutionary biology A digital organism is a self replication self replicating computer program that mutation genetic algorithm mutates and evolution disambiguation evolves . Digital organism s are used as a tool to study the dynamics of Darwinian evolution , and to test or verify specific hypotheses or mathematical model s of evolution. This is closely related to the area of artificial life . History Digital organisms can be traced back to the game Darwin in which computer programs had to compete with each other to stop one another from Execution computing executing Aleph Null, Computer Recreations , Software Practice and Experience, vol. 2, pp. 93 96, 1972 . A similar implementation that followed was the game Core War . In Core War, it turned out that one of the winning strategy strategies was to replicate as fast as possible, which had the result that the opponent was deprived of all resource computer science computational resources . Programs in the Core War game are also able to mutate themselves and each other by overwriting instructions in the simulated memory in which this game took place. This allowed competing programs to embed damaging instructions in each other that caused errors terminating the process that reads it , enslave processes making an enemy program work for you , or even change strategies mid game and heal themselves. Steen Rasmussen at Los Alamos National Laboratory took the idea from Core War one step further in his core world system. He introduced a genetic algorithm that would automatically write programs. However, Rasmussen did not observe the evolution of complex and stable programs. It turned out that the programming ... cleaner and easier to interpret than those with Tierra. With Avida, digital organism research has begun ... condition. See also Portal Evolutionary biology List of digital organism simulators Artificial ... 457 464. evolution DEFAULTSORT Digital Organism Category Artificial life Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Pinus pinea foliage.jpg thumb Juvenile left and adult right leaves of Stone Pine A juvenile is an individual organism that has not yet reached its adult form, sexual maturity or size. Juveniles sometimes look very different from the adult form, particularly in terms of their colour. In many organisms the juvenile has a different name from the adult see also List of animal names . Some organisms reach maturity in a short metamorphosis , such as eclosion in many insect s. For others, the transition from juvenile to fully mature is a more prolonged process &ndash puberty for example. In such cases, juveniles during this transformation are sometimes called subadults . Many invertebrate s, on reaching the adult stage, are fully mature and their development and growth stops. Juvenile refers to the larva or comparable stages in such taxa . In vertebrate s and some invertebrates e.g. spider s , larval forms e.g. tadpole s are usually considered a development stage of their own, and juvenile refers to a post larval stage that is not fully grown and not sexually mature. In amniote s and most plant s, the embryo represents the larval stage. Here, juvenile in general applies to the time between hatching birth germination and reaching maturity. Image Wildsau mit Frischling.jpg thumb left 200px Young wild boar suckling from adult female. Here, juvenile colouring acts as a form of camouflage Developmental biology stub DEFAULTSORT Juvenile Organism Category Developmental biology ca Per ode juvenil d un organisme de Juvenil nl Juveniel nn Juvenil pt Juvenil sr sv Juvenil ... more details
prokaryote prokaryotic model organism Image Drosophila melanogaster side aka .jpg thumb Drosophila melanogaster , one of the most famous subjects for experiments A model organism is a non human ... that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. ref cite journal author Fields S, Johnston M title Cell biology. Whither model organism ... from one organism to another. Selecting a model organism Models are those organisms with a wealth ..., the genome arrangement facilitates the sequencing of the model organism s genome, for example, by being ... . When researchers look for an organism to use in their studies, they look for several traits. Among ... This common, Gram negative bacteria Gram negative gut bacterium is the most widely used organism in molecular ... differentiation . Mycoplasma genitalium a minimal organism Vibrio fischeri quorum sensing , bioluminescence ... ref cite book author Davis, Rowland H. title Neurospora contributions of a model organism publisher ... biology Mimulus is a model organism used in evolutionary and functional genomes studies. This specie ... sequence of Poplar Populus trichocarpa sequence is publicly available. See also Model organism ... was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced Ciona intestinalis , a sea ... organism to understand the processes of Regeneration biology regeneration and morphogenesis ..., a model organism for the study of stem cells, regeneration, ageing, gene function, and the evolution ... first4 R title A new model organism among the lower Bilateria and the use of digital microscopy ... Ecological genomics Daphnia pulex , an environmental indicator model organism Table of model genetic ... organism as well as whether the organism exhibits homologous recombination . class wikitable Organism ... organism Yes Yes See also Animal model Ensembl genome database of model organisms History ... Mouse models of colorectal and intestinal cancer Generic Model Organism Database History of animal ... more details
In biology, Kappa organism or Kappa particle refers to inheritable cytoplasmic symbionts , occurring in some strains of Paramecium . Paramecium stains possessing the particles Killers liberate into the culture medium a substance lethal to Paramecium not containing kappa particles. Kappa particles are Feulgen positive, stain with Giemsa after acid hydrolysis. The length of the particles is 0.2 0.5 . ref C. H. Brown, Elimination of kappa particles from killer strains of paramecium aurelia by treatment with chloromycetin . Nature 166, 527 23 September 1950 DOI 10.1038 166527A0 ref The particles are considered to be intracellular symbionts, occupying a position between viruses , bacteria , and organelles , ref http www.medilexicon.com medicaldictionary.php?t 66078 Kappa Particles in mediLexicon ref mere nucleoprotein ref http www.answers.com topic kappa particle Kappa Particles in McGraw Hill Science & Technology Dictionary ref or, by another sources bacterium Caenobacter taenospiralis . References reflist External links The classes of kappa in Paramecium aurelia . Preer et al. 1972 PMID 5076362 Kappa and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia . Preer et al. 1974 PMID 4599970 Category Cell anatomy Category Ciliates Biology stub ... more details
Indicator organisms are used to measure potential fecal contamination of environmental samples. The presence of coliform bacteria , such as E. coli , in surface water is a common indicator of Water quality Measurement fecal contamination . Coliform bacteria in water samples may be quantified using the most probable number MPN method, a probabilistic test which assumes cultivable bacteria meet certain growth and biochemical criteria. If preliminary tests suggest that coliform bacteria are present at numbers in excess of an established cut off the Coliform Index , fecal contamination is suspected and confirmatory assays such as the Eijckman test are conducted. Citation needed date December 2007 Coliform bacteria selected as indicators of fecal contamination must not persist in the environment for long periods of time following efflux from the intestine, and their presence must be closely correlated with contamination by other fecal organisms. Indicator organisms need not be pathogenic. ref cite web url http des.nh.gov organization commissioner pip factsheets wwt documents web 18.pdf title Fecal Coliform as an Indicator Organism accessdate 2007 11 30 last first coauthors date 2003 work Wastewater treatment environmental fact sheet publisher New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services ref Non coliform bacteria, such as Streptococcus bovis and certain clostridia may also be used as an index of fecal contamination. ref cite book last Gerardi first Michael H. authorlink coauthors Mel C. Zimmerman editor Michael H. Gerardi title Wastewater Pathogens url edition series Wastewater Microbiology Series date year 2005 month January publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc. location Hoboken, NJ isbn 9780471206927 pages 147 ref See also Coliform bacteria Coliform Index E. coli References Reflist nothing kn Category Bacteria ... more details
Pest House was a name used in the 18th century to describe a building in which to quarantine those afflicted with communicable diseases. Or, it may refer to Pest House Concord, Massachusetts , listed on the NRHP in Massachusetts Pest House Stillwater, Minnesota , National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Minnesota listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Minnesota disambig de Pest House ... more details
File Budapest Chain Bridge.jpg thumb 250px Buda and Pest connected by Sz chenyi Chain Bridge . Pest IPAc en icon p s t IPA hu p t is the eastern, mostly flat part of Budapest , Hungary , comprising about two thirds of the city s territory. It is separated from Buda , the other part of Budapest, by the Danube River . Among its most notable parts are the Inner City Budapest Inner City , including the Hungarian Parliament , Heroes Square Budapest Heroes Square and Andr ssy Avenue . In colloquial Hungarian language Hungarian , Pest is often used for the whole Capital political capital of Budapest. Etymology The name Pest comes from a Slavic word meaning furnace , oven Bulgarian pe t Serbian pe , probably with reference to a local cave where fire burned. ref cite book url http books.google.com books?id M1JIPAN eJ4C title Placenames of the World author Adrian Room publisher McFarland & Company year 2006 page 70 ISBN 0 7864 2248 3 ref History File Budapeszt panorama srodmiescie.jpg thumb 250px View on the coastal part of Pest. Pest was a separate independent city , references ... Rome Roman settlements there. Pest became an important economic center during 11th 13th centuries ... Bridge , was constructed across the Danube connecting Pest with Buda . Consequently, in 1873, the two cities were unified with buda to become Budapest . climate chart Pest 7 1 40 6 0 28 2 5 29 4 11 26 ... City Budapest Pest County jpest Newpest References reflist Further reading Gust v, Beksics Magyarosod s ... Budapest PestPest on wikitravel Main Page Wikitravel coord 47 30 N 19 6 E region HU BU type city source dewiki display title Category Pest, Hungary Category Geography of Budapest Budapest geo stub ar bg ca Pest ciutat cs Pe da Pest by de Pest Stadt es Pest eo Pe to fr Pest ville hr Pe ta it Pest hu Pest t rt nelmi telep l s mk nl Pest stad ja no Pest by nn Pest i Ungarn ... Pest kaupunki tr Pe te zh ... more details
Infobox Planet minorplanet yes width 25em bgcolour FFFFC0 apsis name Pest symbol image caption discovery yes discovery ref discoverer A. Mrkos discovery site Klet discovered January 20, 1982 designations yes mp name 6817 alt names 1982 BP2 named after Pest, Hungary Pest mp category orbit ref epoch May 14, 2008 aphelion 2.4949793 perihelion 2.1243865 semimajor eccentricity 0.0802259 period 1282.1149769 avg speed inclination 2.38163 asc node 246.96771 mean anomaly 203.10789 arg peri 205.61755 satellites physical characteristics yes dimensions mass density surface grav escape velocity sidereal day axial tilt pole ecliptic lat pole ecliptic lon albedo temperatures temp name1 mean temp 1 max temp 1 temp name2 max temp 2 spectral type abs magnitude 14.3 6817 Pest 1982 BP2 is a Asteroid belt main belt asteroid discovered on January 20, 1982 by A. Mrkos at Klet . References Reflist External links http ssd.jpl.nasa.gov sbdb.cgi?sstr 6817 Pest JPL Small Body Database Browser on 6817 Pest DEFAULTSORT Pest Category Astronomical objects discovered in 1982 Category Main Belt asteroids beltasteroid stub fa it 6817 Pest la 6817 Pest hu 6817 Pest pl 6817 Pest pt 6817 Pest uk 6817 vi 6817 Pest yo 6817 Pest ... more details
county link Kom rom Esztergom . The River Danube flows through the county. The capital of Pest County is Budapest administratively separate . History The present county Pest was formed after World War II , when the former county Pest Pilis Solt Kiskun was split in two parts the other part is within present day Hungarian county link B cs Kiskun . Pest County also existed in the early days ... eastern part of present Pest County. It was combined with adjacent Pilis county Pilis county before the 15th century. More information can be found at the entry of former Pest Pilis Solt Kiskun county ... Palace Image Solym r Castle.jpg Solym r Castle gallery Pest County Hungarian counties Regions of Hungary coord 47 25 N 19 20 E display title region HU type adm1st source GNS enwiki Category Pest County Category Counties of Hungary als Pest Komitat ar bg ca Pest cs Pest upa da Pest provins de Komitat Pest et Pesti komitaat es Pest condado eo Pest fr Pest comitat gl Condado de Pest ko id Pest kabupaten it Provincia di Pest sw Pest wilaya lt Pe tas hu Pest megye mk ms Pest wilayah nl Pest comitaat ja no Pest fylke pl Komitat Pest pt Pest condado ro Jude ul Pest qu Pest suyu ru sk Pe tianska upa sl Pe ta upanija sr fi Pest sv Pest provins tr Pest ili uk fiu vro Pesti maakund zea Pest comitaot zh ... more details
File Siege of Pest Enea Vico 1542.jpg thumb upright 1.5 Siege of Pest, after Enea Vico , 1542. Campaignbox Ottoman Habsburg Wars The Siege of Pest modern city of Budapest , Hungary occurred in 1542, when Ferdinand of Austria attempted to recover the cities of Buda and Pest in 1542 from the Ottoman Empire . ref http books.google.com books?id VJM3AAAAIAAJ&pg PA524 E.J. Brill s first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913 1936, Vol 2 by Martijn Theodoor Houtsma p.524 ref This was an attempt to recover the cities of Buda and Pest following their occupation by the Ottomans since the Siege of Buda 1541 . ref name Osmond 20 The siege was led by Joachim Brandenburg . ref name Osmond 20 http books.google.com books?id qJ9u6sgUOikC&pg PA20 Power and culture identity, ideology, representation by Jonathan Osmond, Ausma Cimdi a p.20 ref The siege was repulsed by the Ottomans, who would remain in control of central Hungary for the following 150 years. Notes reflist coord missing Category 1542 in Europe Category Conflicts in 1542 Category Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire Pest Category Ottoman Empire Category History of Budapest hu Buda ostroma 1542 ... more details
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