Donax variabilis show diverse coloration and patterning in their phenotypes A phenotype from Greek ... phenotype distinction was proposed by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between ... between germ plasm heredity and somatic cells the body . The Genotype Phenotype concept should ... definition, the concept of the phenotype has hidden subtleties. It may seem that anything dependent on the genotype is a phenotype, including molecules such as RNA and proteins. Most molecules and structures ... for example by Western blot ting and are thus part of the phenotype. Human Human blood ... of biological organization compatible with the phenotype concept is at the cellular level. Either way, the term phenotype includes traits or characteristics that can be made visible by some technical procedure. Another extension adds behavior to the phenotype, since behaviors are also observable .... inconsistent citations ref Often, the term phenotype is incorrectly used as a shorthand to indicate ... has no phenotype journal Genes, Brain and Behavior volume 1 issue 2 pages 71 year 2002 month May ... and phenotype has often been conceptualized by the following relationship genotype G environment E phenotype P A more nuanced version of the relationship is genotype G environment E genotype & environment interactions GE phenotype P Genotypes often have much flexibility in the modification and expression ... of Sweden and the habitat that the seeds of Hieracium umbellatum land in, determine the phenotype .... The concept of phenotype can be extended to variations below the level of the gene that affect an organism ... advantage on variants enriched in GC content. The Extended Phenotype main The Extended Phenotype The idea of the phenotype has been generalized by Richard Dawkins in The Extended Phenotype to mean .... For instance, a Beaver Dams beaver dam might be considered a phenotype of beaver gene s, the same way beavers powerful incisor teeth are phenotype expressions of their genes. Dawkins also cites the effect ... more details
Infobox book name The Extended Phenotype title orig translator image File Extended Phenotype.jpg 200px Cover image caption author Richard Dawkins illustrator cover artist country language series subject Evolutionary biology genre publisher Oxford University Press release date 1982 english release date media type pages 307 isbn 0 19 286088 7 dewey 575 20 congress QH375 .D38 1983 oclc 19921696 preceded by The Selfish Gene followed by The Blind Watchmaker Image Basket style nest.jpg thumb Nest s are typical examples of extended phenotypes. The Extended Phenotype is a biological concept introduced by Richard Dawkins in a 1982 book with the same title. The main idea is that phenotype should not be limited to biological processes such as protein biosynthesis or tissue biology tissue growth, but extended to include all effects that a gene has on its environment, inside or outside of the body of the individual organism. Dawkins considers the Extended Phenotype to be his principal contribution to Evolution evolutionary theory . ref name ext.phen. cite book title The Extended Phenotype last Dawkins first Richard authorlink Richard Dawkins year 1989 publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford isbn 0 19 288051 9 page xiii ref Genes synthesize only proteins Image Termite Cathedral DSC03570.jpg thumb left A cathedral termite mound &ndash a small animal with a very noticeable extended phenotype In the main portion of the book, Dawkins argues that the only thing that genes control directly is the synthesis of protein s. He points to the arbitrariness of restricting the idea of the phenotype ... in what he terms the Central Theorem of the Extended Phenotype cquote An animal s behaviour tends ... behavioral extended phenotype of parasite Dawkins Category 1982 books Extended Phenotype, The Category Books about evolution Extended Phenotype, The Category Books by Richard Dawkins Extended Phenotype, The de The Extended Phenotype es Fenotipo extendido fa fr Ph notype ... more details
The thrifty phenotype hypothesis says that reduced fetal growth is strongly associated with a number of chronic conditions later in life. This increased susceptibility results from adaptations made by the fetus in an environment limited in its supply of nutrients. These chronic conditions include coronary heart disease , stroke , diabetes , and hypertension . Proponents of this idea say that in poor nutritional conditions, a pregnant woman can modify the development of her unborn child such that it will be prepared for survival in an environment in which resources are likely to be short, resulting in a thrifty phenotype Hales & Barker, 1992 ref cite journal doi 10.1007 BF00400248 author Hales CN, Barker DJ title Type 2 non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus the thrifty phenotype hypothesis ... mechanism. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis suggests that early life metabolic adaptations ... cues. Recently, some scientists have proposed that the thrifty phenotype prepares the organism ... on health. This paradox generates doubts about whether the thrifty phenotype is adaptive for human offspring. Thus, the thrifty phenotype should be considered as the capacity of all offspring to respond ... phenotype is the consequence of three unlike adaptive processes maternal effects, niche construction ... are result of parental selections rather than offspring fitness. Therefore, the thrifty phenotype can be described as a manipulation of offspring phenotype for the benefit of maternal fitness. The information that enters offspring phenotype during early development mirror the mother s own developmental ... phenotype as an adaptive maternal effect journal Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc volume 82 issue 1 pages ...&issue 1&spage 143 ref Individuals with a thrifty phenotype will have a smaller body size, a lowered ... 110 1 isbn 0 224 05064 8 ref . Those with a thrifty phenotype who actually develop in an affluent environment ... full 322 7283 375 Editorial ref . The study of both the thrifty gene hypothesis and the thrifty phenotype ... more details
Orphan date July 2007 Refimprove date November 2008 Infobox disease Name MASS phenotype Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 604308 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID MASS phenotype is a medical disorder similar to Marfan syndrome . MASS stands for mitral valve prolapse , aorta aortic root diameter at upper limits of normal for body size, stretch marks of the skin, and skeleton skeletal conditions similar to Marfan syndrome. ref http www.marfan.org nmf GetContentRequestHandler.do?menu item id 81 ref References reflist Cytoskeletal defects Category Genetics Category Cytoskeletal defects disease stub ... more details
Phenotype mixing is a form of interaction between two virus particles, each of which holds its own unique genetic material. The two particles share coat proteins, therefore each has a similar assortment of identifying surface proteins, while having different genetic material. ref name urlViral Genetics cite web url http pathmicro.med.sc.edu mhunt genet.htm title Viral Genetics work accessdate 2009 04 06 ref References reflist Virus topics Category Virology Category Microbiology virus stub ar ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Neophyte Phenotype Type Album Artist Noah23 Cover Noah23 neophyte.jpg Released 2001 Recorded 2000 2001 Genre Hip hop music Hip hop Length 72 45 Label Noah23 Plague Language Producer Blue Sky Black Death Orphan , Noah23 Warhol , 3 Guts, Toyeone, Cloev, Navigator, Asterisk Autoharp, Ricky Bionix, Evan Gordon Last album Cytoplasm Pixel br 1999 This album Neophyte Phenotype br 2001 Next album Tau Ceti album Tau Ceti br 2002 Album ratings rev1 Exclaim rev1Score positive ref name Exclaim review cite news last Cowie first Del F. title Noah23 Neophyte Phenotype Hip Hop Reviews url http exclaim.ca Reviews HipHop noah23 neophyte phenotype accessdate 13 November 2011 newspaper Exclaim month May year 2001 ref rev2 UKHH rev2Score positive ref name UKHH review cite web last Dionne first Duncan A. title Noah23 Neophyte Phenotype LP url http www.ukhh.com oldreviews nonuk 295.html work UKHH.com accessdate 13 November 2011 ref Neophyte Phenotype is a 2001 album by hip hop artist Noah23 . It features dense wordplay over drum and bass influenced beats. ref name UKHH review Reception The word association acrobatics of the Plague Language crew might remind some of the Shapeshifters abstract alien paranoia and high tech wordplay, but the techno sorcery...is all their own. Exclaim ref name Exclaim review A wonderful mix between technological hiphop lyrics and a hybrid of jungle hiphop beats. UGSMAG ref name UGSMAG interview cite web title Noah23 url http ugsmag.com 2001 08 noah23 work UGSMAG accessdate 13 November 2011 author Andy date 5 August 2001 ref With his fast paced style, Noah has fit more words than some emcees do in three albums, yet the quality never drops. In my opinion Neotype Phenotype is the best underground hiphop to come out of Canada in 2001. UKHH.com ref name UKHH review Shows a knack for offbeat rhymes and innovative beats URBNET Magazine ref cite web last Miller first Bradley title Review Noah23 ... more details
The positive replication error phenotype RER defines a subgroup of tumors that have been documented well in Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer HNPCC . More recently, this phenotype also has been described in breast carcinoma and is a predictor of metastases . ref http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 15484040 ref Reflist Category Oncology ... more details
The genotype phenotype distinction is drawn in genetics . Genotype is an organism s full hereditary information, even if not expressed. Phenotype is an organism s actual observed properties, such as morphology biology morphology , Developmental biology development , or behavior . This distinction is fundamental in the study of biological inheritance inheritance of trait biology trait s and their evolution . The genotype represents its exact genetic makeup the particular set of gene s it possesses. Two organisms whose genes differ at even one locus genetics locus position in their genome are said to have different genotypes. The transmission of genes from parents to offspring is under the control ... phenotype distinction. The Map mathematics mapping of a set of genotypes to a set of phenotypes is sometimes referred to as the genotype phenotype map . Image PAX6 Phenotypes Washington etal ... for morphology biology morphology influencing factor in the development of its phenotype, but it is not the only ... phenotype, although their phenotypes may be very similar. This is apparent in the fact that their mothers ... s phenotype is determined by its genotype. A high level of plasticity means that environmental factor s have a strong influence on the particular phenotype that develops. If there is little plasticity, the phenotype of an organism can be reliably predicted from knowledge of the genotype, regardless ... to which an organism s phenotype allows conclusions about its genotype. A phenotype is said to be canalized .... This means that a canalized phenotype may form from a large variety of different genotypes, in which case it is not possible to exactly predict the genotype from knowledge of the phenotype i.e. the genotype phenotype map is not invertible . If canalization is not present, small changes in the genome have an immediate effect on the phenotype that develops. The terms genotype and phenotype ... phenotype Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry genarch Category Genetics no Genotype og fenotype ... more details
Infobox disease Name Large Cell Lung Carcinoma with Rhabdoid Phenotype Image Caption DiseasesDB 7616 ... med eMedicineTopic eMedicine mult MeshID D018287 Large cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype ... phenotype variant, at least 10 of the malignant tumor cells must contain distinctive structures ... were the first to report a primary lung cancer with a rhabdoid phenotype in a paper published in 1995 ... of Pathology location Washington DC year 1995 page 311 ref cells with a rhabdoid phenotype had ... TV, Tsokos M, Rush W, Travis WD title Lung tumors with a rhabdoid phenotype journal Am. J. Clin ... carcinoma of the lung with a rhabdoid phenotype journal Pathol. Int. volume 52 issue 10 pages 643 7 ... of LCLC RP includes secondary metastatic lesions, melignant melanoma of the lung with rhabdoid phenotype ... cell carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype journal Ann Diagn Pathol volume 9 issue 4 pages 223 6 year ... carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype case report journal Arch Oncol volume 19 issue 1 2 pages 34 6 year ... al. title Pulmonary large cell carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype journal Ultrastruct Pathol volume ..., Ishikawa S title Rhabdoid tumour of the lung is a dedifferentiated phenotype of pulmonary adenocarcinoma ... phenotype result from mutations occurring in some of the cells descending from the parent ... phenotype within the parent neoplasm, often in the peripheral part of the tumor. ref name AttemsLintner ... involved in the genesis of the characteristic inclusions and, therefore, of the rhabdoid phenotype ... large cell lung carcinoma is the most common parent lung tumor from which a rhabdoid phenotype evolves, ref name SainiKumar malignant cells with a rhabdoid phenotype are known to occur in many different ..., Iizasa T, Fujisawa T. Pulmonary large cell carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype. Ultrastruct Pathol 2003 ... retrieve pii S1092 9134 06 00079 7 ref although an adenocarcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype tumor variant ... phenotype during tumor evolution and progression. ref name PardoMartinez In one large series ... more details
evolutionary biology In population genetics , the selection coefficient is a measure of the relative Fitness biology fitness of a phenotype . Usually denoted by the letter s , it compares the fitness of a phenotype to another favored phenotype, and is the proportional amount that the considered phenotype is less fit as measured by fertile progeny. s 0 then is selectively neutral compared to the favored phenotype, while s 1 indicates complete lethality. For example, if the favored phenotype produces 100 fertile progeny, and only 90 are produced by the phenotype selected against then s 0.1. An alternative way of expressing this is to describe the fitness of the favored phenotype as 1.0 and that of the phenotype selected against as 0.9. ref Carroll, Robert L Patterns and Processes of Vertebrate Evolution , p.182. Cambridge University Press 1997 ref The terminology is used in the same way to refer to the selective differences between genotypes ref name ridley Ridley, Mark. http www.blackwellpublishing.com ridley a z Selection coefficient.asp Evolution A Z Selection coefficient . Accessed May 23, 2008 ref to which it extends in a natural fashion. A slightly different convention is used in the study of genetic drift , where it is convenient to express selective differences both for and against a phenotype by using positive values to refer to a relative selective advantage, and negative values to refer to a relative selective disadvantage. ref name ridley See also Evolutionary pressure References references Category Population genetics Category Evolutionary biology it Coefficiente di selezione ... more details
. Mutational robustness when the same phenotype occurs in an organism despite a variety of environmental perturbations, it is said to be robust . When the same phenotype is produced despite mutations in the genes ... in adaptation in an organism, the genotype phenotype map is said to have evolvability . Transgressive phenotype when a phenotype is more extreme than the phenotype displayed by either of the parental ... more details
Wiktionary transgressive Transgressive may mean Transgressive art , a name given art forms that violate perceived boundaries Transgressive fiction , a modern style in literature Transgressive Records , a United Kingdom based independent record label Transgressive morphology , a form of verb in some languages Transgressive phenotype , a phenotype that is more extreme than the phenotypes displayed by either of the parents Transgressive segregation Cinema of Transgression , film movement using shock value and humor See also Transgression disambiguation disambig sk Transgres v ... more details
wiktionary thrifty Thrifty is the name of several companies Thrifty Foods Thrifty Drug Stores now Rite Aid Thrifty Rent A Car part of Dollar Thrifty Automotive Group It is also a name given to a type of phenotype Thrifty phenotype See also Affluenza Anti consumerism Conspicuous consumption Downshifting Frugality Mottainai Over consumption Simple living Thrift disambiguation Thrifting Thrift shop disambig ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2009 unreferenced October 2009 Allele s that cause an organism to die only when present in homozygous condition are called lethal alleles . The gene involved is considered an essential gene. When Mendel s Laws were rediscovered, geneticist s believed that mutation s would only alter the appearance of a living organism. However, it was discovered that a mutant allele could cause death. When an essential gene is mutated, it can result in a lethal phenotype . If the mutation is caused by a dominant lethal allele, the heterozygote for the allele will show the lethal phenotype, the homozygote dominant is impossible. If the mutation is caused by a recessive lethal allele, the homozygote for the allele will have the lethal phenotype. Category Genetic genealogy hu Let lis all l nl Letaal allel pt Alelo letal fi Letaali geeni ... more details
Allelic heterogeneity is the phenomenon in which different mutations at the same Locus genetics locus causes a similar phenotype . ref Genetics Home Reference , 25 September 2009, http ghr.nlm.nih.gov glossary allelicheterogeneity Allelic heterogeneity , 29 September 2009 ref For example, beta thalassemia thalassemia may be caused by several different mutations in the beta globin globin gene. Allelic heterogeneity should not be confused with genetic heterogeneity in which a mutation at a different gene causes a similar phenotype . Nor should it be confused with phenotypic heterogeneity in which a mutation within the same gene causes a different phenotype . References Reflist genetics stub Category Mutation ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2008 for the measure of the ideas expressible in a programming language Expressivity computer science Expressivity is a term used in genetics to refer to variations in a phenotype among individuals carrying a particular genotype . The term can be used to characterize qualitatively or quantitatively the extent of phenotypic variation given a particular genotype. The term is analogous to the severity of a condition in clinical medicine . For example, the amount of blood ejected from the pumping heart with each contraction can be quantified by echocardiography and is called the ejection fraction. If a specific genotype is associated with the development of congestive heart failure, the expressivity would be represented by the range of ejection fractions seen in patients that have that genotype. As a more qualitative example, the blue gene might have an expressivity of 25 for individuals that express the blue gene and appear light blue, and 75 for individuals that express the blue gene and appear dark blue. Expressivity is measured only when there is 100 penetrance. This differs from penetrance , which refers to the likelihood of the gene generating its associated phenotype at all, as determined by the proportion of individuals with a given genotype who also possess the associated phenotype. In contrast, expressivity refers to the influence of an expressed gene at the level of particular individuals. Variable expressivity occurs when a phenotype is expressed to a different degree among individuals with the same genotype. For example, individuals with the same allele for a gene involved in a quantitative trait like body height might have large variance some are taller than others , making prediction of the phenotype from a particular genotype alone difficult. The expression of a phenotype may be modified by the effects of aging, other genetic loci, or environmental factors. See also Penetrance Allele Phenotype Genotype Mendelian inheritance Ple ... more details
Refimprove date April 2009 Orphan date February 2009 The permissive temperature is the temperature at which a temperature sensitive mutant gene product takes on a normal, functional phenotype. ref http www.biology online.org dictionary Permissive temperature ref When a temperature sensitive mutant is grown in a permissive condition, the mutant mutated gene product behaves normally meaning that the phenotype isn t observed , even if there is a mutant allele present. This results in the survival of the cell or organism, as if it were a wild type strain. In contrast, the nonpermissive temperature or restrictive temperature is the temperature at which the mutant phenotype is observed. Most temperature sensitive mutations affect proteins, and are recessive and cause loss of protein function at the non permissive temperature. The permissive temperature is one at which the protein typically can fold properly, or remain properly folded. References Reflist Category Temperature Category Cell biology Category Biology terminology biochemistry stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Wiktionary In microbial genetics , a revertant is a mutant that has reverted to its former genotype or to the original phenotype by means of a suppressor mutation , or else by compensatory mutation somewhere in the gene second site reversion . Category Microbiology Genetics stub de Revertante ... more details
Image VIRCO Logo 070505.png thumb 200px right Virco logo Virco was a Biotechnology biotech company located in Mechelen , Belgium . It provides a quantitative phenotype prediction for HIV resistance testing. The prediction is achieved by performing a search in a database of genotype phenotype pairs and matching the mutations in the database with those of the sample of the patient Nearest neighbor search . A phenotype is predicted which provides information on the resistance of the virus to treatment. History Virco was founded in 1995 by Rudi Pauwels Rega Institute for Medical Research and Paul Stoffels Janssen Pharmaceutica . Over the years the company built up a database on all the possible mutations of the AIDS virus and the ways in which drugs reacted to these mutations. The company acted as a partner to other companies such as LabCorporation . LabCorp., and others, sent the blood samples of AIDS patients to Virco, where tests were carried out into the virus s possible resistance to the anti HIV drugs. On 21 March 2002 the company was acquired by Johnson & Johnson . See also HIV test Tibotec FlandersBio References Larder BA, Kemp SD, Hertogs K. Quantitative prediction of HIV 1 phenotypic drug resistance from genotypes the virtual phenotype VirtualPhenotype , Antiviral Therapy. 2000 5 suppl 3 49. External links http www.vircolab.com Virco Category Pharmaceutical companies of Belgium Category Johnson & Johnson brands Category Companies established in 1995 med company stub ... more details
see also Trisomy 9 Tetrasomy 9p is a rare genetic disease due to the inclusion of an isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 9 9p . It is generally a Mosaic genetics mosaic condition. External links http www.med.kobe u.ac.jp journal contents 53 143.pdf Mosaic Tetrasomy 9p Case with the Phenotype Mimicking Klinefelter Syndrome Category Genetic disorders with no OMIM Genetics stub ... more details
A hypostatic gene is one whose phenotype is masked by the expression of an allele at a separate locus, in an epistasis event. Example In labrador retriever s, the chocolate coat colour is a result of Zygosity homozygosity for a gene that is epistasis epistatic to the black vs. yellow gene. The alleles determining whether the dog is yellow or black, are that of the hypostatic gene in this event. See also Epistasis Bombay phenotype Further reading cite book last Hartwell first Leland coauthors L. Hood, M. Goldberg, A. Reynolds, L. Silver, R. Veres title Genetics From Genes to Genomes publisher McGraw Hill date 2004 location New York, NY pages 56 57 url http highered.mcgraw hill.com sites 0072919302 information center view0 isbn 0 07 246248 5 Category Classical genetics ... more details
One source date April 2009 In genetics , a test cross , first introduced by Gregor Mendel , is used to determine if an individual exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for that trait. Put more simply, test crosses determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype. Test crosses involve breeding the individual in question with another individual that expresses a recessive version of the same trait. If all offspring display the dominant phenotype, the individual in question is homozygous dominant if the offspring display both dominant and recessive phenotypes, then the individual is heterozygous. In some sources, the test cross is defined as being a type of Backcrossing backcross between the recessive homozygote and F1 generation or F2 generation crossed with recessive parent is said to be a test cross. If the individual being tested produces any recessive offspring except in cases of incomplete penetrance its genotype is heterozygous. If all the offspring are phenotypically dominant, its genotype is homozygous. for other crosses look for Di hybrid and mono hybrid crosses, these can provide more accurate and more detailed information on genotypes behind phenotypes in organisms. Definition Mendel devised a cross which is used to test the genotype of an individual showing a dominant phenotype. It is a mating in which an individual showing an dominant phenotype is cross with an individual showing its recessive phenotype. References reflist refbegin cite book author Hopson, Janet L. John H. Postlethwait title Modern Biology publisher Holt Rinehart & Winston location Austin year 2008 pages isbn 0 03 036769 7 oclc doi accessdate refend http lifesci.rutgers.edu mcguire toolbox demo Testcross test cross.htm Category Classical genetics genetics stub es Retrocruzamiento eu Atzeragurutzaketa fr Croisement de contr le it Reincrocio pl Krzy wka testowa pt Cruzamento teste ru tr Geri aprazlama ... more details
allele that is believed to define gene X? . If there is an allele with an observable phenotype whose ... give rise to the same phenotype. When strains are bred together, offspring inherit wildtype versions ... in that pathway, so offspring recover the wild type phenotype . Thus, the test is used to decide if two independently derived recessive gene recessive mutant phenotype s are caused by mutations ... versions of the gene are inherited by offspring they express the same mutant phenotype and complementation ... different recessive mutations yields a mutant phenotype, then there are three possibilities Mutations ... mutations yields the wild type phenotype, then the mutations must be in different genes. Example ... is homozygous for a different deficiency that produces the same phenotype. If the strains do not complement ... for the same deficiency, which obviously will produce the same phenotype. Exceptions There are exceptions ... each other to rescue a wild type phenotype. See also blue white screen References Reflist DEFAULTSORT ... more details
Canalization may refer to River engineering Canalization of rivers Canalization , the process of introducing weir s and Lock water transport locks to a river so as to secure a defined depth suitable for navigation River engineering Channelization Channelization , the process of modifying the course of a stream so that it follows a restricted path Canalisation genetics , a measure of the ability of a genotype to produce the same phenotype regardless of variability of its environment Canalization psychology canalizing , the form of satisfaction or discharge, the term established by Pierre Janet and Gardner Murphy disambig it Canalizzazione ... more details
Genetic Heterogeneity is a phenomenon in which a single phenotype or genetic disorder may be caused by any one of a multiple number of alleles or non allele locus genetics locus mutations. ref Turnpenny and Ellard, Emery s Elements of Medical Genetics, 13th Edition. Elsevier Limited, 2007. ISBN 978 0 7020 2917 2 ref This is in contrast to pleiotropy , where a single gene may cause multiple phenotypic expressions or disorders. Genetic heterogeneity can be classified as either allelic or locus . Allelic heterogeneity means that different mutations within a single gene locus forming multiple alleles of that gene cause the same phenotypic expression. For example, there are over 1000 known mutant alleles of the CFTR gene CFTR gene that cause cystic fibrosis . Locus heterogeneity means that variations in completely unrelated gene Locus genetics loci cause a single disorder. For example, retinitis pigmentosa has autosomal dominant , autosomal recessive , and X linked origins. However, only one mutant locus is needed for the phenotype to manifest. References reflist Category Classical genetics genetics stub it Eterogeneit genetica ... more details
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